סוכה מח

סוכה מח

רֶגֶל בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ לְעִנְיַן פָּזֵ״‎ר קֶשֶׁ״‎ב. פַּיִיס בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. זְמַן בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. רֶגֶל בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. קׇרְבָּן בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. שִׁירָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. בְּרָכָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ.

is a Festival in and of itself with regard to the matter of: Peh, zayin, reish; kuf, shin, beit. This is an acronym for: A lottery [payis] in and of itself, i.e., a new lottery is performed on that day to determine which priests will sacrifice the offerings that day, and the order established on Sukkot does not continue; the blessing of time [zeman], i.e., Who has given us life, sustained us, and brought us to this time, in and of itself, as it is recited just as it is recited at the start of each Festival; a Festival [regel ] in and of itself, and there is no mitzva to sit in the sukka (see Tosafot); an offering [korban] in and of itself, as the number of offerings sacrificed on the Eighth Day is not a continuation of the number sacrificed on Sukkot but is part of a new calculation; a song [shira] in and of itself, since the psalms recited by the Levites as the offerings are sacrificed on the Eighth Day are not a continuation of those recited on Sukkot; a blessing [berakha] in and of itself, as the addition to the third blessing of Grace after Meals and to the Amida prayer (see Tosafot) is phrased in a manner different from that of the addition recited on Sukkot.

מַתְנִי׳ הַהַלֵּל וְהַשִּׂמְחָה — שְׁמוֹנָה. כֵּיצַד? מְלַמֵּד שֶׁחַיָּיב אָדָם בְּהַלֵּל וּבְשִׂמְחָה וּבִכְבוֹד יוֹם טוֹב הָאַחֲרוֹן שֶׁל חַג כִּשְׁאָר כׇּל יְמוֹת הַחַג.

MISHNA: This mishna elaborates upon the first mishna in this chapter. The obligation to recite hallel and the mitzva of rejoicing on the Festival by sacrificing and eating the meat of peace-offerings are always for eight days. The mishna explains: How so? This teaches that a person is obligated in hallel, and in the mitzva of rejoicing, and in reverence for the last day of the Festival like he is for all the other days of the Festival.

גְּמָ׳ מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי — דְּתָנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״וְהָיִיתָ אַךְ שָׂמֵחַ״ — לְרַבּוֹת לֵילֵי יוֹם טוֹב הָאַחֲרוֹן. אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר ״אַךְ״ — חִלֵּק.

GEMARA: The Gemara asks: From where are these matters, that on the eighth day of the Festival one is obligated to rejoice, derived? It is as the Sages taught that the verse states with regard to Sukkot: “And you shall be altogether joyful” (Deuteronomy 16:15). The verse comes to include the evenings of the last day of the Festival, i.e., then too, one is obligated to rejoice by partaking of the meat of the peace-offerings sacrificed the previous day. The Gemara asks: Does the verse come to include the evening of the eighth day? Or perhaps it comes to include only the evening of the first day of the Festival. The Gemara answers: When the verse says: Altogether, it is exclusionary, and it has distinguished this night from the other nights of the Festival.

וּמָה רָאִיתָ לְרַבּוֹת לֵילֵי יוֹם טוֹב הָאַחֲרוֹן וּלְהוֹצִיא לֵילֵי יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן? מְרַבֶּה אֲנִי לֵילֵי יוֹם טוֹב הָאַחֲרוֹן — שֶׁיֵּשׁ שִׂמְחָה לְפָנָיו, וּמוֹצִיא אֲנִי לֵילֵי יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן — שֶׁאֵין שִׂמְחָה לְפָנָיו.

The Gemara asks: What did you see that led you to include the evenings of the last day of the Festival in the mitzva of rejoicing and to exclude the evenings of the first day of the Festival? Why not require one to sacrifice peace-offerings on the afternoon preceding the Festival to be eaten on the first night? The Gemara answers: I include the evenings of the last day of the Festival, before which there is a day of rejoicing, as it is reasonable that the rejoicing should continue, and I exclude the evenings of the first day of the Festival, before which there is not a day of rejoicing, as there is no obligation to sacrifice offerings on the afternoon preceding the Festival.

מַתְנִי׳ סוּכָּה — שִׁבְעָה. כֵּיצַד? גָּמַר מִלֶּאֱכוֹל — לֹא יַתִּיר אֶת סוּכָּתוֹ. אֲבָל מוֹרִיד אֶת הַכֵּלִים מִן הַמִּנְחָה וּלְמַעְלָה, מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד יוֹם טוֹב הָאַחֲרוֹן שֶׁל חַג.

MISHNA: The mitzva of sukka is seven days. How does one fulfill this obligation for seven full days? When one finished eating on the seventh day, he should not dismantle his sukka immediately, because the obligation continues until the end of the day. However, he takes the vessels down from the sukka into the house from minḥa time and onward in deference to the last day of the Festival, when he will require the vessels in the house.

גְּמָ׳ אֵין לוֹ כֵּלִים לְהוֹרִיד, מַהוּ? אֵין לוֹ כֵּלִים?! אֶלָּא כִּי אִשְׁתַּמַּשׁ בְּמַאי אִשְׁתַּמַּשׁ? אֶלָּא: אֵין לוֹ מָקוֹם לְהוֹרִיד כֵּלָיו, מַהוּ? רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר (רַב) אָמַר: פּוֹחֵת בָּהּ אַרְבָּעָה. וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי אָמַר: מַדְלִיק בָּהּ אֶת הַנֵּר.

GEMARA: The Gemara asks: If one does not have vessels to take down from the sukka, what should he do? The Gemara asks: One does not have vessels? But when he utilized his sukka during the Festival, with what vessels did he eat when he utilized the sukka? Rather, this is the question: If he has no place into which he can take down his vessels and he must continue eating in the sukka, what is the halakha? What can he do to underscore the fact that he is eating there not to fulfill a mitzva, thereby violating the prohibition against adding to the mitzvot of the Torah, but only due to the lack of an alternative? Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Rav said: He reduces the roofing of the sukka by four handbreadths, thereby rendering the sukka unfit. And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: He lights a lamp inside the sukka, which is prohibited during the festival of Sukkot.

וְלָא פְּלִיגִי: הָא לַן וְהָא לְהוּ.

The Gemara notes: And they do not disagree with regard to the halakha. Instead, they are providing different solutions for different locations. This is for us, who live outside Eretz Yisrael, and this is for them, who live in Eretz Yisrael. Those who live in Eretz Yisrael reduce the roofing, since the obligation to sit in the sukka no longer applies. However, those who live outside of Eretz Yisrael, who are obligated to sit in the sukka on the eighth day with regard to which there is uncertainty that it might be the seventh day, must find another way to distinguish the eighth day from the days of the Festival of Sukkot.

הָא תִּינַח סוּכָּה קְטַנָּה, סוּכָּה גְּדוֹלָה מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? דִּמְעַיֵּיל בַּהּ מָאנֵי מֵיכְלָא. דְּאָמַר רָבָא: מָאנֵי מֵיכְלָא — בַּר מִמְּטַלַּלְתָּא. מָאנֵי מִשְׁתְּיָא — בִּמְטַלַּלְתָּא.

The Gemara asks: This works out well with regard to a small sukka, since it is prohibited to light a lamp due to the danger of a conflagration, and lighting a lamp will underscore the distinction. However, with regard to a large sukka, in which there is no prohibition and therefore no distinction, what can be said? The Gemara answers: One underscores the distinction in that he brings eating vessels, e.g., pots in which food was cooked, into the sukka, as Rava said: Eating vessels are taken out of the sukka; drinking vessels remain in the sukka. By leaving the pots and pans in the sukka, he indicates that the sukka is no longer involved in fulfillment of the mitzva.

מַתְנִי׳ נִיסּוּךְ הַמַּיִם כֵּיצַד? צְלוֹחִית שֶׁל זָהָב מַחְזֶקֶת שְׁלֹשָׁה לוּגִּים הָיָה מְמַלֵּא מִן הַשִּׁילוֹחַ. הִגִּיעוּ לְשַׁעַר הַמַּיִם, תָּקְעוּ וְהֵרִיעוּ וְתָקְעוּ. עָלָה בַּכֶּבֶשׁ וּפָנָה לִשְׂמֹאלוֹ, שְׁנֵי סְפָלִים שֶׁל כֶּסֶף הָיוּ שָׁם. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: שֶׁל סִיד הָיוּ, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיוּ מוּשְׁחָרִין פְּנֵיהֶם מִפְּנֵי הַיַּיִן. וּמְנוּקָּבִין

MISHNA: With regard to the rite of water libation performed in the Temple during the Festival, how was it performed? One would fill a golden jug with a capacity of three log with water from the Siloam pool. When those who went to bring the water reached the Gate of the Water, so called because the water for the libation was brought through this gate leading to the Temple courtyard, they sounded a tekia, sounded a terua, and sounded another tekia as an expression of joy. The priest ascended the ramp of the altar and turned to his left. There were two silver basins there into which he poured the water. Rabbi Yehuda said: They were limestone basins, but they would blacken due to the wine and therefore looked like silver. The two basins were perforated at the bottom

כְּמִין שְׁנֵי חוֹטָמִין דַּקִּין, (וְאֶחָד) מְעוּבֶּה וְאֶחָד דַּק, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם כָּלִין בְּבַת אַחַת. מַעֲרָבוֹ — שֶׁל מַיִם, מִזְרָחוֹ — שֶׁל יַיִן. עֵירָה שֶׁל מַיִם לְתוֹךְ שֶׁל יַיִן, וְשֶׁל יַיִן לְתוֹךְ שֶׁל מַיִם — יָצָא.

with two thin perforated nose-like protrusions. One of the basins, used for the wine libation, had a perforation that was broad, and one, used for the water libation, had a perforation that was thin, so that the flow of both the water and the wine, which do not have the same viscosity, would conclude simultaneously. The basin to the west of the altar was for water, and the basin to the east of the altar was for wine. However, if one poured the contents of the basin of water into the basin of wine, or the contents of the basin of wine into the basin of water, he fulfilled his obligation, as failure to pour the libation from the prescribed location does not disqualify the libation after the fact.

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: בַּלּוֹג הָיָה מְנַסֵּךְ כׇּל שְׁמוֹנָה. וְלַמְנַסֵּךְ אוֹמֵר לוֹ: הַגְבַּהּ יָדֶךָ. שֶׁפַּעַם אֶחָד נִסֵּךְ אֶחָד עַל גַּבֵּי רַגְלָיו, וּרְגָמוּהוּ כׇּל הָעָם בְּאֶתְרוֹגֵיהֶן.

Rabbi Yehuda says: The basin for the water libation was not that large; rather, one would pour the water with a vessel that had a capacity of one log on all eight days of the Festival and not only seven. And the appointee says to the one pouring the water into the silver basin: Raise your hand, so that his actions would be visible, as one time a Sadducee priest intentionally poured the water on his feet, as the Sadducees did not accept the oral tradition requiring water libation, and in their rage all the people pelted him with their etrogim.

כְּמַעֲשֵׂהוּ בַּחוֹל כָּךְ מַעֲשֵׂהוּ בַּשַּׁבָּת, אֶלָּא שֶׁהָיָה מְמַלֵּא מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת חָבִית שֶׁל זָהָב שֶׁאֵינָהּ מְקוּדֶּשֶׁת מִן הַשִּׁילוֹחַ וּמַנִּיחָהּ בַּלִּשְׁכָּה. נִשְׁפְּכָה, נִתְגַּלְּתָה, הָיָה מְמַלֵּא מִן הַכִּיּוֹר. שֶׁהַיַּיִן וְהַמַּיִם מְגוּלִּין — פְּסוּלִין לְגַבֵּי מִזְבֵּחַ.

Rabbi Yehuda continues: As its performance during the week, so is its performance on Shabbat, except that on Shabbat one would not draw water. Instead, on Shabbat eve, one would fill a golden barrel that was not consecrated for exclusive use in the Temple from the Siloam pool, and he would place it in the Temple chamber and draw water from there on Shabbat. If the water in the barrel spilled, or if it was exposed overnight, leading to concern that a snake may have deposited poison in the water, one would fill the jug with water from the basin in the Temple courtyard, as exposed wine or water is unfit for the altar. Just as it is prohibited for people to drink them due to the potential danger, so too, they may not be poured on the altar.

גְּמָ׳ מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַב עֵינָא, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וּשְׁאַבְתֶּם מַיִם בְּשָׂשׂוֹן וְגוֹ׳״.

GEMARA: With regard to the customs accompanying the drawing of the water, the Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived? Rav Eina said that it is as the verse states: “With joy [sason] you shall draw water out of the springs of salvation” (Isaiah 12:3), indicating that the water was to be drawn from the spring and the rite performed in extreme joy.

הָנְהוּ תְּרֵי מִינֵי, חַד שְׁמֵיהּ שָׂשׂוֹן וְחַד שְׁמֵיהּ שִׂמְחָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שָׂשׂוֹן לְשִׂמְחָה: אֲנָא עֲדִיפְנָא מִינָּךְ, דִּכְתִיב: ״שָׂשׂוֹן וְשִׂמְחָה יַשִּׂיגוּ וְגוֹ׳״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שִׂמְחָה לְשָׂשׂוֹן: אֲנָא עֲדִיפְנָא מִינָּךְ, דִּכְתִיב: ״שִׂמְחָה וְשָׂשׂוֹן לַיְּהוּדִים״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שָׂשׂוֹן לְשִׂמְחָה: חַד יוֹמָא שָׁבְקוּךְ וְשַׁוְּיוּךְ פַּרְוַונְקָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי בְשִׂמְחָה תֵצֵאוּ״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ שִׂמְחָה לְשָׂשׂוֹן: חַד יוֹמָא שָׁבְקוּךְ וּמָלוּ בָּךְ מַיָּא, דִּכְתִיב: ״וּשְׁאַבְתֶּם מַיִם בְּשָׂשׂוֹן״.

Apropos this verse, the Gemara relates: There were these two heretics, one named Sason and one named Simḥa. Sason said to Simḥa: I am superior to you, as it is written: “They shall obtain joy [sason] and happiness [simḥa], and sorrow and sighing shall flee” (Isaiah 35:10). The verse mentions joy first. Simḥa said to Sason, On the contrary, I am superior to you, as it is written: “There was happiness [simḥa] and joy [sason] for the Jews” (Esther 8:17). Sason said to Simḥa: One day they will dismiss you and render you a messenger [parvanka], as it is written: “For you shall go out with happiness [simḥa]” (Isaiah 55:12). Simḥa said to Sason: One day they will dismiss you and draw water with you, as it is written: “With joy [sason] you shall draw water.”

אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא מִינָא דִּשְׁמֵיהּ שָׂשׂוֹן לְרַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: עֲתִידִיתוּ דִּתְמַלּוֹ לִי מַיִם לְעָלְמָא דְּאָתֵי, דִּכְתִיב: ״וּשְׁאַבְתֶּם מַיִם בְּשָׂשׂוֹן״, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי הֲוָה כְּתִיב ״לְשָׂשׂוֹן״ — כִּדְקָאָמְרַתְּ, הַשְׁתָּא דִּכְתִיב ״בְּשָׂשׂוֹן״ — מַשְׁכֵּיהּ דְּהָהוּא גַּבְרָא מְשַׁוֵּינַן לֵיהּ גּוֹדָא וּמָלֵינַן בֵּיהּ מַיָּא.

The Gemara relates a similar incident: A certain heretic named Sason said to Rabbi Abbahu: You are all destined to draw water for me in the World-to-Come, as it is written: “With sason you shall draw water.” Rabbi Abbahu said to him: If it had been written: For sason, it would have been as you say; now that it is written: With sason, it means that the skin of that man, you, will be rendered a wineskin, and we will draw water with it.

עָלָה בַּכֶּבֶשׁ וּפָנָה לִשְׂמֹאלוֹ כּוּ׳. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: כׇּל הָעוֹלִים לְמִזְבֵּחַ — עוֹלִין דֶּרֶךְ יָמִין וּמַקִּיפִין וְיוֹרְדִין דֶּרֶךְ שְׂמֹאל. חוּץ מִן הָעוֹלֶה לִשְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ, שֶׁעוֹלִין דֶּרֶךְ שְׂמֹאל וְחוֹזְרִין עַל הֶעָקֵב. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: נִיסּוּךְ הַמַּיִם, וְנִיסּוּךְ הַיַּיִן, וְעוֹלַת הָעוֹף כְּשֶׁרָבְתָה בַּמִּזְרָח.

§ The mishna continues: The priest ascended the ramp of the altar and turned to his left. The Sages taught: All who ascend the altar ascend and turn via the right, and circle the altar, and descend via the left. This is the case except for one ascending to perform one of these three tasks, as the ones who perform these tasks ascend via the left, and then turn on their heel and return in the direction that they came. And these tasks are: The water libation, and the wine libation, and the bird sacrificed as a burnt-offering when there were too many priests engaged in the sacrifice of these burnt-offerings in the preferred location east of the altar. When that was the case, additional priests engaged in sacrificing the same offering would pinch the neck of the bird west of the altar.

אֶלָּא, שֶׁהָיוּ מַשְׁחִירִין. בִּשְׁלָמָא דְּיַיִן מַשְׁחִיר, דְּמַיָּא אַמַּאי מַשְׁחִיר? כֵּיוָן דְּאָמַר מָר: עֵירָה שֶׁל מַיִם לְתוֹךְ שֶׁל יַיִן, וְשֶׁל יַיִן לְתוֹךְ שֶׁל מַיִם יָצָא — שֶׁל מַיִם אָתֵי לְאַשְׁחוֹרֵי.

The mishna continues: Rabbi Yehuda said that they were limestone, not silver, basins, but they would blacken due to the wine. The Gemara asks: Granted, the basin for wine blackened due to the wine; however, why did the basin for water blacken? The Gemara answers: Since the Master said in the mishna: However, if one inadvertently poured the contents of the basin of water into the basin of wine or the contents of the basin of wine into the basin of water, he fulfilled his obligation. Then even the basin for water would come to blacken over the course of time as well.

וּמְנוּקָּבִים כְּמִין שְׁנֵי חוֹטָמִין וְכוּ׳. לֵימָא מַתְנִיתִין רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הִיא וְלָא רַבָּנַן, דִּתְנַן: רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: בַּלּוֹג הָיָה מְנַסֵּךְ כׇּל שְׁמוֹנָה. דְּאִי רַבָּנַן, — כִּי הֲדָדֵי נִינְהוּ!

§ The mishna continues: And the two basins were perforated at the bottom with two thin, perforated, nose-like protrusions, one broad and one thin. The Gemara asks: Let us say that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda and not with that of the Rabbis, as we learned in the mishna that Rabbi Yehuda says: One would pour the water with a vessel that had a capacity of one log on all eight days of the Festival, unlike the wine libation, for which a three-log basin was used. According to his opinion, there is a difference between the capacity of the wine vessel and that of the water vessel; therefore, it is clear why the opening in the wine vessel was broader. As, if the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, they are the same as the capacity of the water basin, three log. Why, then, were there different sized openings?

אֲפִילּוּ תֵּימָא רַבָּנַן: חַמְרָא סְמִיךְ, מַיָּא קְלִישׁ.

The Gemara answers: Even if you say that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, the reason for the different-sized openings is that wine is thick and water is thin, and therefore wine flows more slowly than water. In order to ensure that the emptying of both basins would conclude simultaneously, the wine basin required a wider opening.

הָכִי נָמֵי מִסְתַּבְּרָא, דְּאִי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה — ״רָחָב״ וְ״קָצָר״ אִית לֵיהּ. דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: שְׁנֵי קַשְׂווֹאוֹת הָיוּ שָׁם, אֶחָד שֶׁל מַיִם וְאֶחָד שֶׁל יַיִן. שֶׁל יַיִן — פִּיהָ רָחָב, שֶׁל מַיִם — פִּיהָ קָצָר, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם כָּלִין בְּבַת אַחַת, שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.

So too, it is reasonable to establish that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, as, if it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, unlike the description of the two openings in the mishna as broad and thin, elsewhere he is of the opinion that the openings as wide and narrow, as it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda says: There were two small pipes there, one for water and one for wine. The mouth of the pipe for wine was wide and the mouth of the pipe for water was narrow, so that the emptying of both basins would conclude simultaneously. The disparity between wide and narrow is greater than the disparity between broad and thin, thereby facilitating the simultaneous emptying of the three-log and one-log basins according to Rabbi Yehuda. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, learn from it that the mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda.

מַעֲרָבוֹ שֶׁל מַיִם. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּצַדּוּקִי אֶחָד שֶׁנִּיסֵּךְ עַל גַּבֵּי רַגְלָיו, וּרְגָמוּהוּ כׇּל הָעָם בְּאֶתְרוֹגֵיהֶן. וְאוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם נִפְגְּמָה קֶרֶן הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, וְהֵבִיאוּ בּוּל שֶׁל מֶלַח וּסְתָמוּהוּ. לֹא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּכְשַׁר לַעֲבוֹדָה, אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֵרָאֶה מִזְבֵּחַ פָּגוּם.

§ The mishna continues: The basin to the west of the altar was for water, and the basin to the east of the altar was for wine, and they would tell the one pouring the water to raise his hand. The Sages taught: There was an incident involving one Sadducee priest who poured the water on his feet, and in anger all the people pelted him with their etrogim. And that day, the horn of the altar was damaged as a result of the pelting and the ensuing chaos. They brought a fistful of salt and sealed the damaged section, not because it rendered the altar fit for the Temple service, but in deference to the altar, so that the altar would not be seen in its damaged state.