בבא בתרא קכ

בבא בתרא קכ

אֶפְשָׁר בַּת מֵאָה וּשְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה, וְקֹרֵא לָהּ: ״בַּת״?! דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא: זוֹ יוֹכֶבֶד; שֶׁהוֹרָתָהּ בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וְנוֹלְדָה בֵּין הַחוֹמוֹת – דִּכְתִיב: ״אֲשֶׁר יָלְדָה אֹתָהּ לְלֵוִי בְּמִצְרָיִם״ –

The Gemara asks: Is it possible that this is Jochebed? Jochebed was then 130 years old and the verse called her a daughter, indicating one who is very young. Jochebed’s age is established based on a tradition concerning the number of Jacob’s descendants who came to Egypt, as follows: While the verse states that Leah had thirty-three descendants (Genesis 46:15), only thirty-two were enumerated. This was explained as Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina says: This “daughter of Levi” is Jochebed, whose conception occurred on the journey as the family of Jacob descended to Egypt, and she was born within the walls, i.e., having entered Egypt, as it is written: “And the name of Amram’s wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, who was born to Levi in Egypt” (Numbers 26:59).

לֵידָתָהּ בְּמִצְרַיִם, וְהוֹרָתָהּ שֶׁלֹּא בְּמִצְרַיִם. וְאַמַּאי קָרוּ לַהּ ״בַּת״? אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בַּר זְבִידָא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁנּוֹלְדוּ בָּהּ סִימָנֵי נַעֲרוּת, נִתְעַדֵּן הַבָּשָׂר, נִתְפַּשְּׁטוּ הַקְּמָטִין, וְחָזַר הַיּוֹפִי לִמְקוֹמוֹ.

One can infer from the verse: Her birth was in Egypt, but her conception was not in Egypt. Since the Jewish people were in Egypt for 210 years and Moses was eighty years old at the time of the Exodus, Jochebed must have been 130 years old when Moses was born. The Gemara therefore asks: And why does the verse call her “a daughter”? Rav Yehuda bar Zevida says: This teaches that her signs of youth miraculously came into being again. The flesh became smooth, the wrinkles were straightened out, and the youthful beauty returned to its place.

״וַיִּקַּח״?! ״וַיַּחְזוֹר״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ! אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בַּר זְבִידָא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁעָשָׂה לָהּ מַעֲשֵׂה לִקּוּחִין – הוֹשִׁיבָה בְּאַפִּרְיוֹן, וְאַהֲרֹן וּמִרְיָם מְשׁוֹרְרִים לְפָנֶיהָ, וּמַלְאֲכֵי שָׁרֵת אוֹמְרִים: ״אֵם הַבָּנִים שִׂמְחָה״.

The verse concerning Amram’s marriage to Jochebed states: “And a man of the house of Levi went, and took as a wife a daughter of Levi” (Exodus 2:1). The Gemara asks: Since Jochebed had already been married to Amram for some years, as Miriam and Aaron were already born, the verse should have stated: And he took back as a wife. Rav Yehuda bar Zevida says: The wording of the verse teaches that Amram performed for her a formal act of marriage as though he were marrying her for the first time. He seated her in a bridal palanquin [be’appiryon], and Aaron and Miriam were singing before her, and the ministering angels were saying: “A joyful mother of children” (Psalms 113:9).

לְהַלָּן מְנָאָן הַכָּתוּב דֶּרֶךְ גְּדוּלָּתָן, וְכָאן דֶּרֶךְ חׇכְמָתָן; מְסַיְּיעָא לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי אַמֵּי, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי: בִּישִׁיבָה – הַלֵּךְ אַחַר חׇכְמָה. בִּמְסִיבָּה – הַלֵּךְ אַחַר זִקְנָה. אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: וְהוּא דְּמַפְלַיג בְּחׇכְמָה, וְהוּא דְּמַפְלַיג בְּזִקְנָה.

§ The Gemara returns to discuss Zelophehad’s daughters: Later on, the verse lists them according to their age, stating: “For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married” (Numbers 36:11), and here the verse lists them in a different order, according to their wisdom: “And these are the names of his daughters: Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah” (Numbers 27:1). This supports the ruling of Rabbi Ami, as Rabbi Ami says: In the context of sitting in judgment or learning Torah, follow the participants’ wisdom in determining the seating, so that the wisest is granted the highest honor, and in the context of reclining for a meal, follow the participants’ age. Rav Ashi says: And this is so only when one is outstanding in wisdom, then wisdom trumps age; and this is so only when one of the participants is outstanding in age, i.e., particularly old, then age trumps wisdom.

תָּנָא דְּבֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל: בְּנוֹת צְלָפְחָד שְׁקוּלוֹת הָיוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַתִּהְיֶינָה״ – הֲוָיָה אַחַת לְכוּלָּן.

The Gemara cites an alternative opinion: The school of Rabbi Yishmael taught: The daughters of Zelophehad were equal in stature, as it is stated: “For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were [vatihyena] married.” The word “vatihyena” demonstrates: There was one uniform existence [havaya], i.e., spiritual level, for all of them.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: בְּנוֹת צְלָפְחָד הוּתְּרוּ לְהִנָּשֵׂא לְכׇל הַשְּׁבָטִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לַטּוֹב בְּעֵינֵיהֶם תִּהְיֶינָה לְנָשִׁים״; אֶלָּא מָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּים ״אַךְ לְמִשְׁפַּחַת מַטֵּה אֲבִיהֶם תִּהְיֶינָה לְנָשִׁים״? עֵצָה טוֹבָה הִשִּׂיאָן הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁלֹּא יִנָּשְׂאוּ אֶלָּא לְהָגוּן לָהֶן.

§ Rav Yehuda says that Shmuel says: The daughters of Zelophehad were permitted to marry members of any of the tribes, as it is stated: “Let them be married to whom they think best” (Numbers 36:6). But how do I realize the meaning of the continuation of the same verse: “Only into the family of the tribe of their father shall they be married” (Numbers 36:6), according to which they were permitted to marry only members of their own tribe? The verse offered them good advice, that they should be married only to those fit for them, who were often men from within the family.

מוֹתֵיב רַבָּה: ״אֱמוֹר אֲלֵיהֶם״ – לְאוֹתָן הָעוֹמְדִים עַל הַר סִינַי, ״לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם״ – אֵלּוּ דּוֹרוֹת הַבָּאִים. אִם נֶאֱמַר אָבוֹת – לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר בָּנִים? וְאִם נֶאֱמַר בָּנִים – לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר אָבוֹת? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּאָבוֹת מַה שֶּׁאֵין בַּבָּנִים, וְיֵשׁ בַּבָּנִים מַה שֶּׁאֵין בָּאָבוֹת –

Rabba raised an objection from a baraita taught concerning the prohibition against eating consecrated foods while in a state of ritual impurity. Moses was commanded: “Say to them: Whoever will be of all your descendants throughout your generations, who approaches to the holy things, which the children of Israel consecrate to the Lord, having his uncleanness upon him, that soul shall be cut off from before Me” (Leviticus 22:3). Which people are referred to in the phrase “say to them”? It is referring to those standing at Mount Sinai. Which people are referred to in the phrase “throughout your generations”? These are the coming generations. If the halakha is stated to the fathers, why is it stated to the sons; and if the halakha is stated to the sons, why is it stated to the fathers? This is because there are mitzvot for the fathers that are not for the sons, and there are mitzvot for the sons that are not for the fathers.

בָּאָבוֹת הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וְכׇל בַּת יֹרֶשֶׁת נַחֲלָה״; וְהַרְבֵּה מִצְוֹת נִצְטַוּוּ בָּנִים, שֶׁלֹּא נִצְטַוּוּ אָבוֹת. הָא מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּאָבוֹת שֶׁאֵין בַּבָּנִים, וְיֵשׁ בַּבָּנִים מַה שֶּׁאֵין בָּאָבוֹת – הוּצְרַךְ לוֹמַר אָבוֹת, הוּצְרַךְ לוֹמַר בָּנִים.

The baraita continues: For the fathers, the verse states: “And every daughter who possesses an inheritance from the tribes of the children of Israel, shall be wife to one of the family of the tribe of her father” (Numbers 36:8). This mitzva, that the woman should marry a member of her own tribe, applied only to the first generation that received tribal portions of Eretz Yisrael. And, by contrast, there were many mitzvot, e.g., all the mitzvot that applied only from the time that Eretz Yisrael was settled, which the sons were commanded to fulfill but which the fathers were not commanded to fulfill. Because there are mitzvot for the fathers that are not for the sons, and there are mitzvot for the sons that are not for the fathers, the verse needed to state, i.e., to address, the fathers, and it needed to state, i.e., to address, the sons.

קָתָנֵי מִיהַת, בָּאָבוֹת הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וְכׇל בַּת יֹרֶשֶׁת נַחֲלָה״! הוּא מוֹתֵיב לַהּ וְהוּא מְפָרֵק לַהּ – לְבַר מִבְּנוֹת צְלָפְחָד.

Rabba states his objection: In any event, the baraita teaches: For the fathers, the verse states: “And every daughter who possesses an inheritance from the tribes of the children of Israel, shall be wife to one of the family of the tribe of her father.” This indicates that this was a mitzva for that entire generation, including Zelophehad’s daughters, in contrast to the statement of Shmuel. The Gemara explains: He, Rabba, raised the objection, and he resolved it: This mitzva applied to everyone except for the daughters of Zelophehad, who were explicitly permitted to marry members of any tribe.

אָמַר מָר, בָּאָבוֹת הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וְכׇל בַּת יוֹרֶשֶׁת נַחֲלָה״ – בָּאָבוֹת אִין, בַּבָנִים לָא. מַאי מַשְׁמַע? אָמַר רָבָא, אָמַר קְרָא: ״זֶה הַדָּבָר״ – דָּבָר זֶה לֹא יְהֵא נוֹהֵג אֶלָּא בְּדוֹר זֶה.

The Master says in the baraita cited above: For the fathers, the verse states: “And every daughter who possesses an inheritance from the tribes of the children of Israel, shall be wife to one of the family of the tribe of her father.” For the fathers, yes, this is the mitzva, but for the sons, it is not so. The Gemara asks: From where may it be inferred? Rava said that the verse states there: “This is the matter that the Lord has commanded” (Numbers 36:6), meaning: This matter will not be practiced except in this generation.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבָּה זוּטֵי לְרַב אָשֵׁי: אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה, ״זֶה הַדָּבָר״ דִּשְׁחוּטֵי חוּץ – הָכִי נָמֵי דְּלָא יְהֵא נוֹהֵג אֶלָּא בְּדוֹר זֶה? שָׁאנֵי הָתָם, דִּכְתִיב: ״לְדֹרֹתָם״.

Rabba Zuti said to Rav Ashi: If that is so, then concerning the phrase “this is the matter” written with regard to an offering slaughtered outside the Tabernacle (see Leviticus 17:2–3), so too, is it the halakha that it will not be practiced except in this generation? Certainly that is not so, as that prohibition applies in all generations. What is the difference between the two passages? Rav Ashi answered: It is different there, with regard to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple, as it is written: “Throughout their generations” (Leviticus 17:7), indicating that the prohibition is in effect in all generations.

״זֶה הַדָּבָר״ דְּרָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת – הָכִי נָמֵי דְּלָא יְהֵא נוֹהֵג אֶלָּא בְּדוֹר זֶה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָהוּא, יָלֵיף ״זֶה״–״זֶה״ מֵהָתָם.

Rabba Zuti asked Rav Ashi about another instance of the same phrase. In the case of “this is the matter” written with regard to the heads of the tribes, in the introductory verse to the halakhot of vows: “And Moses spoke to the heads of the tribes of the children of Israel, saying: This is the matter that the Lord has commanded” (Numbers 30:2), is it also the case that the halakhot of vows will not be practiced except in this generation? Rav Ashi said to him: The halakha in that case, that of vows, is derived through a verbal analogy between the word “this” stated here, in the verse discussing vows, and the word “this” stated there, in the verse discussing offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple, which is applicable in all generations.

הַאי נָמֵי, לֵילַיף ״זֶה״–״זֶה״ מֵהָתָם! הַאי מַאי? בִּשְׁלָמָא הָתָם, אִיצְטְרִיךְ לִגְזֵרָה שָׁוָה; הָכָא – לְמַאי אִיצְטְרִיךְ? לִשְׁתּוֹק קְרָא מִינֵּיהּ, וַאֲנָא יָדַעְנָא דִּלְדוֹרוֹת הוּא!

The Gemara asks: This halakha, concerning the daughter inheriting her father’s portion, let it be derived through a verbal analogy between the word “this” stated here, with regard to inheritance, and the word “this” stated there, in the verse discussing offerings, as well. The Gemara rejects that comparison: What is this suggestion? Granted, there, i.e., with regard to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple and with regard to vows, the phrase “this is the matter” was necessary for deriving other halakhot through a verbal analogy, as will be explained later. Therefore, the term may also be employed to teach that the halakha applies in all generations. But here, with regard to a daughter’s inheritance, for what other halakha was this phrase necessary? If the halakha truly applies for posterity, let the verse be silent and refrain from addressing when this halakha applies by not stating “this is the matter,” and I would know that it is for all generations, as is the case with all other mitzvot.

מַאי גְּזֵרָה שָׁוָה? דְּתַנְיָא: נֶאֱמַר כָּאן: ״זֶה הַדָּבָר״, וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן: ״זֶה הַדָּבָר״; מָה לְהַלָּן – אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אַף כָּאן – אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמָה כָּאן – רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת, אַף לְהַלָּן – רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת.

The Gemara explains: What is the verbal analogy for which the phrase was necessary? As it is taught in a baraita: It is stated here, with regard to vows: “This is the matter,” and it is stated there, with regard to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple: “This is the matter.” Just as there the mitzva applies to Aaron and his sons and all Israel, so too here, with regard to vows, the mitzva applies to Aaron and his sons and all Israel. And just as here the mitzva applies to the heads of the tribes, as explicitly stated in the verse cited above, so too there, with regard to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple, there is particular relevance to the heads of the tribes.

אָמַר מָר: מָה לְהַלָּן אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל, אַף כָּאן אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו וְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל. לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא? אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב: לוֹמַר שֶׁהֲפָרַת נְדָרִים בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה הֶדְיוֹטוֹת.

The Gemara analyzes the cited baraita. The Master says: Just as there, with regard to offerings, the mitzva applies to Aaron and his sons and all Israel, so too here, with regard to vows, the mitzva applies to Aaron and his sons and all Israel. The Gemara asks: With regard to what halakha is this verbal analogy stated? Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov says: This is written to say that the dissolution of vows can be performed by three laymen with no particular expertise in the halakhot of vows, just as the prohibition of offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple applies to all of the Jewish people, including laymen.

וְהָא ״רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת״ כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ! כִּדְאָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בְּיָחִיד מוּמְחֶה, הָכִי נָמֵי – בְּיָחִיד מוּמְחֶה.

The Gemara objects: But the phrase “the heads of the tribes” is written explicitly in the portion of the vows, indicating that the matter is not entrusted to laymen. The Gemara answers: It is as Rav Ḥisda says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says in a different context: The mention of the heads of tribes teaches that vows may be dissolved by a single expert halakhic authority; so too here, this phrase teaches that vows can be nullified by a single expert halakhic authority.

וּמָה כָּאן רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת, אַף לְהַלָּן רָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת. לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא? אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: לוֹמַר שֶׁיֵּשׁ שְׁאֵלָה בְּהֶקְדֵּשׁ.

The Gemara analyzes the next clause of the cited baraita: And just as here the mitzva applies to the heads of the tribes, so too there, with regard to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple, there is particular relevance to the heads of the tribes. The Gemara asks: With regard to what halakha are the heads of the tribes linked to the prohibition of slaughtering offerings outside the Tabernacle or Temple? Rav Sheshet says: This is written to say that there is a concept of requesting dissolution of consecration of consecrated property, just as one can request dissolution of a vow.

וּלְבֵית שַׁמַּאי, דְּאָמְרִי: אֵין שְׁאֵלָה בְּהֶקְדֵּשׁ – דִּתְנַן, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: הֶקְדֵּשׁ טָעוּת – הֶקְדֵּשׁ, וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: אֵינוֹ הֶקְדֵּשׁ; הַאי ״זֶה״ וְ״זֶה״ מַאי עָבְדִי לֵיהּ?

The Gemara asks: And according to Beit Shammai, who say that there is no possibility of requesting that a halakhic authority dissolve a vow of consecrated property, this cannot explain the connection of the heads of the tribes to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple. As we learned in a mishna (Nazir 30b): Beit Shammai say: Consecration that one performed in error is nevertheless effective as consecration, because one’s mindset does not supersede his verbal declaration; and Beit Hillel say: This is not consecration. Accordingly, in the opinion of Beit Shammai, what do they do with this seemingly analogous usage of “this” and “this,” in the portions of offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple and vows, respectively?

״זֶה הַדָּבָר״ דִּשְׁחוּטֵי חוּץ – מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ ״עַל הַשּׁוֹחֵט הוּא חַיָּיב, וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּיב עַל הַמּוֹלֵק״. ״זֶה הַדָּבָר״ דְּרָאשֵׁי הַמַּטּוֹת – מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְ״חָכָם מַתִּיר, וְאֵין בַּעַל מַתִּיר. בַּעַל מֵפֵר, וְאֵין חָכָם מֵפֵר״.

The Gemara answers: Beit Shammai require “this is the matter” written of offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple to teach that for the act of slaughtering, he is liable to receive excision from the World-to-Come [karet]; but he is not liable to receive karet for the act of pinching the neck of a consecrated bird outside the Tabernacle or Temple, which is excluded from the category of slaughtering in this mitzva. And Beit Shammai require “this is the matter” written of the heads of the tribes in the portion about vows to teach that only a halakhic authority can dissolve vows, but a husband cannot dissolve them. The halakhic authority can dissolve the vow for a petitioner, but a woman’s husband or father cannot dissolve her vow. And, conversely, a husband can nullify his wife’s or his daughter’s vows on the day that he hears the vow, regardless of her mindset, but a halakhic authority cannot nullify vows in this manner.

וּלְבֵית שַׁמַּאי דְּלֵית לְהוּ גְּזֵרָה שָׁוָה, הֲפָרַת נְדָרִים בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה הֶדְיוֹטוֹת מְנָא לְהוּ? נָפְקָא לְהוּ מִדְּתַנְיָא: ״וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה אֶת מֹעֲדֵי ה׳ אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״ – רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר:

The Gemara asks: But according to Beit Shammai, who do not have this verbal analogy, meaning that they do not recognize as authoritative the verbal analogy that links vows to offerings slaughtered outside the Tabernacle or Temple, from where do they derive that dissolution of vows can be performed by three laymen? The Gemara answers: Beit Shammai derive it from that which is taught in a baraita: The verse states at the end of a passage relating to the halakhot of the Festivals: “And Moses declared to the children of Israel the appointed seasons of the Lord” (Leviticus 23:44). In explaining the verse, Rabbi Yosei HaGelili says: