Zevachim 72
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Masechet Zevachim
Masechet Zevachim is sponsored by Esther Kremer in loving memory of her father, Manny Gross on his third yahrzeit. “He exemplified a path of holiness and purity, living with kedushah in his everyday life.”
This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
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Summary
After comparing the Mishna in Zevachim with a parallel Mishna in Temurah, the Gemara explains that the Mishna in Zevachim was included to emphasize that even an item prohibited outside the Temple — since it is forbidden for benefit altogether — will not be nullified and must be left to die. This, however, raises a difficulty, as such a principle could seemingly be derived from a Mishna in Avodah Zarah.
The resolution is that the Mishna in Avodah Zarah does not deal with items designated for the altar. Therefore, if only that Mishna existed, one might assume that for sacrificial purposes, the laws of nullification would apply, so as not to destroy offerings. Conversely, if only the Mishna in Zevachim were taught, one might think the stringency applies specifically because these items are inherently despicable and unfit for the altar, whereas in non-Temple contexts, nullification might still be valid.
According to Torah law, when permitted and forbidden items are intermingled, the forbidden items are nullified if the permitted ones form the majority. Yet there are exceptions to this rule. Why, then, is an animal not nullified in the majority here? The Gemara first suggests that animals fall into the category of items sold individually, which are not nullified according to Rabbi Meir. This explanation aligns with Reish Lakish’s reading of Rabbi Meir’s position in Mishna Orlah 3:6–7, which includes items usually sold individually but occasionally sold otherwise. However, it does not fit Rabbi Yochanan’s interpretation of Rabbi Meir, which applies only to items sold exclusively as individuals. This category does not include animals, since they are sometimes sold in flocks.
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Masechet Zevachim
Masechet Zevachim is sponsored by Esther Kremer in loving memory of her father, Manny Gross on his third yahrzeit. “He exemplified a path of holiness and purity, living with kedushah in his everyday life.”
This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
Zevachim 72
צְרִיכִי; דְּאִי מֵהָתָם, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: לְהֶדְיוֹט, אֲבָל לְגָבוֹהַּ אֵימָא לָא נַפְסְדִינְהוּ לְכוּלְּהוּ;
The Gemara explains that both the mishna here and the mishna in Avoda Zara are necessary, as, if this halakha had been learned only from there, the mishna in Avoda Zara, I would say that this applies only if the prohibited animal is intermingled with a non-sacred animal and thereby becomes prohibited to an ordinary person. But if it is intermingled with offerings that are designated to the Most High so a loss to the Temple would ensue, one might say that we should not lose all the valid offerings, and therefore the prohibited animal should be nullified in a simple majority. Accordingly, the ruling of the mishna here was necessary, to teach that the same applies to a mixture involving offerings.
וְאִי מֵהָכָא, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: הָנֵי מִילֵּי קָדָשִׁים – דִּמְאִיס, אֲבָל חוּלִּין דְּלָא מְאִיס – אֵימָא: אִיסּוּרֵי הֲנָאָה (לִיבְטְלֵי) [לִיבְטְלוּ] בְּרוּבָּא; צְרִיכָא.
The Gemara continues: And conversely, if this halakha were learned only from here I would say that this statement, that the entire mixture is prohibited, applies specifically to sacrificial animals, as it is repulsive to sacrifice to God an animal from a mixture that includes a prohibited animal. But with regard to deriving benefit from a non-sacred animal from this mixture, which is not a repulsive act, one might say: Let the items from which deriving benefit is prohibited be nullified in a majority. Therefore, the mishna in Avoda Zara is also necessary.
וְנִיבְטְלוּ בְּרוּבָּא! וְכִי תֵּימָא חֲשִׁיבִי וְלָא בָּטְלִי – הָנִיחָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר: ״כׇּל שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִימָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ;
The Gemara questions the ruling of the mishna: But let the prohibited animals be nullified in a majority, as is the halakha concerning other matters, in which the minority items assume the status of the majority. And if you would say in response that animals are significant, as they are counted individually and therefore they are not nullified in a majority, this answer is unsatisfactory. The Gemara elaborates: This suggested answer works out well according to the one who says that we learned in the mishna discussing nullification in a majority (see Orla 3:6–7): Any item whose manner is also to be counted, i.e., that are sometimes sold by unit rather than weight or volume, is considered significant. This definition includes animals, as they are sometimes sold as individual animals, and therefore they would be considered significant.
אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר: ״אֶת שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִימָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ, מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? דִּתְנַן: מִי שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ חֲבִילֵי תִּילְתָּן שֶׁל כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם –
But according to the one who says that we learned in that mishna: An item whose manner is exclusively to be counted, i.e., one that is always sold by unit, is considered significant, what can be said? Although animals are often sold by unit, they are occasionally sold as part of a herd, and would therefore not be considered significant. The Gemara cites the mishna in which this dispute appears. As we learned (Orla 3:6–7): With regard to one who had bundles of fenugreek, a type of legume, that were diverse kinds planted in a vineyard, from which it is prohibited to derive benefit,
יִדָּלְקוּ. נִתְעָרְבוּ בַּאֲחֵרִים (וַאֲחֵרִים בַּאֲחֵרִים) – כּוּלָּן יִדָּלְקוּ. דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: יַעֲלוּ בְּאֶחָד וּמָאתַיִם.
those bundles must be burned. If the bundles were intermingled with others, and those others were intermingled with others, they all must be burned. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: They can be nullified when the total is 201 items, i.e., one prohibited item intermingled with two hundred permitted ones.
שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִמָּנוֹת – מְקַדֵּשׁ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ אֶלָּא שִׁשָּׁה דְּבָרִים בִּלְבַד. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: שִׁבְעָה, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: אֱגוֹזֵי פֶרֶךְ, וְרִימּוֹנֵי בָאדָן, וְחָבִיּוֹת סְתוּמוֹת, וְחִילְפֵי תְרָדִין, וְקִילְחֵי כְרוּב, וְדַלַּעַת יְוָנִית. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מוֹסִיף: אַף כִּכָּרוֹת שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת.
The mishna continues: Rabbi Meir holds that they all must be burned, as Rabbi Meir would say: Any item whose manner is to be counted renders its mixture prohibited, as it is considered significant and cannot be nullified. And the Rabbis say: Only six items are sufficiently significant to render their mixture prohibited. Rabbi Akiva says: There are seven. And they are: Nuts with brittle shells, and pomegranates from Badan, and sealed barrels of wine, and beet greens, and cabbage stalks, and Greek gourd. Rabbi Akiva adds: Loaves of a homeowner are also in this category.
הָרָאוּי לְעׇרְלָה – עׇרְלָה, הָרָאוּי לְכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם – כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם.
The mishna continues: Different prohibitions apply to these items. That which is fit to be forbidden due to the prohibition against eating the fruit of a tree during the first three years after its planting [orla], i.e., nuts, pomegranates, and sealed barrels of wine, prohibit their mixture as orla. That which is fit to be forbidden due to diverse kinds planted in a vineyard, i.e., beets, cabbage, and gourd, prohibit their mixture as diverse kinds in a vineyard.
וְאִיתְּמַר עֲלַהּ, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: ״אֶת שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִמָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אוֹמֵר: ״כׇּל שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִמָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ.
And it was stated that there is a dispute between amora’im with regard to the wording of Rabbi Meir’s opinion in this mishna. Rabbi Yoḥanan says that we learned: Only an item whose manner is exclusively to be counted is significant and cannot be nullified, and it therefore renders its mixture prohibited according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir. And Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says that we learned: Any item whose manner is also to be counted is significant and cannot be nullified.
הָנִיחָא לְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ, אֶלָּא לְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: הַאי תַּנָּא – תַּנָּא דְּלִיטְרָא קְצִיעוֹת הוּא, דְּאָמַר:
The Gemara reiterates its question: This works out well according to the opinion of Reish Lakish, but according to the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan, what can be said? According to his opinion, since animals are not sold exclusively by unit, they are not sufficiently significant. Therefore, a prohibited animal should be nullified in a simple majority. Rav Pappa says: According to Rabbi Yoḥanan, this tanna, who says that a prohibited animal cannot be nullified, is the tanna of the halakha concerning a litra of dried figs, who says:
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Zevachim 72
צְרִיכִי; דְּאִי מֵהָתָם, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: לְהֶדְיוֹט, אֲבָל לְגָבוֹהַּ אֵימָא לָא נַפְסְדִינְהוּ לְכוּלְּהוּ;
The Gemara explains that both the mishna here and the mishna in Avoda Zara are necessary, as, if this halakha had been learned only from there, the mishna in Avoda Zara, I would say that this applies only if the prohibited animal is intermingled with a non-sacred animal and thereby becomes prohibited to an ordinary person. But if it is intermingled with offerings that are designated to the Most High so a loss to the Temple would ensue, one might say that we should not lose all the valid offerings, and therefore the prohibited animal should be nullified in a simple majority. Accordingly, the ruling of the mishna here was necessary, to teach that the same applies to a mixture involving offerings.
וְאִי מֵהָכָא, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא: הָנֵי מִילֵּי קָדָשִׁים – דִּמְאִיס, אֲבָל חוּלִּין דְּלָא מְאִיס – אֵימָא: אִיסּוּרֵי הֲנָאָה (לִיבְטְלֵי) [לִיבְטְלוּ] בְּרוּבָּא; צְרִיכָא.
The Gemara continues: And conversely, if this halakha were learned only from here I would say that this statement, that the entire mixture is prohibited, applies specifically to sacrificial animals, as it is repulsive to sacrifice to God an animal from a mixture that includes a prohibited animal. But with regard to deriving benefit from a non-sacred animal from this mixture, which is not a repulsive act, one might say: Let the items from which deriving benefit is prohibited be nullified in a majority. Therefore, the mishna in Avoda Zara is also necessary.
וְנִיבְטְלוּ בְּרוּבָּא! וְכִי תֵּימָא חֲשִׁיבִי וְלָא בָּטְלִי – הָנִיחָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר: ״כׇּל שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִימָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ;
The Gemara questions the ruling of the mishna: But let the prohibited animals be nullified in a majority, as is the halakha concerning other matters, in which the minority items assume the status of the majority. And if you would say in response that animals are significant, as they are counted individually and therefore they are not nullified in a majority, this answer is unsatisfactory. The Gemara elaborates: This suggested answer works out well according to the one who says that we learned in the mishna discussing nullification in a majority (see Orla 3:6–7): Any item whose manner is also to be counted, i.e., that are sometimes sold by unit rather than weight or volume, is considered significant. This definition includes animals, as they are sometimes sold as individual animals, and therefore they would be considered significant.
אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר: ״אֶת שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִימָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ, מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? דִּתְנַן: מִי שֶׁהָיוּ לוֹ חֲבִילֵי תִּילְתָּן שֶׁל כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם –
But according to the one who says that we learned in that mishna: An item whose manner is exclusively to be counted, i.e., one that is always sold by unit, is considered significant, what can be said? Although animals are often sold by unit, they are occasionally sold as part of a herd, and would therefore not be considered significant. The Gemara cites the mishna in which this dispute appears. As we learned (Orla 3:6–7): With regard to one who had bundles of fenugreek, a type of legume, that were diverse kinds planted in a vineyard, from which it is prohibited to derive benefit,
יִדָּלְקוּ. נִתְעָרְבוּ בַּאֲחֵרִים (וַאֲחֵרִים בַּאֲחֵרִים) – כּוּלָּן יִדָּלְקוּ. דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: יַעֲלוּ בְּאֶחָד וּמָאתַיִם.
those bundles must be burned. If the bundles were intermingled with others, and those others were intermingled with others, they all must be burned. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: They can be nullified when the total is 201 items, i.e., one prohibited item intermingled with two hundred permitted ones.
שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִמָּנוֹת – מְקַדֵּשׁ. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ אֶלָּא שִׁשָּׁה דְּבָרִים בִּלְבַד. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: שִׁבְעָה, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: אֱגוֹזֵי פֶרֶךְ, וְרִימּוֹנֵי בָאדָן, וְחָבִיּוֹת סְתוּמוֹת, וְחִילְפֵי תְרָדִין, וְקִילְחֵי כְרוּב, וְדַלַּעַת יְוָנִית. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מוֹסִיף: אַף כִּכָּרוֹת שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת.
The mishna continues: Rabbi Meir holds that they all must be burned, as Rabbi Meir would say: Any item whose manner is to be counted renders its mixture prohibited, as it is considered significant and cannot be nullified. And the Rabbis say: Only six items are sufficiently significant to render their mixture prohibited. Rabbi Akiva says: There are seven. And they are: Nuts with brittle shells, and pomegranates from Badan, and sealed barrels of wine, and beet greens, and cabbage stalks, and Greek gourd. Rabbi Akiva adds: Loaves of a homeowner are also in this category.
הָרָאוּי לְעׇרְלָה – עׇרְלָה, הָרָאוּי לְכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם – כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם.
The mishna continues: Different prohibitions apply to these items. That which is fit to be forbidden due to the prohibition against eating the fruit of a tree during the first three years after its planting [orla], i.e., nuts, pomegranates, and sealed barrels of wine, prohibit their mixture as orla. That which is fit to be forbidden due to diverse kinds planted in a vineyard, i.e., beets, cabbage, and gourd, prohibit their mixture as diverse kinds in a vineyard.
וְאִיתְּמַר עֲלַהּ, רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: ״אֶת שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִמָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ אוֹמֵר: ״כׇּל שֶׁדַּרְכּוֹ לִמָּנוֹת״ שָׁנִינוּ.
And it was stated that there is a dispute between amora’im with regard to the wording of Rabbi Meir’s opinion in this mishna. Rabbi Yoḥanan says that we learned: Only an item whose manner is exclusively to be counted is significant and cannot be nullified, and it therefore renders its mixture prohibited according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir. And Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says that we learned: Any item whose manner is also to be counted is significant and cannot be nullified.
הָנִיחָא לְרֵישׁ לָקִישׁ, אֶלָּא לְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: הַאי תַּנָּא – תַּנָּא דְּלִיטְרָא קְצִיעוֹת הוּא, דְּאָמַר:
The Gemara reiterates its question: This works out well according to the opinion of Reish Lakish, but according to the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan, what can be said? According to his opinion, since animals are not sold exclusively by unit, they are not sufficiently significant. Therefore, a prohibited animal should be nullified in a simple majority. Rav Pappa says: According to Rabbi Yoḥanan, this tanna, who says that a prohibited animal cannot be nullified, is the tanna of the halakha concerning a litra of dried figs, who says:
