יבמות לז

יבמות לז

בְּאוּרְתָּא אֲמַר רָבָא הָכִי, וּבְצַפְרָא הֲדַר בֵּיהּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: שְׁרִיתוּהָ? יְהֵא רַעֲוָא דְּתִשְׁ(תְּ)רוֹ אַף תַּרְבָּא.

In the evening Rava stated this ruling in accordance with the way you cited him, but in the morning he retracted his opinion and ruled as I cited him. Rav Mesharshiyya said to him: Do you really permit her to marry without ḥalitza? He added sarcastically: May it be God’s will that you will even permit forbidden fats [tarba] as well. In Rav Mesharshiyya’s opinion, the prohibition against the widow remarrying without ḥalitza was as obvious as the prohibition of forbidden fats.

הָכָא גַּבֵּי מְעוּבֶּרֶת חֲבֵירוֹ וּמֵינֶקֶת חֲבֵירוֹ הַנְּשׂוּאָה לְכֹהֵן, מַאי? מִי עֲבוּד רַבָּנַן תַּקַּנְתָּא לְכֹהֵן, אוֹ לָא.

After citing this dispute, Rav Ashi said to Rav Hoshaya, son of Rav Idi: According to Rava’s citation of Rav, when a woman is married to a priest, the Sages were more lenient in order to allow the couple to remain married. Here, with regard to a woman who is pregnant with the child of another man or a woman who is nursing the child of another man, who is married to a priest, what is the halakha? Did the Sages enact an ordinance for the benefit of a priest and say that it is sufficient for him to separate from his wife and he does not need to divorce her, or not?

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָכִי הַשְׁתָּא? בִּשְׁלָמָא הָתָם, כֵּיוָן דְּאִיכָּא רַבָּנַן דִּפְלִיגִי עֲלֵיהּ דְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, דְּאָמְרִי: אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא שְׁהָא וָלָד מְעַלְּיָא הָוֵי, גַּבֵּי אֵשֶׁת כֹּהֵן כֵּיוָן דְּלָא אֶפְשָׁר — עָבְדִינַן כְּרַבָּנַן,

He said to him: How can these cases be compared? Granted, there, in the case where the offspring died during its first thirty days of life, since there are the Rabbis who disagree with Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel concerning it, as they say that although the offspring did not survive for thirty days it is nevertheless considered a full-fledged, i.e., viable, offspring, therefore, with regard to the wife of a priest, since it is not possible for her to perform ḥalitza and remain permitted to her husband, we will be lenient and act in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis.

אֲבָל הָכָא, כְּמַאן נַעֲבֵיד? אִי כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר, הָא אָמַר: יוֹצִיא וְלֹא יַחְזִיר עוֹלָמִית, וְאִי כְּרַבָּנַן — הָאָמְרִי בְּגֵט.

However, here, in the case of a woman who is pregnant with or nursing the child of another man, in accordance with whose opinion should we act? If we act in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, it will be of no benefit to the priest because Rabbi Meir said even with regard to the wife of an Israelite that he must divorce her and may never take her back. And if we act in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, it will also be of no benefit to the priest because they say he must send her out with a bill of divorce and only remarry her at a later point. Since there is no opinion that does not require a bill of divorce to be given, there is no possibility to be lenient in this case by not requiring a bill of divorce to be given.

אִיתְּמַר: קִדְּשָׁהּ בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלֹשָׁה וּבָרַח, פְּלִיגִי בַּהּ רַב אַחָא וְרַפְרָם, חַד אָמַר: מְשַׁמְּתִינַן לֵיהּ, וְחַד אָמַר: עֵירוּקֵיהּ מִסָּתְיֵיהּ. הֲוָה עוֹבָדָא וַאֲמַר לְהוּ רַפְרָם: עֵירוּקֵיהּ מִסָּתְיֵיהּ.

A pregnancy is generally noticeable only after three months have passed. Therefore, during the first three months after a woman is divorced or widowed, she may not remarry due to the possibility that she is pregnant. The Sages decreed that even betrothing her during that time is prohibited, lest one also marry her (see 41a). Concerning this, an amoraic dispute was stated: In a case in which a man betrothed a woman during the three months following her divorce or her husband’s death, and then he fled, Rav Aḥa and Rafram disagree over what should be done. One said: We excommunicate him for violating the prohibition. And the other one said: His flight is sufficient for him, since it proves that he does not intend to marry her until it is determined that she is not pregnant. Therefore, there is no need to penalize him further. The Gemara relates: There was an incident like that, and Rafram said to those who asked what to do: His flight is sufficient for him.

סָפֵק בֶּן תֵּשַׁע וְכוּ׳. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַב נַחְמָן: לֵימָא הַלֵּךְ אַחַר רוֹב נָשִׁים, וְרוֹב נָשִׁים לְתִשְׁעָה יָלְדָן!

§ The mishna states that if a yevama consummated the levirate marriage and gave birth seven months later, there is an uncertainty whether the child is nine months old, counting from conception, and is the offspring of the first husband, i.e., the deceased brother, or whether the child is only seven months old and is the offspring of the second husband. If it is the child of the first husband, then there was never any obligation of levirate marriage, and the supposed consummation was in fact forbidden by penalty of karet. Due to that possibility, both the man and the woman are obligated to bring a guilt-offering for uncertainty. Rava said to Rav Naḥman: How can they bring a guilt-offering for uncertainty? Let us say: Follow the majority of women, and since the majority of women give birth after nine months, it should be presumed that the child is the offspring of the deceased brother. Accordingly, the couple would be obligated to bring a certain sin-offering, not a guilt-offering for uncertainty.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: נְשֵׁי דִּידַן, לְשִׁבְעָה יָלְדָן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: נְשֵׁי דִּידְכוּ הָווּ רוּבָּא דְּעָלְמָא?

Rav Naḥman said to him: The women of our family regularly give birth after seven months. Therefore, how can you presume that this woman gave birth after nine months? Rava said to him: Do the women of your family constitute the majority of the women of the world? Ultimately, the majority of women give birth after nine months, and one should therefore presume accordingly in a case of uncertainty.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ, הָכִי קָאָמֵינָא: רוֹב נָשִׁים יָלְדָן לְתִשְׁעָה, וּמִיעוּט לְשִׁבְעָה, וְכׇל הַיּוֹלֶדֶת לְתִשְׁעָה, עוּבָּרָהּ נִיכָּר לִשְׁלִישׁ יָמֶיהָ. וְזוֹ, הוֹאִיל וְלֹא הוּכַּר עוּבָּרָהּ לִשְׁלִישׁ יָמֶיהָ — אִיתְּרַע לֵיהּ רוּבָּא.

Rav Naḥman said to him: This is what I am saying: Although it is true that the majority of women give birth after nine months and only a minority give birth after seven, still, in the case of every woman who gives birth after nine months, her fetus is already recognizable after a third of her days, i.e., in the third month of her pregnancy. Accordingly, in the case of this woman, since her fetus was not recognizable after a third of her days, as were it already recognizable at that point then it would be obvious that the child was the offspring of the first husband, therefore, the ability to presume she is like the majority of women is compromised, and the uncertainty as to who the father of the child is remains. Consequently, the yavam and yevama should each bring a guilt-offering for uncertainty.

אִי כׇּל הַיּוֹלֶדֶת לְתִשְׁעָה עוּבָּרָהּ נִיכָּר לִשְׁלִישׁ יָמֶיהָ, הָא מִדְּלֹא הוּכַּר לִשְׁלִישׁ יָמֶיהָ, עוּבָּרָהּ וַדַּאי בַּר שִׁבְעָה לְבָתְרָאָה הוּא! אֶלָּא אֵימָא: רוֹב הַיּוֹלֶדֶת לְתִשְׁעָה — עוּבָּרָהּ נִיכָּר לִשְׁלִישׁ יָמֶיהָ, וְהַאי מִדְּלֹא הוּכַּר לִשְׁלִישׁ יָמֶיהָ — אִיתְּרַע לֵיהּ רוּבָּא.

The Gemara asks: If it is true that in the case of every woman who gives birth after nine months, her fetus is already recognizable after a third of her days, then with regard to this woman, from the fact that her fetus was not recognized after a third of her days, it follows that her fetus was certainly only seven months old and is the offspring of the latter husband, i.e., the yavam. If so, it is clear the yavam is the father of the child and there should be no need to bring an offering at all. Rather, one must emend Rav Naḥman’s words and say: In the majority of cases, with regard to a woman who gives birth after nine months, her fetus is already recognizable after a third of her days, and with regard to this woman, from the fact that her fetus was not recognized after a third of her days, the ability to presume she is like the majority of women is compromised.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: רִאשׁוֹן רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְשֵׁנִי מַמְזֵר מִסָּפֵק. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: אֵין מַמְזֵר מִסָּפֵק.

§ The mishna states that the child of the yevama has unflawed lineage since regardless of whether it is the offspring of the deceased husband or the yavam, there was no transgression involved in its conception. With regard to this case, the Sages taught in a baraita: The first child is even fit to become a High Priest. However, since it is possible that the child is the offspring of the deceased husband, in which case the widow remains forbidden to the yavam as his brother’s wife, if she has a second child with her yavam then that child is a mamzer due to an uncertainty with regard to his status. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: One is not rendered a mamzer due to uncertainty.

מַאי קָאָמַר? אָמַר אַבָּיֵי, הָכִי קָאָמַר: רִאשׁוֹן רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְשֵׁנִי סְפֵק מַמְזֵר, וְאָסוּר בְּמַמְזֶרֶת. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר: אֵינוֹ סְפֵק מַמְזֵר, אֶלָּא וַדַּאי מַמְזֵר, וּמוּתָּר בְּמַמְזֶרֶת.

The meaning of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov’s statement and how he differs from the first tanna is unclear. The Gemara clarifies: What is the baraita saying? Abaye said: This is what it is saying: The first child is even fit to become a High Priest. And if she has a second child, his status as a mamzer is uncertain and therefore he is both prohibited from marrying an Israelite woman of unflawed lineage, since he might actually be a mamzer, and he is also prohibited from marrying a mamzeret, since he might not be a mamzer. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: He is not treated like one whose status as a mamzer is uncertain; rather, due to the uncertainty concerning his status he is treated like one who is definitely a mamzer, and he is permitted to marry a mamzeret. In other words, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov holds that even one whose status as a mamzer is uncertain is permitted to marry one who is definitely a mamzeret.

רָבָא אָמַר, הָכִי קָאָמַר: רִאשׁוֹן רָאוּי לִהְיוֹת כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְשֵׁנִי מַמְזֵר וַדַּאי מִסָּפֵק וּמוּתָּר בְּמַמְזֶרֶת. וְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: אֵין וַדַּאי מַמְזֵר מִסָּפֵק. אֶלָּא סְפֵק מַמְזֵר, וְאָסוּר בְּמַמְזֶרֶת.

Rava said: This is what the baraita is saying: The first child is even fit to become a High Priest. And if she has a second child, he is treated as though he is definitely a mamzer due to the uncertainty concerning his status, and therefore he is permitted to marry a mamzeret, i.e., this tanna holds that even one whose status as a mamzer is uncertain is permitted to marry one who is definitely a mamzeret. And Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: He is not treated as though he is definitely a mamzer due to an uncertainty concerning his status; rather, his status as a mamzer is uncertain and he is treated accordingly, and therefore he is both prohibited from marrying an Israelite woman of unflawed lineage since he might be a mamzer, and he is also prohibited from marrying a mamzeret since he might not be a mamzer.

וְקָמִיפַּלְגִי בִּדְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר. דִּתְנַן, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: וַדָּאָן בְּוַדָּאָן — מוּתָּר, וַדָּאָן בִּסְפֵקָן, וּסְפֵקָן בְּוַדָּאָן, וּסְפֵקָן בִּסְפֵקָן — אָסוּר.

The Gemara explains: And Abaye and Rava disagree with regard to whether the halakha is decided in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar. As we learned in a mishna (Kiddushin 74a): With regard to the prohibition against marrying people with certain types of flawed lineage, Rabbi Elazar said: The marriage of those people whose flawed lineage status is certain to those whose status is certain is permitted, but the marriage of those whose status is certain to those whose status is uncertain, and the marriage of those whose status is uncertain to those whose status is certain, and even the marriage of those whose status is uncertain to those whose status is uncertain, is prohibited.

וְאֵלּוּ הֵן סְפֵקָן: שְׁתוּקִי וַאֲסוּפִי וְכוּתִי.

The mishna concludes: And these are those who are considered to have an uncertain status: A child of unknown paternity [shetuki], although his mother’s identity is known; and a foundling who was found abandoned in the streets; and a Samaritan [Kuti], who is possibly a mamzer since the Samaritans do not accept and abide by the halakhot of marriage.

וְאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר. כִּי אַמְרִיתַהּ קַמֵּיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל, אֲמַר לִי: הִלֵּל שָׁנָה — עֲשָׂרָה יוּחֲסִין עָלוּ מִבָּבֶל: כָּהֲנֵי, לְוִיֵּי, וְיִשְׂרְאֵלֵי, חֲלָלֵי, גֵּירֵי, חֲרוֹרֵי, מַמְזֵרֵי, נְתִינֵי, שְׁתוּקֵי וַאֲסוּפֵי. וְכוּלָּן מוּתָּרִין לָבֹא זֶה בָּזֶה.

And with regard to this mishna Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar. But when I said this halakha of Rav’s in the presence of Shmuel, he said to me: Hillel taught in a baraita that ten categories of lineage came up from Babylon to Eretz Yisrael: Priests; Levites; and Israelites; priests disqualified due to flawed lineage [ḥalallim]; converts; freed slaves; mamzerim; Gibeonites; shetukei; and foundlings. And it is permitted for all men and women in these categories to marry one another, i.e., the list is arranged such that the marriage between people in any two categories that are adjacent to one another is permitted. This is possible only if one assumes that it is permitted for one whose flawed lineage status is uncertain to marry one whose flawed lineage status is certain.

וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר!

After citing the baraita taught by Hillel, which assumes that it is permitted for one whose flawed lineage status is uncertain to marry one whose flawed lineage status is certain, Shmuel concluded: The halakha is certainly decided in accordance with the opinion of Hillel, and yet you, Rabbi Yehuda, said the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar, which states that a marriage between two people whose flawed lineage status is uncertain is prohibited; your ruling is incorrect.

אַבָּיֵי סָבַר לַהּ כִּשְׁמוּאֵל, דְּאָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּהִלֵּל, וּמוֹקֵי לַהּ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אַלִּיבָּא דְהִלְכְתָא, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלָא תִּקְשֵׁי הִלְכְתָא אַהִלְכְתָא.

The Gemara proceeds to explain the dispute between Abaye and Rava: Abaye holds in accordance with the opinion of Shmuel, who said that the halakha is decided in accordance with the opinion of Hillel that it is permitted for one whose flawed lineage status is uncertain to marry one whose flawed lineage status is certain. Therefore, Abaye establishes that opinion of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov to be in accordance with this halakha, in order that there should not be a contradiction between one halakha, i.e., that the halakha is always decided in accordance with the opinion of Hillel, and another halakha, i.e., that the halakha is always decided in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov.

רָבָא סָבַר לַהּ כְּרַב, דְּאָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר. וּמוֹקֵי לַהּ לִדְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אַלִּיבָּא דְּהִלְכְתָא, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלָא תִּקְשֵׁי

Rava, however, holds in accordance with the opinion of Rav, who said: The halakha is decided in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Elazar that the marriage of those whose status is certain to those whose status is uncertain is prohibited. Therefore, Rava establishes that opinion of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov to be in accordance with this halakha, so that there should not be a contradiction between

הִלְכְתָא אַהִלְכְתָא.

one halakha, i.e., that the halakha in this case is in accordance with the opinion of Rav, and another halakha, i.e., that the halakha is always decided in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov.

אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: מְנָא אָמֵינָא לַהּ דְּכֹל סְפֵיקָא לְרַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב — כְּוַדַּאי מְשַׁוֵּי לֵיהּ,

Abaye said: From where do I say that concerning anyone whose status as a mamzer is uncertain, according to the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov they are treated equivalently to one who is definitely a mamzer?

דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: הֲרֵי שֶׁבָּא עַל נָשִׁים הַרְבֵּה וְאֵין יוֹדֵעַ עַל אֵיזוֹ מֵהֶן בָּא, וְכֵן הִיא שֶׁבָּאוּ עָלֶיהָ אֲנָשִׁים הַרְבֵּה, וְאֵינָהּ יוֹדַעַת מֵאֵיזֶה מֵהֶן קִבְּלָה — נִמְצָא אָב נוֹשֵׂא אֶת בִּתּוֹ, וְאָח נוֹשֵׂא אֶת אֲחוֹתוֹ, וְנִתְמַלֵּא כָּל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ מַמְזֵרִין. וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר: ״וּמָלְאָה הָאָרֶץ זִמָּה״.

As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: With regard to one who engaged in intercourse with and impregnated many women, but he does not know with which women he had intercourse, and similarly, with regard to a woman, if many men had intercourse with her and she became pregnant, but she does not know from which man she received the seed that caused her to become pregnant, since the identities of the parents of those children are not known, it could emerge that a father marries his daughter, and a brother marries his sister. And in this way, the entire world could become filled with mamzerim. And concerning this, it is stated: “And lest the land become full of lewdness” (Leviticus 19:29). Abaye demonstrates his claim from the fact that even though it is not certain that the children in this situation are mamzerim, nevertheless, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov labels them as mamzerim and not as those whose status as a mamzer is uncertain.

וְרָבָא אָמַר לָךְ, הָכִי קָאָמַר: ״זוֹ מָה הִיא״.

And Rava could have said to you: This is what the verse is saying: The word “lewdness [zima]” can be understood as an acronym of the words: Zo ma hi, meaning: What is this. It is plausible to say that Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov’s citation of this verse indicates that he regards their status to be uncertain.

יָתֵר עַל כֵּן, אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב: לֹא יִשָּׂא אָדָם אִשָּׁה בִּמְדִינָה זוֹ וְיֵלֵךְ וְיִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה בִּמְדִינָה אַחֶרֶת, שֶׁמָּא יִזְדַּוְּוגוּ זֶה לָזֶה, וְנִמְצָא אָח נוֹשֵׂא אֶת אֲחוֹתוֹ.

The Gemara cites the continuation of the baraita: Furthermore, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov said that even in marriage, one should be careful not to create a situation that could lead to the birth of mamzerim. Therefore, a man should not marry a woman in this country and then go and marry another woman in a different country, lest a son from one marriage and a daughter from the other, unaware that they are both children of the same father, unite with one another, and it could emerge that a brother marries his sister, the children of whom would be mamzerim.

אִינִי? וְהָא רַב כִּי אִיקְּלַע לְדַרְדְּשִׁיר, [מַכְרֵיז] וְאָמַר: מַאן הָוְיָא לְיוֹמָא. וְרַב נַחְמָן כִּי אִיקְּלַע לְשַׁכְנְצִיב, [מַכְרֵיז] וְאָמַר: מַאן הָוְיָא לְיוֹמָא!

The Gemara asks: Is that so; is there really such a prohibition? But didn’t Rav, when he happened to come to Dardeshir, make a public announcement saying: Which woman will be my wife for the day, i.e., for the duration of his visit? Since his wife did not accompany him to Dardeshir, he wished to be married to another woman while he was there, in order to avoid a situation that could lead him to having forbidden thoughts. And also Rav Naḥman, when he happened to come to Shakhnetziv, made a public announcement saying: Which woman will be my wife for the day? It would appear, from the fact that both Sages married wives in two different places, that there is no prohibition in doing so.

שָׁאנֵי רַבָּנַן, דִּפְקִיעַ שְׁמַיְיהוּ.

The Gemara rejects the proof: Sages are different, as their names are renowned, and therefore their children are always identified by their connection to their father. Therefore, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov’s concern does not apply to them.

וְהָאָמַר רָבָא: תְּבָעוּהָ לִינָּשֵׂא וְנִתְפַּיְּיסָה — צְרִיכָה לֵישֵׁב שִׁבְעָה נְקִיִּים?

The Gemara examines Rav and Rav Naḥman’s actions: But didn’t Rava say: With regard to a woman who had an offer of marriage and accepted, the emotional excitement may have caused her to have a flow of menstrual blood, which would make her ritually impure and prohibit her from engaging in intercourse. Even if she was unaware of any flow, she must consider the possibility that it occurred. To purify herself, she needs to wait seven consecutive days that are clean from any flow of menstrual blood and then immerse in a ritual bath. Only then may she marry. If so, how could Rav and Rav Naḥman marry women on the day they arrived?

רַבָּנַן שְׁלוּחַיְיהוּ הֲווֹ מְשַׁדְּרִי וּמוֹדְעִי לְהוּ. וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא: לְרַבָּנַן, יַחוֹדֵי בְּעָלְמָא הוּא דִּמְיַיחֲדִי לְהוּ, דְּאָמַר מָר: אֵינוֹ דּוֹמֶה מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ פַּת בְּסַלּוֹ לְמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ פַּת בְּסַלּוֹ.

The Gemara explains: These Sages would send messengers seven days ahead of their arrival and they would inform the women of the Sage’s arrival. In this way, the woman who agreed to marry the Sage would have time to count the seven clean days. And if you wish, say that the Sages’ intentions were merely to be in seclusion [meyaḥadi] with the woman but not to engage in intercourse with her. Therefore, it was permitted to marry her even if she became ritually impure. Being in seclusion with a woman was sufficient to help the Sages avoid any forbidden thoughts, as the Master said: One who has bread in his basket is incomparable to one who does not have bread in his basket, i.e., just as the knowledge that food is readily available is sufficient to psychologically alleviate one’s feelings of hunger, so too, the knowledge that one’s sexual desires could be met lessens the strength of the desire itself.

תָּנָא, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: לֹא יִשָּׂא אָדָם אִשְׁתּוֹ וְדַעְתּוֹ לְגָרְשָׁהּ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּחֲרֹשׁ עַל רֵעֲךָ רָעָה וְהוּא יוֹשֵׁב לָבֶטַח אִתָּךְ״.

The Gemara cites an additional statement of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov: It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: A man should not marry his wife when at the same time his intention is to divorce her, because it is stated: “Do not devise evil against your neighbor, as he dwells securely with you” (Proverbs 3:29). It is wrong for one to intend to undermine the feelings of security that another has with him.

סָפֵק וְיָבָם שֶׁבָּאוּ לַחֲלוֹק בְּנִכְסֵי מִיתָנָא,

§ The mishna raises a case in which a yavam consummated the levirate marriage with his yevama and seven months later she gave birth. With respect to that child, there is an uncertainty whether he is the child of the deceased brother or whether he is the child of the yavam. The Gemara discusses the ramifications of this uncertainty in a dispute concerning inheritance. The case concerns one whose identity as the son of the deceased is uncertain, and a yavam who consummated the levirate marriage with the yevama, who both came to divide up the possessions of the deceased brother and each one claims to be the sole heir.

סָפֵק אָמַר: אֲנָא בַּר מִיתָנָא הוּא, וְנִכְסֵי דִּידִי (הוּא) [נִינְהוּ]. וְיָבָם אָמַר: אַתְּ בְּרַאי דִּידִי אַתְּ, וְלֵית לָךְ וְלָא מִידֵּי בְּנִכְסֵי. הָוֵי מָמוֹן הַמּוּטָּל בְּסָפֵק, וּמָמוֹן הַמּוּטָּל בְּסָפֵק — חוֹלְקִין.

The one of uncertain descent said: I am the son of the deceased, and therefore, as the only heir, his possessions are mine. And the yavam said to him: You are my son, and you have absolutely no rights to the possessions; rather, by virtue of the fact that I consummated the levirate marriage with the widow of the deceased, I should inherit him. The Gemara rules on this case: This is a case of property of uncertain ownership, as there is no way to determine who is the rightful heir, and the halakha is that property of uncertain ownership the claimants divide up between them.

סָפֵק וּבְנֵי יָבָם שֶׁבָּאוּ לַחֲלוֹק בְּנִכְסֵי מִיתָנָא, סָפֵק אָמַר: הָהוּא גַּבְרָא בַּר מִיתָנָא הוּא, וְנִכְסֵי דִּידִי (הוּא) [נִינְהוּ]. בְּנֵי יָבָם אָמְרִי: אַתְּ (אַחֵינוּ) [אֲחוּנָא] אַתְּ, וּמְנָתָא הוּא דְּאִית לָךְ בַּהֲדַן.

The Gemara brings another case, that of one concerning whom there is uncertainty whether he is the son of the deceased or of the yavam and the sons of the yavam, who consummated the levirate marriage with the yevama and has since died, who came to divide up the possessions of the deceased, and each one makes claim to the inheritance. The one of uncertain descent said: That man, referring to himself, is the son of the deceased, and therefore, as his sole heir, his possessions are mine. And the sons of the yavam said to him: You are our brother, and our uncle, the deceased, was not survived by any offspring and so by virtue of our father’s levirate marriage he inherited our uncle’s possessions, and now that our father has died and we are dividing up his possessions you have a right to inherit only a portion of the inheritance together with us.

סְבוּר רַבָּנַן קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב מְשַׁרְשְׁיָא לְמֵימַר: מַתְנִיתִין הִיא, דִּתְנַן: הוּא אֵינוֹ יוֹרֵשׁ אוֹתָם, וְהֵם יוֹרְשִׁין אוֹתוֹ.

The Rabbis who studied before Rav Mesharshiyya thought to say: This case is analogous to a case in a mishna, as we learned a similar case in a mishna (100a) in which a woman gave birth shortly after remarrying and there is uncertainty whether the child’s father is the first or second husband. The mishna considers a case in which the husbands died and were each survived by a set of sons: If a son from either set died, the other sons of that set will inherit from him because as brothers they have an uncontested claim to the inheritance. However, he, the son of uncertain descent, does not inherit from them because his claim as a brother is uncertain and is therefore not powerful enough to allow him to take part of the inheritance from the other sons. However, if the son of uncertain descent died, they, the sons of both husbands, will jointly inherit from him. The claims of each set of sons to be his brothers are equally uncertain; therefore, since there is no one who has a definite claim to his inheritance, his possessions are split between them.

וְהָכָא אִיפְּכָא. הָתָם אָמְרִי לֵיהּ: אַיְיתִי רְאָיָה וּשְׁקוֹל,

The Rabbis qualify their comparison of the cases: But here, the positions are in reverse, as follows: There, in the case of the mishna, when one of the sons dies, they, the other sons of that set, can say to him, the son of uncertain descent: Bring proof that you are actually a son of our father and only then can you take a portion. Since he cannot prove this, he will not receive any of the inheritance.

הָכָא אֲמַר לְהוּ: אַיְיתוֹ רְאָיָה וּשְׁקוּלוּ.

However, here, in the case where the son of uncertain descent is in dispute with the sons of the yavam, he, the son of uncertain descent, can say to them: Bring proof that I am not the son of the deceased, and only then can you take a portion together with me. The Rabbis claim that the principle in both cases is identical: When one party has an uncontested claim to the inheritance, and another party advances a claim to receive part of the inheritance that is based on an uncertainty, the uncertain claim is not accepted. In the mishna’s case, it is the son of uncertain descent who has an uncertain claim. The Rabbis suggest that the reverse is true in the Gemara’s case: The son of uncertain descent has an uncontested claim to the inheritance because whether he is the son of the first or second husband, he certainly has a right to some inheritance. It is the sons of the yavam who have an uncertain claim because they have a right to the inheritance only if the son of uncertain descent is actually their brother.

אֲמַר לְהוּ רַב מְשַׁרְשְׁיָא: מִי דָּמֵי? הָתָם, אִינְהוּ וַדַּאי וְאִיהוּ סָפֵק. הָכָא, אִידֵּי וְאִידֵּי סָפֵק.

Rav Mesharshiyya said to them: Is the case in the mishna really comparable? There, in the mishna’s case, when one of the sons dies, they, the other sons in that set, have a definite claim to the inheritance, since their claim is based on the fact that they are the dead son’s brothers, which is certainly true, and he, the son of uncertain descent, only has an uncertain claim. However, here, each party has only an uncertain claim. Although the son of uncertain descent claims that ultimately, whatever the nature of his relationship with the deceased is, he should have the right to inherit, nevertheless, since it is not actually known what that relationship is, his claim in reality is merely a composite of uncertain claims.

אֶלָּא, אִי דָּמְיָא לְמַתְנִיתִין — [לְהָא] דָּמְיָא: לְסָפֵק וּבְנֵי יָבָם שֶׁבָּאוּ לַחְלוֹק בְּנִכְסֵי יָבָם גּוּפֵיהּ, דְּהָתָם אָמְרִי לֵיהּ: אַיְיתִי רְאָיָה דַּאֲחוּנָא אַתְּ וּשְׁקוֹל.

Having rejected the analogy offered by the Rabbis, Rav Mesharshiyya offers his own analogy to the case in the mishna that the Rabbis cited: Rather, if there is a case that is analogous to the case in the mishna, then it is to this following case that it is analogous: It is comparable to a case in which following the levirate marriage a son was born, and there is uncertainty whether he is the son of the deceased or of the yavam, and that son of uncertain descent and the sons of the yavam come to divide up the possessions of the yavam himself. As there, those who are unquestionably the sons of the yavam have a definite claim; therefore, they can say to him, the son of uncertain descent: Bring proof that you are actually our brother and only then can you take a portion. Since he cannot prove this, he will not receive any of the inheritance.

סָפֵק וּבְנֵי יָבָם שֶׁבָּאוּ לַחְלוֹק בְּנִכְסֵי יָבָם, לְבָתַר דִּפְלַג יָבָם בְּנִכְסֵי מִיתָנָא,

The Gemara brings yet another case, that of one concerning whom there is an uncertainty whether he is the son of the deceased or of the yavam and the sons of the yavam, i.e., the sons of the man who consummated the levirate marriage with the yevama and has since died, who came to divide up the possessions of the yavam after the yavam had already divided up the possessions of the deceased brother between himself and the son of uncertain descent, as per the Gemara’s ruling in the first case above.

בְּנֵי יָבָם אָמְרִי: אַיְיתִי רְאָיָה דַּאֲחוּנָא אַתְּ וּשְׁקוֹל. אָמַר לְהוּ סָפֵק: מָה נַפְשַׁיְיכוּ, אִי אֲחוּכוֹן אֲנָא — הַבוּ לִי מְנָתָא בַּהֲדַיְיכוּ, וְאִי בַּר מִיתָנָא אֲנָא — הַבוּ לִי פַּלְגָא דִּפְלַג אֲבוּכוֹן בַּהֲדַאי.

The yavam then died and his sons and the son of uncertain descent each made a claim to the inheritance: The sons of the yavam say to the son of uncertain descent: Bring proof that you are our brother, and only then can you take a portion. The son of uncertain descent said to them: Whichever way you look at it, I should receive a portion of the inheritance. If you assume that I am your brother, then give me a portion of the inheritance together with all of you, and if you assume that I am the son of the deceased, then give me the half of the possessions that your father took when he divided up the possessions with me upon the deceased’s death, because if you assume I am his son, then I am his sole heir and your father never had any rights to his possessions.

רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר רַב: קָם דִּינָא. רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה אָמַר: הָדַר דִּינָא.

The son of uncertain descent’s claim assumes that the original verdict to divide up the possessions of the deceased between the two sides may be reexamined in light of later developments. This assumption, however, is subject to a dispute: Rabbi Abba said that Rav said: The original verdict stands, i.e., the original division of the deceased’s possessions is considered a closed matter, and the new dispute concerning the possessions of the yavam is considered independently of it. Accordingly, the son of uncertain descent’s claim cannot succeed, and so he receives no portion of the inheritance of the yavam. Rabbi Yirmeya said: The original verdict is reconsidered in light of the new circumstances, and therefore in this case the son of uncertain descent can put forward his undeniable claim to some of the possessions of the yavam based on the original uncertainties that existed with regard to the division of the deceased’s possessions.

לֵימָא בִּפְלוּגְתָּא דְּאַדְמוֹן וְרַבָּנַן קָמִיפַּלְגִי, דִּתְנַן: מִי שֶׁהָלַךְ לִמְדִינַת הַיָּם וְאָבְדָה לוֹ דֶּרֶךְ שָׂדֵהוּ — אַדְמוֹן אָמַר: יֵלֵךְ בִּקְצָרָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: יִקַּח לוֹ דֶּרֶךְ בְּמֵאָה מָנֶה, אוֹ יִפְרַח בָּאֲוִיר.

Let us say that Rabbi Abba and Rabbi Yirmeya disagree over the dispute between Admon and the Rabbis. As we learned in a mishna (Ketubot 109b): With regard to one who owns a field and has the rights to a path that passes through land belonging to another, and he traveled to a country overseas, and when he returned the path to his field was lost, i.e., he forgot where the path was located, Admon says: He may go only on the shortest path to his field, as although it is not known where the path is, he definitely did have a path, and therefore at the very least he has a right to the shortest path. The Rabbis say: He must either purchase for himself a new path for whatever price is asked, even if it is one hundred dinars, or he will have to fly through the air to reach his field, i.e., as long as he cannot prove where the original path was, he has no rights to any other path.

וְהָוֵינַן בַּהּ: לְרַבָּנַן שַׁפִּיר קָאָמַר אַדְמוֹן? וְאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: הָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן — כְּגוֹן שֶׁהִקִּיפוּהָ אַרְבָּעָה בְּנֵי אָדָם מֵאַרְבַּע רוּחוֹת.

And we discussed the mishna and thereby established the parameters of the dispute as follows: It is difficult for the Rabbis because Admon is saying well, i.e., the logic of his opinion would seem to be compelling. And in defense of the Rabbis’ opinion, Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: With what are we dealing here? It is with a case where his field was surrounded by four individuals who owned the land on each of its four sides. Therefore, he cannot demand a path from any one of the surrounding owners, since each one can deflect his claim by suggesting that the path might have passed through one of the other owners’ land.

אִי הָכִי, מַאי טַעְמָא דְּאַדְמוֹן? וְאָמַר רָבָא: בְּאַרְבְּעָה דְּאָתוּ מִכֹּחַ אַרְבְּעָה, וְאַרְבְּעָה דְּאָתוּ מִכֹּחַ חַד — כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא לָא פְּלִיגִי דְּמָצוּ מְדַחֵי לֵיהּ.

However, this creates a further difficulty: If so, that the surrounding land is owned by different people, what is Admon’s rationale for ruling that the owner of the field has a claim to the shortest path? And in order to justify Admon’s opinion, Rava said: With regard to a case in which there are four current owners who came to own their land on the basis of purchase from four previous owners, i.e., each of the current owners acquired their land from a different previous owner, and also in a case in which there are four current owners who came to own their land on the basis of purchase from one previous owner who originally owned all four pieces of land, everyone agrees that the current owners are able to deflect him and his claim to a path.

כִּי פְּלִיגִי, בְּחַד דְּאָתֵי מִכֹּחַ אַרְבְּעָה. אַדְמוֹן סָבַר, מָצֵי אָמַר לֵיהּ: מִכׇּל מָקוֹם דַּרְכַּי גַּבָּךְ הוּא. וְרַבָּנַן סָבְרִי דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי שָׁתְקַתְּ — שָׁתְקַתְּ, וְאִי לָא, מַהְדַּרְנָא שְׁטָרָא לְמָרַיְיהוּ, וְלָא מָצֵית לְאִשְׁתַּעוֹיֵי דִּינָא בַּהֲדַיְיהוּ.

When they disagree, it is in a case in which there is only one current owner of all four pieces of land, who came to own his land on the basis of purchase from four previous owners. Admon holds that the owner of the field can say to the current owner of the surrounding land: Whichever way you construe the case, my path to my field is somewhere with you in the surrounding land. And the Rabbis hold that the owner of the surrounding land can deflect this claim because he can say to him: If you do not press your claim and are silent, then be silent, and I will sell you a path at a reasonable price. But if not, and you insist on pressing your claim, then I will return the bills of purchase of the land to their previous owners, and then you will not be able to successfully engage in a legal dispute with them, as each one could claim that the path went through one of the other pieces of land not owned by them.

לֵימָא רַבִּי אַבָּא דְּאָמַר כְּרַבָּנַן.

Having established the parameters of the dispute, the Gemara suggests: Let us say that the statement of Rabbi Abba, who said that the original verdict stands, is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis. When the owner of the field forgot where his path was located, the surrounding land was owned by four different owners, and therefore at that time the verdict was that he had no ability to successfully claim his path. The Rabbis apparently assume that that verdict stands, and therefore the field owner is considered to have lost any rights to the path. Consequently, even if the surrounding pieces of land are later purchased by a single person, the owner of the field cannot make a claim for his path.

וְרַבִּי יִרְמְיָה דְּאָמַר כְּאַדְמוֹן.

The Gemara continues: And the statement of Rabbi Yirmeya, who said that the original verdict is repealed, is in accordance with the opinion of Admon. Admon apparently assumes that although the original verdict was that the field owner has no ability to successfully claim his path, nevertheless, that does not mean he loses his rights to the path. Rather, once the situation changes and the surrounding pieces of land are purchased by a single person, the original uncertainty is revived to allow him to make a claim for at least the shortest path to his field.

אָמַר לָךְ רַבִּי אַבָּא: אֲנָא דַּאֲמַרִי אֲפִילּוּ כְּאַדְמוֹן, עַד כָּאן לָא קָאָמַר אַדְמוֹן הָתָם, אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּאָמַר לֵיהּ: מִמָּה נַפְשָׁךְ

The Gemara rejects the comparison: Rabbi Abba could have said to you: When I stated my ruling, it was even in accordance with the opinion of Admon. Admon states his ruling only there, in the case of the lost path, because the field owner said to the owner of the surrounding land: Whichever way you look at it,