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Din & Daf

Din & Daf: What is the Concept of שלא לשמה All About?

09.17.2025 | כ״ד באלול תשפ״ה


Masechet Zevahim begins with a focus on the concept of לשמה, a korban being slaughtered for its intended purpose. What is the reason why שחיטה שלא לשמה is problematic? What does this teach us about the world of korbanot generally?

Zevachim 2a-b

printable sources

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משנה זבחים א:א

כָּל הַזְּבָחִים שֶׁנִזְבְּחוּ שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָן, כְּשֵׁרִים, אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא עָלוּ לַבְּעָלִים לְשֵׁם חוֹבָה. חוּץ מִן הַפֶּסַח וּמִן הַחַטָּאת. הַפֶּסַח בִּזְמַנּוֹ, וְהַחַטָּאת, בְּכָל זְמָן. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אַף הָאָשָׁם. הַפֶּסַח בִּזְמַנּוֹ, וְהַחַטָּאת וְהָאָשָׁם, בְּכָל זְמָן. אָמַר רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר, הַחַטָּאת בָּאָה עַל חֵטְא, וְהָאָשָׁם בָּא עַל חֵטְא. מַה חַטָּאת פְּסוּלָה שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמָהּ, אַף הָאָשָׁם פָּסוּל שֶׁלֹּא לִשְׁמוֹ:

All slaughtered offerings that were slaughtered not for their own sake, i.e., during the slaughtering the slaughterer’s intent was to sacrifice a different offering, are fit, and one may continue their sacrificial rites and partake of their meat where that applies. But these offerings did not satisfy the obligation of the owner, who is therefore required to bring another offering. This is the halakha with regard to all offerings except for the Paschal offering and the sin offering. In those cases, if the owner sacrificed them not for their own sake, they are unfit. But there is a difference between the two exceptions. The Paschal offering is unfit only when sacrificed not for its sake at its appointed time, on the fourteenth day of Nisan after noon, while the sin offering is unfit any time that it is sacrificed not for its sake. Rabbi Eliezer says: The guilt offering too is unfit when sacrificed not for its sake. According to his opinion, the correct reading of the mishna is: The Paschal offering is unfit only at its appointed time, while the sin offering and the guilt offering are unfit at all times. Rabbi Eliezer said in explanation: The sin offering is brought for performance of a transgression and the guilt offering is brought for performance of a transgression. Just as a sin offering is unfit when sacrificed not for its sake, so too, the guilt offering is unfit when sacrificed not for its sake.

  1. משנה זבחים ד:ו  

לְשֵׁם שִׁשָּׁה דְבָרִים הַזֶּבַח נִזְבָּח, לְשֵׁם זֶבַח, לְשֵׁם זוֹבֵחַ, לְשֵׁם הַשֵּׁם, לְשֵׁם אִשִּׁים, לְשֵׁם רֵיחַ, לְשֵׁם נִיחוֹחַ. וְהַחַטָּאת וְהָאָשָׁם, לְשֵׁם חֵטְא. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי, אַף מִי שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה בְלִבּוֹ לְשֵׁם אַחַד מִכָּל אֵלּוּ, כָּשֵׁר, שֶׁהוּא תְנַאי בֵּית דִּין, שֶׁאֵין הַמַּחֲשָׁבָה הוֹלֶכֶת אֶלָּא אַחַר הָעוֹבֵד:

The slaughtered offering is slaughtered for the sake of six matters, and one must have all of these matters in mind: For the sake of the particular type of offering being sacrificed; for the sake of the one who sacrifices the offering; for the sake of God; for the sake of consumption by the fires of the altar; for the sake of the aroma; for the sake of the pleasing of God, i.e., in fulfillment of God’s will; and, in the cases of a sin offering and a guilt offering, for the sake of atonement for the sin. Rabbi Yosei says: Even in the case of one who did not have in mind to slaughter the offering for the sake of any one of these, the offering is valid, as it is a stipulation of the court that he should not state any intent ab initio. This is necessary because the intent follows only the one performing the sacrificial rite, and therefore if the one who slaughters the animal is not careful and states the wrong intent, the offering would be disqualified through his improper intent.

  1. זבחים ב:

תנן: כל הזבחים שנזבחו שלא לשמן כו’, טעמא דשלא לשמן, הא סתמא – עלו נמי לבעלים לשם חובה, אלמא סתמא נמי כלשמן דמי; ורמינהי: כל הגט שנכתב שלא לשם אשה – פסול, וסתמא נמי פסול! ושני: זבחים בסתם לשמן עומדין, אשה בסתמא לאו לגירושין עומדת.

We learn in a mishnah: any korbanot that were slaughtered not for their own sake, etc.: because they were specifically slaughtered not for their sake; but if nothing had been intended, they would even fulfill the obligation of the korban owners, This indicates the default is like “for its own sake.” But this is contradicted by another source: “And write of divorce that is written not for the sake of the woman is invalid, and any that has no intention attached is also invalid.” And answer: korbanot by default await slaughter for their own sake; a woman, however, by default does not await divorce.

  1. מחשבה פוסלת Thought invalidates 

4. ויקרא ז:יח

וְאִ֣ם הֵאָכֹ֣ל יֵ֠אָכֵ֠ל מִבְּשַׂר־זֶ֨בַח שְׁלָמָ֜יו בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי֮ לֹ֣א יֵרָצֶה֒ הַמַּקְרִ֣יב אֹת֗וֹ לֹ֧א יֵחָשֵׁ֛ב ל֖וֹ פִּגּ֣וּל יִהְיֶ֑ה וְהַנֶּ֛פֶשׁ הָאֹכֶ֥לֶת מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עֲוֺנָ֥הּ תִּשָּֽׂא׃

If any of the flesh of the sacrifice of well-being is eaten on the third day, it shall not be acceptable; it shall not count for the one who offered it. It is an offensive thing, and the person who eats of it shall bear the guilt.

5. זבחים כט:

וְרַב מָרִי מַתְנֵי, אָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי: מִנַּיִן לִמְחַשֵּׁב בְּקָדָשִׁים שֶׁהוּא לוֹקֶה? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״לֹא יֵחָשֵׁב״.

And Rav Mari teaches that Rabbi Yannai says: From where is it derived that one who has improper intentions with regard to sacrificial animals is flogged like one who transgressed a prohibition? The verse states: “Neither shall it be credited [lo yeḥashev],” i.e., one reads the verse as if it states: One shall not have improper intention [lo y’ḥashev].

6. רמב”ם הלכות פסולי המוקדשין יח:א-ב

כָּל הַמְחַשֵּׁב מַחֲשָׁבָה שֶׁאֵינהּ נָכוֹנָה בְּקָדָשִׁים. הֲרֵי זֶה עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא ז יח) “לֹא יֵחָשֵׁב”:

Anyone who has an incorrect intent [while performing] sacrificial service violates a negative commandment, for [Leviticus 7:18] states: “He may not intent this.”

מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁבִּכְלַל דִּין זֶה שֶׁלֹּא יַפְסִיד הַקָּדָשִׁים בְּמַחְשָׁבָה. שֶׁהֲרֵי זֶה דּוֹמֶה לְמַטִּיל מוּם בְּקָדָשִׁים. וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה שֶׁאֵין הַמַּחְשָׁבָה מַעֲשֶׂה:

According to the Oral Tradition, it was taught that included in this prohibition is not to cause sacrificial offerings to be disqualified through thought, for this is comparable to causing a blemish in sacrificial animals. Nevertheless, [a transgressor] is not punished by lashes, *As is one who causes a blemish to sacrificial animals (Hilchot Issurei Mizbeiach 1:7). for thought is not considered as deed. *And lashes are given only when one violates a transgression while performing a deed (Hilchot Sanhedrin 18:2).

7. רמב”ם הל’ פסולי המוקדשין יג:א

שָׁלֹשׁ מַחְשָׁבוֹת הֵן שֶׁפּוֹסְלִין אֶת הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן. מַחֲשִׁבֶת שִׁנּוּי הַשֵּׁם. וּמַחְשֶׁבֶת הַמָּקוֹם. וּמַחְשֶׁבֶת הַזְּמַן.

There are three improper intents that disqualify sacrifices. They are: the intent [to offer a sacrifice] for a different purpose, the intent [to offer or partake of the sacrifice] in an [improper] place, and the intent [to offer or partake of the sacrifice] at an [improper] time.

8. כסף משנה שם

ומה שכתב רבינו כגון שהיה עולה ויחשב שהוא שלמים אע”ג דכל הזבחים חוץ מפסח וחטאת כשרים שלא לשמן כיון דלא עלו לבעלים לשם חובה שפיר שייך למימר בהו שם פיסול.

Even though all korbanot except for the Paschal offering and the sin offering are still valid when given not for their sake, because they do not fulfill the obligation for their owners, it is still relevant to use the language of “invalidation” regarding them. 

  1. Designation

9. רב אשר וייס, לשמה בקדשים ובשאר דיני תורה

“זבח פסח הוא לה’” (י”ב כ”ז)

…נראה פשוט דשאני מחשבת לשמה ביסודה מגדר כוונה במצוות, דכונה במצוות על הגברא הוא, דאינו יוצא י”ח אא”כ יכוין לשם מצוה, אבל גדר לשמה אינה על הגברא אלא על החפצא וכל ענינו “ייחוד”, דהחפץ הזה צריך שייוחד לשם ענין זה כדי שיוכשר לעשות בו ענינו אם זה מצוה כגון בציצית ובמצה, אם זה חלות כמו בגט, ובאמת ברוב המקומות שבהם מצינו גדר לשמה, אין מחשבה זו נדרשת במעשה המצוה, אלא בהכשרת והכנת החפצא, כגון כונה בעשיית הציצית ובשימור המצה ובכתיבת הגט ובעיבוד הקלף לס”ת דכל הני אינם עצם מעשה המצוה, אלא כל ענין הלשמה נצרכת בהכשרת החפצא לענינה, דחפצים אלה צריכים שייוחדו לענינים אלו כדי שיוכשרו כמבואר.

…It seems simple that the concept of lishma is fundamentally a mitzvah, a mitzvah that is specific to the male, so that it does not come out that 18 A.A.C. is intended for the purpose of a mitzvah, but lishma is not for the male but for the object and all our concern is “specification”, that this object needs to be specific for this purpose in order to be kosher to do our concern with it, whether it is a mitzvah, such as with tzitzit and matzah, or with halut, such as with a gett, and in fact in most places where we find lishma, this thought is not required in the act of the mitzvah, but in the preparation and preparation of the object, such as in making the tzitzit and preserving the matzah and writing the gett and processing the parchment for the sabbath. All of these are not the actual act of the mitzvah, but rather the entire matter of lishma is required in the preparation of the object for its purpose, that these objects need to be specific for these purposes in order to be kosher as explained.

אמנם יש גדר לשמה גם במעשה עצמו כגון לשמה במילה לחד מ”ד בעבו”ז כ”ז ע”א, ואיכא מ”ד שצריך לשמה בנתינת הגט בגיטין פ”ו ע”ב, ונראה עוד דגם בקדשים גופא יש דין לשמה גם במעשה ההקרבה ולא רק בחפצא דקרבן וזהו דתנן בזבחים מ”ו לשם ששה דברים הזבח נזבח לשם ריח ולשם ניחוח וכו’, ואלה לא הוזכרו בריש המסכת, ונראה דשינוי קודש ושינוי בעלים הם בחפצא דהקרבן, כי הם הרי נוגעים לעצם שם הקרבן לשם מי יקרב ולאיזה קרבן, אבל לשם ריח וניחוח שייכי למעשה ההקרבה ושני דינים הם בלשמה דקדשים, הרי דיש לשמה גם במעשה, אך מ”מ נראה ברור לענ”ד דאף לשמה דמעשה אינו ענין בגברא אלא בחפצא דזה דין מעשה המילה שתיוחד לשמה וכך בנתינת הגט וכן בהקרבת הקרבן, ויסוד הדבר דכל גדר לשמה יחוד הוא ולא קפידא במחשבת האדם…

Although there is a limit to the act itself, such as the law of the law in the word “Lachad” in Aboz 27:1, and Ika 44 that it is necessary to the law in giving the get in Gittin 5:62, and we see another example in the holy places themselves, there is a law for the law in the act of sacrifice, and not only in the case of the sacrifice, and this is the law in the sacrifices 46 for the sake of six things, the sacrifice is sacrificed for the sake of smell and for the sake of fragrance, etc., and these were not mentioned in the Reish of the tractate, and it seems that the change of the law and the change of the owner are in the case of the sacrifice, because they concern the very name of the sacrifice, for the sake of who will offer it and for what sacrifice, but for the sake of smell and fragrance belong to the act of sacrifice and there are two laws in the law of the law of the law of the law of the law of the law of the law of the word “Lachad” is not a matter of the nature, but in the case of the law of the law of the act of the word, which is special for the law of the law of the law of the law of the word, and so in giving the get and in offering the sacrifice, and the foundation The whole thing is a fence for its own sake, and not something that is carefully thought out in human thought…

ולאחר כל הנ”ל מכיון שנתברר דכל גדר לשמה אינו אלא ייחוד, נראה דייחוד זה של הקרבן לשם קודש ולשם בעלים אינו נעקר ומתבטל אלא ע”י יחוד אחר דפסול, ואין מחשבה בעלמא מבטלת ייחוד, ומשו”כ אין החטאת נפסלת כשקרב לשם חולין דמחשבת החולין אין בו ענין יחוד כלל אלא ענין מחשבה בעלמא, דאין “ייחוד” לחולין ואין מחשבת הלשמה או הסתמא לשמה נעקר על ידו, וכן הוא במחשבת שינוי בעלים כשחישב לשם מי שאינו חייב כפרה כמותו דאין שייך בו גדר יחוד כלשמה, ואינם אלא מחשבה בעלמא ואינם פוסלים בדין לשמה, וא”כ אין ראיה מהלכה זו דמחשבת של”ש היא מחשבה פוסלת, ודו”ק בכ”ז היטב.

And after all of the above, since it has been clarified that every boundary for its own sake is nothing but a distinction, it appears that this distinction of the sacrifice for the sake of the Holy One and for the sake of the owner is not uprooted and nullified except by a distinction after a negation, and no thought of the blasphemy nullifies distinction, and therefore the sin is not invalidated when an offering is made for the sake of the profane, since the thought of the profane has no issue of distinction at all, but rather a matter of thought of the blasphemy, since there is no “conclusion” for the profane and no thought of the blasphemy or the stima for its own sake is uprooted by it, and so it is with the thought of changing the owner when he considered for the sake of someone who is not obligated to make atonement like him, since there is no boundary for its distinction as a blasphemy, and they are nothing but a thought of the blasphemy and do not invalidate in the law of the blasphemy, and thus there is no evidence from this rule that the thought of the blasphemy is a negation, and it is well documented in 27.

10. גיטין כב:-כג.

מַתְנִי׳ הַכֹּל כְּשֵׁרִין לִכְתּוֹב אֶת הַגֵּט, אֲפִילּוּ חֵרֵשׁ, שׁוֹטֶה וְקָטָן. הָאִשָּׁה כּוֹתֶבֶת אֶת גִּיטָּהּ, וְהָאִישׁ כּוֹתֵב אֶת שׁוֹבָרוֹ. שֶׁאֵין קִיּוּם הַגֵּט אֶלָּא בְּחוֹתְמָיו.

MISHNA: Anyone is qualified to write a bill of divorce, even a deaf-mute, an imbecile, or a minor. Additionally, a woman may write her own bill of divorce and give it to her husband so that he can present it to her. And a man may write his own receipt, which must be given to him by the woman to confirm that he has paid her the value of her marriage contract. This is because the ratification of a bill of divorce is only through its signatories, and it is irrelevant who wrote it.

גְּמָ׳ וְהָא לָאו בְּנֵי דֵּיעָה נִינְהוּ! אָמַר רַב הוּנָא:

GEMARA: The Gemara asks: But how can a deaf-mute, imbecile, or a minor write a bill of divorce? They are not halakhically competent, and they are not capable of writing a bill of divorce with the intent that it be for a particular woman. Rav Huna says:

וְהוּא שֶׁהָיָה גָּדוֹל עוֹמֵד עַל גַּבָּיו.

And that is the case only when there was an adult standing over him. When the adult supervises the writing, and instructs him to write it for her sake, it will be valid.

11. רש”י שם

והוא שהיה גדול עומד על גביו – ואומר לו כתוב לצורך פלוני דקסבר ר”ה מתני’ ר”א היא דבעי כתיבה לשמה וסיפא דקאמר שאין קיום הגט אלא בחותמיו היינו עדי מסירה דרוב גיטין נמסרין בפני החותמים ואמציעתא קאי ולא ארישא לאכשורי כתיבת חרש בלא גדול על גביו:

12. מנחות ב:

לימא מתני’ דלא כר’ שמעון דתניא ר’ שמעון אומר כל המנחות שנקמצו שלא לשמן כשירות ועלו לבעלים לשם חובה

The mishna teaches that all the meal offerings from which a handful was removed not for their sake are fit for sacrifice but they do not fulfill the obligation of the owner. The Gemara suggests: Let us say that the mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Shimon says: All the meal offerings from which a handful was removed not for their sake are fit for sacrifice and they even satisfy the obligation of the owner.

שאין המנחות דומות לזבחים שהקומץ מחבת לשום מרחשת מעשיה מוכיחין עליה לשום מחבת חריבה לשום בלולה מעשיה מוכיחין עליה לשום חריבה

The baraita continues: Conversely, consecrated animals that were sacrificed not for their sake do not fulfill the obligation of the owner, as in this regard meal offerings are not similar to slaughtered offerings. The difference is that when one removes a handful from a pan meal offering for the sake of a deep-pan meal offering, its mode of preparation proves that it is in fact for the sake of a pan meal offering, as the two offerings differ in appearance. Similarly, with regard to a dry meal offering, e.g., the meal offering of a sinner, which contains no oil, whose handful is removed for the sake of a meal offering that is mixed with oil, its mode of preparation proves that it is for the sake of a dry meal offering, and one’s improper intent is therefore disregarded.

אבל בזבחים אינו כן שחיטה אחת לכולן וזריקה אחת לכולן וקבלה אחת לכולן

But with regard to slaughtered offerings it is not so, as there is one manner of slaughter for all offerings, and one manner of sprinkling the blood for all offerings, and one manner of collection of the blood for all offerings. Since the differentiation between slaughtered offerings is established only through intention, one who sacrifices an animal offering not for its own sake does not fulfill the obligation of the owner. Rabbi Shimon apparently disagrees with the tanna of the mishna on two counts: First, he claims that if the handful of a meal offering was removed not for its own sake it satisfies the obligation of the owner, whereas the mishna teaches that the obligation is not fulfilled. Second, Rabbi Shimon does not differentiate between the meal offering of a sinner or the meal offering of jealousy, and the other types of meal offerings.

13. מנחות מב:

היינו טעימה פסולה היינו צביעה לשמה אמר רב אשי מה טעם קאמר מה טעם טעימה פסולה משום דבעינן צביעה לשמה

The Gemara challenges: The halakha that wool dyed for the purpose of testing the dye is unfit is the same as the requirement of dyeing for the sake of the mitzva. It is only because the sky-blue strings must be dyed for the sake of the mitzva that wool dyed as a test is unfit for use as ritual fringes, so why are these stated as two halakhot? Rav Ashi said: The statement about learning three halakhot employs the style known as: What is the reason, and it means: What is the reason that wool that was dyed for the purpose of testing is unfit? It is because we require dyeing for the sake of the mitzva.

14. תוספות מנחות מב: ד”ה מה טעם טעימה פסולה

ואפילו לשם ציצית מ”מ לשם נסיון נמי עבידא והוי כמנחה שקמצה לשמה ושלא לשמה והשתא הנך תלת תרי נינהו

15. שולחן ערוך ס:ד

י”א שאין מצות צריכות כוונה וי”א שצריכות כוונה לצאת בעשיית אותה מצוה וכן הלכה:

There are those who hold that the commandments do not require intention, and there are those who hold that they do need intention in order to fulfill the doing of that commandment – and such [i.e. the latter] is the [correct] halacha.

16. משנה ברורה אורח חיים סימן ס’ ס”ק ט

(ט) לצאת – לפיכך התוקע להתלמד או המברך בהמ”ז עם קטנים לחנכם במצות והוא היה ג”כ חייב בבהמ”ז ושכח אז להתכוין לצאת בה ג”כ עבור עצמו וכן כה”ג בכל המצות שעשאם לשום איזה ענין לא יצא ידי חובתו ועיין בט”ז בסימן תפ”ט שמוכח מדבריו דהמברך עם קטנים הנ”ל לא יצא אפילו למ”ד מצות אין צריכות כוונה דהוי כמכוין בפירוש שלא לצאת ואם כונתו בעשיית המצוה לשום איזה ענין וגם לצאת בה ידי המצוה יצא:

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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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