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Ketubot 42
מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיהָ וּמְצִיאָתָהּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא גָּבְתָה, מֵת הָאָב — הֲרֵי הֵן שֶׁל אַחִין.
By contrast, with regard to her earnings and the lost items that she has found, although she has not collected them, e.g., she had yet to receive her wages, if the father died they belong to her brothers. These payments are considered the property of their father, as he was entitled to them before he passed away.
גְּמָ׳ מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן? תְּנֵינָא: הַמְפַתֶּה נוֹתֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים, וְהָאוֹנֵס אַרְבָּעָה. הַמְפַתֶּה נוֹתֵן בּוֹשֶׁת וּפְגָם וּקְנָס, מוֹסִיף עָלָיו אוֹנֵס שֶׁנּוֹתֵן אֶת הַצַּעַר! לְאָבִיהָ אִיצְטְרִיךְ לֵיהּ. לְאָבִיהָ נָמֵי פְּשִׁיטָא, מִדְּקָא יָהֵיב מְפַתֶּה, דְּאִי לְעַצְמָהּ — אַמַּאי יָהֵיב מְפַתֶּה? מִדַּעְתָּהּ עֲבַד!
GEMARA: The Gemara asks: What is the mishna teaching us? We already learned this in a mishna (Ketubot 39a): The seducer pays three types of indemnity and the rapist pays four. The seducer pays compensation for his victim’s humiliation and degradation and for the fine the Torah imposes on a seducer. A rapist adds an additional payment, as he pays compensation for the pain she suffered. The Gemara answers: It is necessary for the mishna to teach that the money is given to her father. The Gemara asks: It is also obvious that the money goes to her father, from the fact that a seducer pays these types of indemnity, as, if one claims that the money goes to her, why does a seducer pay her at all? After all, he acted with her consent; how can she then claim compensation?
עָמְדָה בַּדִּין אִיצְטְרִיכָא לֵיהּ, פְּלוּגְתָּא דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וְרַבָּנַן.
The Gemara answers: It was necessary for the mishna to mention these cases in order to address the case where she stood for judgment before her father died, and then he died before collecting payment. In this case, there is a dispute between Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis as to whether the sons inherit these payments from the father or whether the money belongs to the young woman.
תְּנַן הָתָם: ״אָנַסְתָּ וּפִיתִּיתָ אֶת בִּתִּי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא אָנַסְתִּי וְלֹא פִּיתִּיתִי״. ״מַשְׁבִּיעֲךָ אֲנִי״, וְאָמַר: ״אָמֵן״, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הוֹדָה — חַיָּיב.
§ We learned in a mishna there (Shevuot 36b) that if someone said to another: You raped my daughter, or: You seduced my daughter, and the other says: I did not rape and I did not seduce, to which the father replied: I administer an oath to you, and the defendant said: Amen, and afterward he admitted that he had raped or seduced the man’s daughter, he is obligated both in the payments of a rapist or a seducer as well as an additional one-fifth, and he must bring an offering for swearing falsely that he did not owe the money.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קְנָס עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קְנָס עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל מְשַׁלֵּם בּוֹשֶׁת וּפְגָם עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ.
Rabbi Shimon exempts him, as he does not pay the fine on his own admission. The accused individual is not considered to have taken a false oath in denial of a monetary charge because he would not have been obligated to pay the fine on the basis of his own admission of guilt. The Rabbis said to him: Although he does not pay the fine on his own admission, indeed he does pay compensation for the humiliation and degradation on his own admission. Consequently, he has denied a monetary claim, and therefore his false oath obligates him to add one-fifth and to bring an offering. This concludes the mishna.
בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ אַבָּיֵי מֵרַבָּה, הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ: ״אָנַסְתָּ וּפִיתִּיתָ אֶת בִּתִּי, וְהֶעֱמַדְתִּיךָ בַּדִּין, וְנִתְחַיַּיבְתָּ לִי מָמוֹן״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא אָנַסְתִּי וְלֹא פִּיתִּיתִי, וְלֹא הֶעֱמַדְתַּנִי בַּדִּין, וְלֹא נִתְחַיַּיבְתִּי לְךָ מָמוֹן״, וְנִשְׁבַּע וְהוֹדָה, לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַאי?
In light of this mishna, Abaye raised a dilemma before Rabba: With regard to one who says to another: You raped my daughter, or: You seduced my daughter, and I made you stand in judgment for your actions, and you were found obligated to pay me money but you did not do so, and the defendant says: I did not rape, or: I did not seduce, and you did not make me stand in judgment, and I was not found obligated to pay you money, and the defendant took an oath that he was telling the truth and subsequently admitted his guilt, according to the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, what is the halakha?
כֵּיוָן דְּעָמַד בַּדִּין — מָמוֹנָא הָוֵאי, וּמִיחַיַּיב עֲלֵיהּ קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה. אוֹ דִלְמָא, אַף עַל גַּב דְּעָמַד בַּדִּין, קְנָס הָוֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מָמוֹנָא הָוֵי, וּמִיחַיַּיב עֲלֵיהּ קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה.
Abaye explains the two sides of the dilemma: Since he stood trial and was found liable, is this considered a regular monetary obligation, and therefore he is liable to bring the offering for taking a false oath to deny a monetary claim? Or perhaps one can argue that although he stood trial and the court ordered him to pay, the payment is in essence a fine. Rabba said to him: Since he has already stood trial, it is considered a regular monetary payment, and he is liable to bring the offering of an oath.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ ״אָנַסְתָּ וּפִיתִּיתָ אֶת בִּתִּי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא אָנַסְתִּי וְלֹא פִּיתִּיתִי״; ״הֵמִית שׁוֹרְךָ אֶת עַבְדִּי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא הֵמִית״; אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ עַבְדּוֹ ״הִפַּלְתָּ אֶת שִׁינִּי וְסִימִיתָ אֶת עֵינִי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא הִפַּלְתִּי וְלֹא סִימִיתִי״, וְנִשְׁבַּע וְהוֹדָה, יָכוֹל יְהֵא חַיָּיב —
Abaye raised an objection to Rabba from the following baraita. Rabbi Shimon says: One might have thought that in the case of one who says to another: You raped my daughter, or: You seduced my daughter, and he says: I did not rape her, or: I did not seduce her, or if he claimed: Your ox killed my slave, and he says: It did not kill him, or if his slave said to him: You knocked out my tooth, or: You blinded my eye and you are therefore obligated to emancipate me, and he says: I did not knock it out, or: I did not blind your eye, and he takes an oath but later admitted to the truth of the accusation, one might have thought that he should be liable to bring an offering for a false oath denying a monetary claim.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכִחֵשׁ בַּעֲמִיתוֹ בְּפִקָּדוֹן אוֹ בִתְשׂוּמֶת יָד אוֹ בְגָזֵל אוֹ עָשַׁק אֶת עֲמִיתוֹ. אוֹ מָצָא אֲבֵידָה וְכִחֶשׁ בָּהּ וְנִשְׁבַּע עַל שָׁקֶר״, מָה אֵלּוּ מְיוּחָדִין שֶׁהֵן מָמוֹן, אַף כֹּל שֶׁהֵן מָמוֹן. יָצְאוּ אֵלּוּ, שֶׁהֵן קְנָס.
Therefore, with regard to the offering for a false oath in denial of a monetary claim, the verse states: “If anyone sin, and commit a trespass against the Lord and deal falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit or of a pledge or of a robbery or have oppressed his neighbor, or have found that which was lost and deal falsely with it, and swear to a lie” (Leviticus 5:21–22). Just as all these matters listed in the verse are unique in that they are monetary obligations equal in value to the loss one has caused another individual, so too, this halakha applies to all obligations that are monetary claims, which excludes these payments of a rapist, a seducer, and the like, as they are fines.
מַאי לָאו בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין! לָא, בְּשֶׁלֹּא עָמַד בַּדִּין.
What, is it not referring to a case where he has stood trial, and yet Rabbi Shimon does not render him liable for the oath as the payment was originally a fine? Rabba refutes this argument: No, that baraita is referring to a situation where he has not stood trial.
וְהָא מִדְּרֵישָׁא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, סֵיפָא נָמֵי בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין. דְּקָתָנֵי רֵישָׁא: אֵין לִי אֶלָּא דְּבָרִים שֶׁמְּשַׁלְּמִין עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת הַקֶּרֶן. תַּשְׁלוּמֵי כֶפֶל, תַּשְׁלוּמֵי אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה, וְהָאוֹנֵס וְהַמְפַתֶּה וּמוֹצִיא שֵׁם רַע, מִנַּיִן — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וּמָעֲלָה מַעַל״, רִיבָּה.
Abaye persists: But from the fact that the first clause of the baraita deals with one who has stood trial, it follows that the latter clause also deals with one who has stood trial. As the baraita teaches in its first clause: I have derived the halakha only for matters for which one pays the principal. With regard to the payments that are double the principal, and payments that are four and five times the principal, and those of the rapist, and the seducer, and the defamer, from where is it derived that all these are included in the liability to bring an offering for falsely taking an oath on a deposit? The verse states: “If anyone sin and commit a trespass [ma’ala ma’al]” (Leviticus 5:21). The doubled usage of the word trespass serves to amplify and include any false oath taken in denial of monetary liability.
הֵיכִי דָמֵי? אִי דְּלֹא עָמַד בַּדִּין, כְּפֵילָא מִי אִיכָּא? אֶלָּא פְּשִׁיטָא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין. וּמִדְּרֵישָׁא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, סֵיפָא נָמֵי בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין!
Abaye analyzes this statement: What are the circumstances? If this is referring to a situation when he has not stood trial, is there double payment in that case? Everyone agrees that one who admits his guilt is exempt from the double payment, and yet this obligation is mentioned in the baraita. Rather, it is obvious that the baraita is referring to a case where it is claimed that he has already stood trial and was declared liable to pay the double payment, and the accused individual denies this claim. Abaye summarizes his question: And from the fact that the first clause of this baraita deals with one who has stood trial, the latter clause also deals with one who has stood trial, and even so Rabbi Shimon does not deem him liable to bring an offering for his oath.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ, יָכֵילְנָא לְשַׁנּוֹיֵי לָךְ: רֵישָׁא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, וְסֵיפָא בְּשֶׁלֹּא עָמַד בַּדִּין, וְכוּלַּהּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הִיא. וְשִׁינּוּיֵי דְּחִיקֵי לָא מְשַׁנֵּינַן לָךְ. דְּאִם כֵּן אָמְרַתְּ לִי: לִיתְנֵי רֵישָׁא ״רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר״, אוֹ לִיתְנֵי סֵיפָא ״דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן״.
Rabba said to him: I could answer you that the first clause deals with one who is accused of already having stood trial and been deemed liable, and the latter clause deals with one who has not stood trial, and this entire baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. According to this answer, Rabbi Shimon concedes that after one has been deemed liable in court, the double payment attains the status of a regular monetary obligation rather than a fine, and therefore in the first case in the baraita he is liable to bring an offering and a payment for his admission. But I will not answer you a far-fetched answer, for if it is so, that the entire baraita represents the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, you could say to me: Let the tanna of the baraita either teach explicitly in the first clause: Rabbi Shimon says, or let him teach in the latter clause: This is the statement of Rabbi Shimon.
אֶלָּא: כּוּלַּהּ בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, וְרֵישָׁא רַבָּנַן וְסֵיפָא רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
Rabba continued: Rather, I will say that the entire baraita is referring to one who has stood trial, and as for the difference in halakha, the first clause is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, who deem one liable to bring the offering of an oath in a case where the plaintiff says that the defendant stood trial, was found liable, and swore falsely. And the latter clause represents the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who exempts one who confesses from bringing the offering of an oath.
וּמוֹדֵינָא לָךְ לְעִנְיַן קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה דְּרַחֲמָנָא פַּטְרֵיהּ, מִ״וְּכִחֵשׁ״.
And I concede to you, Abaye, with regard to the liability to bring an offering for falsely taking an oath on a deposit, that the Merciful One exempts him from this offering here, based upon the verse “And deal falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit,” (Leviticus 5:21), which indicates that one is liable to bring an offering only if he lied about a claim that was originally a monetary obligation.
וְכִי קָאָמֵינָא מָמוֹן הָוֵי — לְהוֹרִישׁוֹ לְבָנָיו.
And when I say that Rabbi Shimon maintains that after one is declared liable in court his obligation to pay is considered a regular monetary payment rather than a fine, that is not to say that he is liable to bring an offering for falsely denying a monetary claim, but rather to say that the recipient of the payment bequeaths it to his sons. Unlike a fine, which does not pass by inheritance to one’s heirs, this is classified as a regular monetary payment. Consequently, if the perpetrator was deemed liable in court and ordered to pay the father of the girl he raped or seduced, and the father died before receiving payment, his sons inherit the right to that payment.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: אִם לֹא הִסְפִּיקָה לִגְבּוֹת עַד שֶׁמֵּת הָאָב — הֲרֵי הֵן שֶׁל עַצְמָהּ. וְאִי אָמְרַתְּ מָמוֹן הָוֵי לְהוֹרִישׁוֹ לְבָנָיו, לְעַצְמָהּ אַמַּאי? דְּאַחִין בָּעֵי מִיהְוֵי!
Abaye raised an objection to this last point from the mishna. Rabbi Shimon says: If the daughter did not manage to collect the payments before the father died, they belong to her. And if you say that this fine is a monetary payment to the extent that one can bequeath it to his sons after the trial, why does the money belong to her? Since the trial has taken place, it should be the property of the brothers by inheritance from their father, as it is already considered a regular monetary obligation that is owed to the father.
אָמַר רָבָא: הַאי מִילְּתָא קְשַׁאי בַּהּ רַבָּה וְרַב יוֹסֵף עֶשְׂרִין וְתַרְתֵּין שְׁנִין וְלָא אִיפְּרַק, עַד דִּיתֵיב רַב יוֹסֵף בְּרֵישָׁא וּפָירְקַהּ: שָׁאנֵי הָתָם, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וְנָתַן הָאִישׁ הַשּׁוֹכֵב עִמָּהּ לַאֲבִי הַנַּעֲרָה חֲמִשִּׁים כֶּסֶף״, לֹא זִיכְּתָה תּוֹרָה לָאָב אֶלָּא מִשְּׁעַת נְתִינָה.
Rava said: This matter was difficult for Rabba and Rav Yosef for twenty-two years without resolution, until Rav Yosef sat at the head of the academy and resolved it in the following manner: There, in the case of a rape, it is different, as the verse states: “And the man who laid with her shall give the young woman’s father fifty shekels of silver” (Deuteronomy 22:29), from which it is inferred: The Torah entitled the father to this money only from the time of giving. Consequently, if the father dies before receiving the money, he does not bequeath his right to the money to his sons. Instead, the daughter is considered to take her father’s place as the plaintiff, because she was the victim, and the money is paid to her.
וְכִי קָאָמַר רַבָּה מָמוֹנָא הָוֵי לְהוֹרִישׁוֹ לְבָנָיו — בִּשְׁאָר קְנָסוֹת.
And when Rabba said that the fine imposed by a court is considered a regular monetary obligation with regard to one’s ability to bequeath it to his sons, he was not referring to this particular case of a rapist or seducer, but only to other fines, which do have the status of regular monetary obligations after the court delivers its verdict.
אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה גַּבֵּי עֶבֶד, דִּכְתִיב: ״כֶּסֶף שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים יִתֵּן לַאדוֹנָיו״, הָכִי נָמֵי לֹא זִיכְּתָה תּוֹרָה לָאָדוֹן אֶלָּא מִשְּׁעַת נְתִינָה?! ״יִתֵּן״ לְחוּד, ״וְנָתַן״ לְחוּד.
The Gemara asks: However, if that is so, that the verb “give” is explained in this manner, with regard to an ox that killed a slave, where it is written: “He shall give to their master thirty shekels of silver” (Exodus 21:32), so too will you say that the Torah entitled the master only from the time of giving? The Gemara answers: “Shall give [yiten],” is distinct, and “shall give [venatan],” is distinct. The first expression, which is stated with regard to an ox that killed a slave, does not indicate that the recipient acquires the right to the money only from the moment it is given, whereas the formulation employed in the case of rape does indicate that this is the case.
אִי הָכִי, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכִחֵשׁ״? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְנָתַן״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ!
The Gemara raises a difficulty: If so, that the main source for this halakha is the phrase “shall give [venatan],” when it was taught in the baraita that a man who rapes or seduces a woman is not liable to bring the offering for a false oath in denial of a monetary claim, rather than saying that this is derived from the fact that the verse states “and deal falsely,” he should have said that it is derived from the fact that the verse states “shall give,” as this is the phrase that teaches that the payment is considered a fine even after he has stood trial.
אָמַר רָבָא: כִּי אִיצְטְרִיךְ ״וְכִחֵשׁ״ — כְּגוֹן שֶׁעָמְדָה בַּדִּין, וּבָגְרָה וּמֵתָה. דְּהָתָם, כִּי קָא יָרֵית אָבִיהָ — מִינַּהּ דִּידַהּ קָא יָרֵית.
In answer to this question, Rava said: When it was necessary to cite a proof from “and deal falsely,” it was with regard to a situation where the young woman’s case was brought to trial, and the court ruled in her favor, and she reached majority and subsequently died before the money was paid. The reason that “and deal falsely” is necessary in that case is because there, when the father inherits, it is from her that he inherits.
אִי הָכִי, ״יָצְאוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן קְנָס״, מָמוֹן הוּא! אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: יָצְאוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁעִיקָּרָן קְנָס.
The Gemara raises another difficulty: If so, the language of the baraita: Excluding these, as they are a fine, is inaccurate, as it is a regular monetary payment, not a fine. In answer to this question, Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said that this phrase means: Excluding these, as they are originally a fine, and it is only once the court orders the man to pay that they are viewed as regular monetary payments.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ: רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קְנָס עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ. טַעְמָא דְּלֹא עָמַד בַּדִּין, הָא עָמַד בַּדִּין, דִּמְשַׁלֵּם עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ, קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה נָמֵי מִיחַיַּיב!
Abaye raised an objection to this explanation of the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, based upon the mishna in Shevuot cited above (42a), which states: Rabbi Shimon exempts him, as he does not pay a fine on his own admission. The Gemara infers: The reason that he is not liable to bring a guilt-offering is because he has not stood trial. However, if he has stood trial and been found guilty, in which case he pays on his own admission when he later admits that he was already convicted in court, he should also be liable to bring an offering if he denies that he was convicted in court and takes an oath to that effect. This contradicts the claim that, according to Rabbi Shimon, even after one is convicted in court, the payment is still considered a fine.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן לְדִבְרֵיהֶם דְּרַבָּנַן קָאָמַר לְהוּ: לְדִידִי, אַף עַל גַּב דְּעָמַד בַּדִּין — רַחֲמָנָא פַּטְרֵיהּ מִ״וְּכִחֵשׁ״. אֶלָּא לְדִידְכוּ, אוֹדוֹ לִי מִיהַת הֵיכָא דְּלֹא עָמַד בַּדִּין, דְּכִי קָא תָּבַע, קְנָסָא קָא תָּבַע,
The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon stated his opinion to them in accordance with the statement of the Rabbis themselves, as follows: According to my opinion, although he has stood trial, the Merciful One exempts him from the offering, as derived from the verse: “And deal falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit” (Leviticus 5:21), which indicates that he is liable only for a claim that originally concerned a regular monetary payment. However, according to your opinion, you should at least concede to me in a case where he has not stood trial, that when one claims the money, he claims a fine and not a regular monetary payment.
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I began to learn this cycle of Daf Yomi after my husband passed away 2 1/2 years ago. It seemed a good way to connect to him. Even though I don’t know whether he would have encouraged women learning Gemara, it would have opened wonderful conversations. It also gives me more depth for understanding my frum children and grandchildren. Thank you Hadran and Rabbanit Michelle Farber!!
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תמיד רציתי. למדתי גמרא בבית ספר בטורונטו קנדה. עליתי ארצה ולמדתי שזה לא מקובל. הופתעתי.
יצאתי לגימלאות לפני שנתיים וזה מאפשר את המחוייבות לדף יומי.
עבורי ההתמדה בלימוד מעגן אותי בקשר שלי ליהדות. אני תמיד מחפשת ותמיד. מוצאת מקור לקשר. ללימוד חדש ומחדש. קשר עם נשים לומדות מעמיק את החוויה ומשמעותית מאוד.
מיתר, ישראל
I started to listen to Michelle’s podcasts four years ago. The minute I started I was hooked. I’m so excited to learn the entire Talmud, and think I will continue always. I chose the quote “while a woman is engaged in conversation she also holds the spindle”. (Megillah 14b). It reminds me of all of the amazing women I learn with every day who multi-task, think ahead and accomplish so much.
Zichron Yakov, Israel
Studying has changed my life view on הלכה and יהדות and time. It has taught me bonudaries of the human nature and honesty of our sages in their discourse to try and build a nation of caring people .
Kfar Saba, Israel
Attending the Siyyum in Jerusalem 26 months ago inspired me to become part of this community of learners. So many aspects of Jewish life have been illuminated by what we have learned in Seder Moed. My day is not complete without daf Yomi. I am so grateful to Rabbanit Michelle and the Hadran Community.
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I started learning daf yomi at the beginning of this cycle. As the pandemic evolved, it’s been so helpful to me to have this discipline every morning to listen to the daf podcast after I’ve read the daf; learning about the relationships between the rabbis and the ways they were constructing our Jewish religion after the destruction of the Temple. I’m grateful to be on this journey!
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Pennsylvania, United States
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Pennsylvania, United States
תמיד רציתי. למדתי גמרא בבית ספר בטורונטו קנדה. עליתי ארצה ולמדתי שזה לא מקובל. הופתעתי.
יצאתי לגימלאות לפני שנתיים וזה מאפשר את המחוייבות לדף יומי.
עבורי ההתמדה בלימוד מעגן אותי בקשר שלי ליהדות. אני תמיד מחפשת ותמיד. מוצאת מקור לקשר. ללימוד חדש ומחדש. קשר עם נשים לומדות מעמיק את החוויה ומשמעותית מאוד.
מיתר, ישראל
Ketubot 42
מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶיהָ וּמְצִיאָתָהּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא גָּבְתָה, מֵת הָאָב — הֲרֵי הֵן שֶׁל אַחִין.
By contrast, with regard to her earnings and the lost items that she has found, although she has not collected them, e.g., she had yet to receive her wages, if the father died they belong to her brothers. These payments are considered the property of their father, as he was entitled to them before he passed away.
גְּמָ׳ מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן? תְּנֵינָא: הַמְפַתֶּה נוֹתֵן שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים, וְהָאוֹנֵס אַרְבָּעָה. הַמְפַתֶּה נוֹתֵן בּוֹשֶׁת וּפְגָם וּקְנָס, מוֹסִיף עָלָיו אוֹנֵס שֶׁנּוֹתֵן אֶת הַצַּעַר! לְאָבִיהָ אִיצְטְרִיךְ לֵיהּ. לְאָבִיהָ נָמֵי פְּשִׁיטָא, מִדְּקָא יָהֵיב מְפַתֶּה, דְּאִי לְעַצְמָהּ — אַמַּאי יָהֵיב מְפַתֶּה? מִדַּעְתָּהּ עֲבַד!
GEMARA: The Gemara asks: What is the mishna teaching us? We already learned this in a mishna (Ketubot 39a): The seducer pays three types of indemnity and the rapist pays four. The seducer pays compensation for his victim’s humiliation and degradation and for the fine the Torah imposes on a seducer. A rapist adds an additional payment, as he pays compensation for the pain she suffered. The Gemara answers: It is necessary for the mishna to teach that the money is given to her father. The Gemara asks: It is also obvious that the money goes to her father, from the fact that a seducer pays these types of indemnity, as, if one claims that the money goes to her, why does a seducer pay her at all? After all, he acted with her consent; how can she then claim compensation?
עָמְדָה בַּדִּין אִיצְטְרִיכָא לֵיהּ, פְּלוּגְתָּא דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וְרַבָּנַן.
The Gemara answers: It was necessary for the mishna to mention these cases in order to address the case where she stood for judgment before her father died, and then he died before collecting payment. In this case, there is a dispute between Rabbi Shimon and the Rabbis as to whether the sons inherit these payments from the father or whether the money belongs to the young woman.
תְּנַן הָתָם: ״אָנַסְתָּ וּפִיתִּיתָ אֶת בִּתִּי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא אָנַסְתִּי וְלֹא פִּיתִּיתִי״. ״מַשְׁבִּיעֲךָ אֲנִי״, וְאָמַר: ״אָמֵן״, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הוֹדָה — חַיָּיב.
§ We learned in a mishna there (Shevuot 36b) that if someone said to another: You raped my daughter, or: You seduced my daughter, and the other says: I did not rape and I did not seduce, to which the father replied: I administer an oath to you, and the defendant said: Amen, and afterward he admitted that he had raped or seduced the man’s daughter, he is obligated both in the payments of a rapist or a seducer as well as an additional one-fifth, and he must bring an offering for swearing falsely that he did not owe the money.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קְנָס עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קְנָס עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל מְשַׁלֵּם בּוֹשֶׁת וּפְגָם עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ.
Rabbi Shimon exempts him, as he does not pay the fine on his own admission. The accused individual is not considered to have taken a false oath in denial of a monetary charge because he would not have been obligated to pay the fine on the basis of his own admission of guilt. The Rabbis said to him: Although he does not pay the fine on his own admission, indeed he does pay compensation for the humiliation and degradation on his own admission. Consequently, he has denied a monetary claim, and therefore his false oath obligates him to add one-fifth and to bring an offering. This concludes the mishna.
בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ אַבָּיֵי מֵרַבָּה, הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ: ״אָנַסְתָּ וּפִיתִּיתָ אֶת בִּתִּי, וְהֶעֱמַדְתִּיךָ בַּדִּין, וְנִתְחַיַּיבְתָּ לִי מָמוֹן״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא אָנַסְתִּי וְלֹא פִּיתִּיתִי, וְלֹא הֶעֱמַדְתַּנִי בַּדִּין, וְלֹא נִתְחַיַּיבְתִּי לְךָ מָמוֹן״, וְנִשְׁבַּע וְהוֹדָה, לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַאי?
In light of this mishna, Abaye raised a dilemma before Rabba: With regard to one who says to another: You raped my daughter, or: You seduced my daughter, and I made you stand in judgment for your actions, and you were found obligated to pay me money but you did not do so, and the defendant says: I did not rape, or: I did not seduce, and you did not make me stand in judgment, and I was not found obligated to pay you money, and the defendant took an oath that he was telling the truth and subsequently admitted his guilt, according to the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, what is the halakha?
כֵּיוָן דְּעָמַד בַּדִּין — מָמוֹנָא הָוֵאי, וּמִיחַיַּיב עֲלֵיהּ קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה. אוֹ דִלְמָא, אַף עַל גַּב דְּעָמַד בַּדִּין, קְנָס הָוֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מָמוֹנָא הָוֵי, וּמִיחַיַּיב עֲלֵיהּ קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה.
Abaye explains the two sides of the dilemma: Since he stood trial and was found liable, is this considered a regular monetary obligation, and therefore he is liable to bring the offering for taking a false oath to deny a monetary claim? Or perhaps one can argue that although he stood trial and the court ordered him to pay, the payment is in essence a fine. Rabba said to him: Since he has already stood trial, it is considered a regular monetary payment, and he is liable to bring the offering of an oath.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ ״אָנַסְתָּ וּפִיתִּיתָ אֶת בִּתִּי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא אָנַסְתִּי וְלֹא פִּיתִּיתִי״; ״הֵמִית שׁוֹרְךָ אֶת עַבְדִּי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא הֵמִית״; אוֹ שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ עַבְדּוֹ ״הִפַּלְתָּ אֶת שִׁינִּי וְסִימִיתָ אֶת עֵינִי״, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא הִפַּלְתִּי וְלֹא סִימִיתִי״, וְנִשְׁבַּע וְהוֹדָה, יָכוֹל יְהֵא חַיָּיב —
Abaye raised an objection to Rabba from the following baraita. Rabbi Shimon says: One might have thought that in the case of one who says to another: You raped my daughter, or: You seduced my daughter, and he says: I did not rape her, or: I did not seduce her, or if he claimed: Your ox killed my slave, and he says: It did not kill him, or if his slave said to him: You knocked out my tooth, or: You blinded my eye and you are therefore obligated to emancipate me, and he says: I did not knock it out, or: I did not blind your eye, and he takes an oath but later admitted to the truth of the accusation, one might have thought that he should be liable to bring an offering for a false oath denying a monetary claim.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכִחֵשׁ בַּעֲמִיתוֹ בְּפִקָּדוֹן אוֹ בִתְשׂוּמֶת יָד אוֹ בְגָזֵל אוֹ עָשַׁק אֶת עֲמִיתוֹ. אוֹ מָצָא אֲבֵידָה וְכִחֶשׁ בָּהּ וְנִשְׁבַּע עַל שָׁקֶר״, מָה אֵלּוּ מְיוּחָדִין שֶׁהֵן מָמוֹן, אַף כֹּל שֶׁהֵן מָמוֹן. יָצְאוּ אֵלּוּ, שֶׁהֵן קְנָס.
Therefore, with regard to the offering for a false oath in denial of a monetary claim, the verse states: “If anyone sin, and commit a trespass against the Lord and deal falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit or of a pledge or of a robbery or have oppressed his neighbor, or have found that which was lost and deal falsely with it, and swear to a lie” (Leviticus 5:21–22). Just as all these matters listed in the verse are unique in that they are monetary obligations equal in value to the loss one has caused another individual, so too, this halakha applies to all obligations that are monetary claims, which excludes these payments of a rapist, a seducer, and the like, as they are fines.
מַאי לָאו בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין! לָא, בְּשֶׁלֹּא עָמַד בַּדִּין.
What, is it not referring to a case where he has stood trial, and yet Rabbi Shimon does not render him liable for the oath as the payment was originally a fine? Rabba refutes this argument: No, that baraita is referring to a situation where he has not stood trial.
וְהָא מִדְּרֵישָׁא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, סֵיפָא נָמֵי בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין. דְּקָתָנֵי רֵישָׁא: אֵין לִי אֶלָּא דְּבָרִים שֶׁמְּשַׁלְּמִין עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת הַקֶּרֶן. תַּשְׁלוּמֵי כֶפֶל, תַּשְׁלוּמֵי אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה, וְהָאוֹנֵס וְהַמְפַתֶּה וּמוֹצִיא שֵׁם רַע, מִנַּיִן — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וּמָעֲלָה מַעַל״, רִיבָּה.
Abaye persists: But from the fact that the first clause of the baraita deals with one who has stood trial, it follows that the latter clause also deals with one who has stood trial. As the baraita teaches in its first clause: I have derived the halakha only for matters for which one pays the principal. With regard to the payments that are double the principal, and payments that are four and five times the principal, and those of the rapist, and the seducer, and the defamer, from where is it derived that all these are included in the liability to bring an offering for falsely taking an oath on a deposit? The verse states: “If anyone sin and commit a trespass [ma’ala ma’al]” (Leviticus 5:21). The doubled usage of the word trespass serves to amplify and include any false oath taken in denial of monetary liability.
הֵיכִי דָמֵי? אִי דְּלֹא עָמַד בַּדִּין, כְּפֵילָא מִי אִיכָּא? אֶלָּא פְּשִׁיטָא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין. וּמִדְּרֵישָׁא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, סֵיפָא נָמֵי בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין!
Abaye analyzes this statement: What are the circumstances? If this is referring to a situation when he has not stood trial, is there double payment in that case? Everyone agrees that one who admits his guilt is exempt from the double payment, and yet this obligation is mentioned in the baraita. Rather, it is obvious that the baraita is referring to a case where it is claimed that he has already stood trial and was declared liable to pay the double payment, and the accused individual denies this claim. Abaye summarizes his question: And from the fact that the first clause of this baraita deals with one who has stood trial, the latter clause also deals with one who has stood trial, and even so Rabbi Shimon does not deem him liable to bring an offering for his oath.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ, יָכֵילְנָא לְשַׁנּוֹיֵי לָךְ: רֵישָׁא בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, וְסֵיפָא בְּשֶׁלֹּא עָמַד בַּדִּין, וְכוּלַּהּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הִיא. וְשִׁינּוּיֵי דְּחִיקֵי לָא מְשַׁנֵּינַן לָךְ. דְּאִם כֵּן אָמְרַתְּ לִי: לִיתְנֵי רֵישָׁא ״רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר״, אוֹ לִיתְנֵי סֵיפָא ״דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן״.
Rabba said to him: I could answer you that the first clause deals with one who is accused of already having stood trial and been deemed liable, and the latter clause deals with one who has not stood trial, and this entire baraita is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. According to this answer, Rabbi Shimon concedes that after one has been deemed liable in court, the double payment attains the status of a regular monetary obligation rather than a fine, and therefore in the first case in the baraita he is liable to bring an offering and a payment for his admission. But I will not answer you a far-fetched answer, for if it is so, that the entire baraita represents the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, you could say to me: Let the tanna of the baraita either teach explicitly in the first clause: Rabbi Shimon says, or let him teach in the latter clause: This is the statement of Rabbi Shimon.
אֶלָּא: כּוּלַּהּ בְּשֶׁעָמַד בַּדִּין, וְרֵישָׁא רַבָּנַן וְסֵיפָא רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
Rabba continued: Rather, I will say that the entire baraita is referring to one who has stood trial, and as for the difference in halakha, the first clause is in accordance with the opinion of the Rabbis, who deem one liable to bring the offering of an oath in a case where the plaintiff says that the defendant stood trial, was found liable, and swore falsely. And the latter clause represents the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who exempts one who confesses from bringing the offering of an oath.
וּמוֹדֵינָא לָךְ לְעִנְיַן קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה דְּרַחֲמָנָא פַּטְרֵיהּ, מִ״וְּכִחֵשׁ״.
And I concede to you, Abaye, with regard to the liability to bring an offering for falsely taking an oath on a deposit, that the Merciful One exempts him from this offering here, based upon the verse “And deal falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit,” (Leviticus 5:21), which indicates that one is liable to bring an offering only if he lied about a claim that was originally a monetary obligation.
וְכִי קָאָמֵינָא מָמוֹן הָוֵי — לְהוֹרִישׁוֹ לְבָנָיו.
And when I say that Rabbi Shimon maintains that after one is declared liable in court his obligation to pay is considered a regular monetary payment rather than a fine, that is not to say that he is liable to bring an offering for falsely denying a monetary claim, but rather to say that the recipient of the payment bequeaths it to his sons. Unlike a fine, which does not pass by inheritance to one’s heirs, this is classified as a regular monetary payment. Consequently, if the perpetrator was deemed liable in court and ordered to pay the father of the girl he raped or seduced, and the father died before receiving payment, his sons inherit the right to that payment.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: אִם לֹא הִסְפִּיקָה לִגְבּוֹת עַד שֶׁמֵּת הָאָב — הֲרֵי הֵן שֶׁל עַצְמָהּ. וְאִי אָמְרַתְּ מָמוֹן הָוֵי לְהוֹרִישׁוֹ לְבָנָיו, לְעַצְמָהּ אַמַּאי? דְּאַחִין בָּעֵי מִיהְוֵי!
Abaye raised an objection to this last point from the mishna. Rabbi Shimon says: If the daughter did not manage to collect the payments before the father died, they belong to her. And if you say that this fine is a monetary payment to the extent that one can bequeath it to his sons after the trial, why does the money belong to her? Since the trial has taken place, it should be the property of the brothers by inheritance from their father, as it is already considered a regular monetary obligation that is owed to the father.
אָמַר רָבָא: הַאי מִילְּתָא קְשַׁאי בַּהּ רַבָּה וְרַב יוֹסֵף עֶשְׂרִין וְתַרְתֵּין שְׁנִין וְלָא אִיפְּרַק, עַד דִּיתֵיב רַב יוֹסֵף בְּרֵישָׁא וּפָירְקַהּ: שָׁאנֵי הָתָם, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וְנָתַן הָאִישׁ הַשּׁוֹכֵב עִמָּהּ לַאֲבִי הַנַּעֲרָה חֲמִשִּׁים כֶּסֶף״, לֹא זִיכְּתָה תּוֹרָה לָאָב אֶלָּא מִשְּׁעַת נְתִינָה.
Rava said: This matter was difficult for Rabba and Rav Yosef for twenty-two years without resolution, until Rav Yosef sat at the head of the academy and resolved it in the following manner: There, in the case of a rape, it is different, as the verse states: “And the man who laid with her shall give the young woman’s father fifty shekels of silver” (Deuteronomy 22:29), from which it is inferred: The Torah entitled the father to this money only from the time of giving. Consequently, if the father dies before receiving the money, he does not bequeath his right to the money to his sons. Instead, the daughter is considered to take her father’s place as the plaintiff, because she was the victim, and the money is paid to her.
וְכִי קָאָמַר רַבָּה מָמוֹנָא הָוֵי לְהוֹרִישׁוֹ לְבָנָיו — בִּשְׁאָר קְנָסוֹת.
And when Rabba said that the fine imposed by a court is considered a regular monetary obligation with regard to one’s ability to bequeath it to his sons, he was not referring to this particular case of a rapist or seducer, but only to other fines, which do have the status of regular monetary obligations after the court delivers its verdict.
אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה גַּבֵּי עֶבֶד, דִּכְתִיב: ״כֶּסֶף שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים יִתֵּן לַאדוֹנָיו״, הָכִי נָמֵי לֹא זִיכְּתָה תּוֹרָה לָאָדוֹן אֶלָּא מִשְּׁעַת נְתִינָה?! ״יִתֵּן״ לְחוּד, ״וְנָתַן״ לְחוּד.
The Gemara asks: However, if that is so, that the verb “give” is explained in this manner, with regard to an ox that killed a slave, where it is written: “He shall give to their master thirty shekels of silver” (Exodus 21:32), so too will you say that the Torah entitled the master only from the time of giving? The Gemara answers: “Shall give [yiten],” is distinct, and “shall give [venatan],” is distinct. The first expression, which is stated with regard to an ox that killed a slave, does not indicate that the recipient acquires the right to the money only from the moment it is given, whereas the formulation employed in the case of rape does indicate that this is the case.
אִי הָכִי, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכִחֵשׁ״? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְנָתַן״ מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ!
The Gemara raises a difficulty: If so, that the main source for this halakha is the phrase “shall give [venatan],” when it was taught in the baraita that a man who rapes or seduces a woman is not liable to bring the offering for a false oath in denial of a monetary claim, rather than saying that this is derived from the fact that the verse states “and deal falsely,” he should have said that it is derived from the fact that the verse states “shall give,” as this is the phrase that teaches that the payment is considered a fine even after he has stood trial.
אָמַר רָבָא: כִּי אִיצְטְרִיךְ ״וְכִחֵשׁ״ — כְּגוֹן שֶׁעָמְדָה בַּדִּין, וּבָגְרָה וּמֵתָה. דְּהָתָם, כִּי קָא יָרֵית אָבִיהָ — מִינַּהּ דִּידַהּ קָא יָרֵית.
In answer to this question, Rava said: When it was necessary to cite a proof from “and deal falsely,” it was with regard to a situation where the young woman’s case was brought to trial, and the court ruled in her favor, and she reached majority and subsequently died before the money was paid. The reason that “and deal falsely” is necessary in that case is because there, when the father inherits, it is from her that he inherits.
אִי הָכִי, ״יָצְאוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן קְנָס״, מָמוֹן הוּא! אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: יָצְאוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁעִיקָּרָן קְנָס.
The Gemara raises another difficulty: If so, the language of the baraita: Excluding these, as they are a fine, is inaccurate, as it is a regular monetary payment, not a fine. In answer to this question, Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said that this phrase means: Excluding these, as they are originally a fine, and it is only once the court orders the man to pay that they are viewed as regular monetary payments.
אֵיתִיבֵיהּ: רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם קְנָס עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ. טַעְמָא דְּלֹא עָמַד בַּדִּין, הָא עָמַד בַּדִּין, דִּמְשַׁלֵּם עַל פִּי עַצְמוֹ, קׇרְבַּן שְׁבוּעָה נָמֵי מִיחַיַּיב!
Abaye raised an objection to this explanation of the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, based upon the mishna in Shevuot cited above (42a), which states: Rabbi Shimon exempts him, as he does not pay a fine on his own admission. The Gemara infers: The reason that he is not liable to bring a guilt-offering is because he has not stood trial. However, if he has stood trial and been found guilty, in which case he pays on his own admission when he later admits that he was already convicted in court, he should also be liable to bring an offering if he denies that he was convicted in court and takes an oath to that effect. This contradicts the claim that, according to Rabbi Shimon, even after one is convicted in court, the payment is still considered a fine.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן לְדִבְרֵיהֶם דְּרַבָּנַן קָאָמַר לְהוּ: לְדִידִי, אַף עַל גַּב דְּעָמַד בַּדִּין — רַחֲמָנָא פַּטְרֵיהּ מִ״וְּכִחֵשׁ״. אֶלָּא לְדִידְכוּ, אוֹדוֹ לִי מִיהַת הֵיכָא דְּלֹא עָמַד בַּדִּין, דְּכִי קָא תָּבַע, קְנָסָא קָא תָּבַע,
The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon stated his opinion to them in accordance with the statement of the Rabbis themselves, as follows: According to my opinion, although he has stood trial, the Merciful One exempts him from the offering, as derived from the verse: “And deal falsely with his neighbor in a matter of a deposit” (Leviticus 5:21), which indicates that he is liable only for a claim that originally concerned a regular monetary payment. However, according to your opinion, you should at least concede to me in a case where he has not stood trial, that when one claims the money, he claims a fine and not a regular monetary payment.
