Makkot
Masechet Makkot is sponsored by Terri Krivosha and Rabbi Hayim Herring in loving memory of Terri’s father Judge Norman Krivosha, Nachum Meir ben David Beer v’Malka “who instilled in us a lifelong love of learning” and in honor of Dr. Judith Hauptman, “our first Talmud teacher, who was one of the pioneers to open the doors of Talmud study to women.”
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Summary
- For the text of the Hadran ceremony, click here.
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While there are 613 mitzvot in the Torah, King David and some of the prophets narrowed it down to a smaller list of the most basic mitzvot. Why were these specific ones chosen, most of them relating to justice and righteousness and involving relations between people?
The masechet ends with the famous story of Rabbi Akiva laughing when seeing a fox running out of the kodesh kodashim or hearing the Romans on their way to attack, after the Temple was already destroyed, while his friends were crying. When questioned about his reaction, he explains, based on verses, that in order for the positive prophecy of Zecharia to be fulfilled, first the negative prophesy of Uriah needs to be fulfilled.
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Makkot
Masechet Makkot is sponsored by Terri Krivosha and Rabbi Hayim Herring in loving memory of Terri’s father Judge Norman Krivosha, Nachum Meir ben David Beer v’Malka “who instilled in us a lifelong love of learning” and in honor of Dr. Judith Hauptman, “our first Talmud teacher, who was one of the pioneers to open the doors of Talmud study to women.”
Makkot 24
שֵׁית מְאָה וְחַד סְרֵי הָוֵי, ״אָנֹכִי״ וְ״לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ״ – מִפִּי הַגְּבוּרָה שְׁמַעְנוּם.
is 611, the number of mitzvot that were received and taught by Moses our teacher. In addition, there are two mitzvot: “I am the Lord your God” and: “You shall have no other gods” (Exodus 20:2, 3), the first two of the Ten Commandments, that we heard from the mouth of the Almighty, for a total of 613.
(סימן דמשמק סק).
The Gemara provides a mnemonic for the biblical figures cited in the course of the discussion that follows: Dalet, mem, shin, mem, kuf; samekh, kuf; representing David, Micah, Isaiah, Amos, Habakkuk, Amos, and Ezekiel.
בָּא דָּוִד וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה, דִּכְתִיב ״מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד [ה׳] מִי יָגוּר בְּאׇהֳלֶךָ מִי יִשְׁכֹּן בְּהַר קׇדְשֶׁךָ. הוֹלֵךְ תָּמִים וּפוֹעֵל צֶדֶק וְדֹבֵר אֱמֶת בִּלְבָבוֹ, לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה לְרֵעֵהוּ רָעָה וְחֶרְפָּה לֹא נָשָׂא עַל קְרֹבוֹ. נִבְזֶה בְּעֵינָיו נִמְאָס וְאֶת יִרְאֵי ה׳ יְכַבֵּד נִשְׁבַּע לְהָרַע וְלֹא יָמִר. כַּסְפּוֹ לֹא נָתַן בְּנֶשֶׁךְ וְשֹׁחַד עַל נָקִי לֹא לָקָח עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה לֹא יִמּוֹט לְעוֹלָם״.
Rabbi Simlai continued: King David came and established the 613 mitzvot upon eleven mitzvot, as it is written: “A Psalm of David. Lord, who shall sojourn in Your Tabernacle? Who shall dwell upon Your sacred mountain? He who walks wholeheartedly, and works righteousness, and speaks truth in his heart. Who has no slander upon his tongue, nor does evil to his neighbor, nor takes up reproach against his relative. In whose eyes a vile person is despised, and he honors those who fear the Lord; he takes an oath to his own detriment, and changes not. He neither gives his money with interest, nor takes a bribe against the innocent. He who performs these shall never be moved” (Psalms, chapter 15). Eleven attributes that facilitate one’s entry into the World-to-Come appear on this list.
״הוֹלֵךְ תָּמִים״ – זֶה אַבְרָהָם, דִּכְתִיב ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״.
The Gemara analyzes these verses: “He who walks wholeheartedly”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like our forefather Abraham, as it is written concerning him: “Walk before Me and be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1).
״פּוֹעֵל צֶדֶק״ – כְּגוֹן אַבָּא חִלְקִיָּהוּ.
“Works righteousness”; this is referring to one such as Abba Ḥilkiyyahu, a laborer who would not pause from his labor even to greet people; he righteously continued working.
״וְדוֹבֵר אֱמֶת בִּלְבָבוֹ״ – כְּגוֹן רַב סָפְרָא.
“And speaks truth in his heart”; this is referring to one such as Rav Safra, who was reciting Shema when a person approached him to purchase an item. He intended to accept the man’s offer, but he was unable to respond because it is prohibited to interrupt the recitation of Shema. The buyer misinterpreted Rav Safra’s silence and concluded that Rav Safra demanded a higher price, so he raised his offer. Rav Safra insisted on selling him the item for the sum that he was offered initially.
״לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֹ״ – זֶה יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ, דִּכְתִיב ״אוּלַי יְמֻשֵּׁנִי אָבִי וְהָיִיתִי בְעֵינָיו כִּמְתַעְתֵּעַ״.
“Who has no slander upon his tongue”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like our forefather Jacob, who did not want to mislead his father in order to receive his blessings, as it is written: “Perhaps my father will feel me, and I will be in his eyes like a fraud” (Genesis 27:12).
״לֹא עָשָׂה לְרֵעֵהוּ רָעָה״ – שֶׁלֹּא יָרַד לְאוּמָּנוּת חֲבֵירוֹ.
“Nor does evil to his neighbor”; this is referring to one who did not infringe upon another’s trade, constituting illegal competition.
״וְחֶרְפָּה לֹא נָשָׂא עַל קְרֹבוֹ״ – זֶה הַמְקָרֵב אֶת קְרוֹבָיו.
“Nor takes up reproach against his relative”; this is referring to one who draws his relatives near, and does not distance them when they embarrass him.
״נִבְזֶה בְּעֵינָיו נִמְאָס״ – זֶה חִזְקִיָּהוּ הַמֶּלֶךְ, שֶׁגֵּירַר עַצְמוֹת אָבִיו בְּמִטָּה שֶׁל חֲבָלִים.
“In whose eyes a vile person is despised”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like King Hezekiah, who dragged the bones of his evil father, King Ahaz, in a bed of ropes, because he despised those considered vile by God.
״וְאֶת יִרְאֵי ה׳ יְכַבֵּד״ – זֶה יְהוֹשָׁפָט מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה רוֹאֶה תַּלְמִיד חָכָם הָיָה עוֹמֵד מִכִּסְּאוֹ וּמְחַבְּקוֹ וּמְנַשְּׁקוֹ וְקוֹרֵא לוֹ ״אָבִי אָבִי, רַבִּי רַבִּי, מָרִי מָרִי״.
“And he honors those who fear the Lord”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like Jehoshaphat, king of Judea, who when he would see a Torah scholar would arise from his throne and hug him and kiss him, and call him: My father, my father, my teacher, my teacher, my master, my master.
״נִשְׁבַּע לְהָרַע וְלֹא יָמִר״ – כְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אֱהֵא בְּתַעֲנִית עַד שֶׁאָבֹא לְבֵיתִי.
“He takes an oath to his own detriment, and changes not”; this is in accordance with the conduct of Rabbi Yoḥanan, as Rabbi Yoḥanan would say in the form of a vow when seeking to refrain from eating in another’s home: I shall fast until I will come to my house. He would fulfill that vow and refrain from eating, even though he took the vow only to avoid eating in that place.
״כַּסְפּוֹ לֹא נָתַן בְּנֶשֶׁךְ״ – אֲפִילּוּ (בְּ)רִבִּית גּוֹי.
“He neither gives his money with interest”; meaning he does not lend money with interest even to a gentile, which is permitted by Torah law.
״וְשֹׁחַד עַל נָקִי לֹא לָקָח״ – כְּגוֹן רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי.
“Nor takes a bribe against the innocent”; this is referring to one such as Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, who refused to sit in judgment in a case involving his sharecropper. Since the latter would bring him a basket of fruit, he was concerned that he might unconsciously favor him.
כְּתִיב ״עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה לֹא יִמּוֹט לְעוֹלָם״ – כְּשֶׁהָיָה רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל מַגִּיעַ לְמִקְרָא הַזֶּה הָיָה בּוֹכֶה, אֲמַר: מַאן דְּעָבֵיד לְהוּ לְכוּלְּהוּ – הוּא דְּלָא יִמּוֹט, הָא חֲדָא מִינַּיְיהוּ – יִמּוֹט.
At the conclusion of the verses, it is written: “He who performs these shall never be moved.” The Gemara relates: When Rabban Gamliel would reach this verse he would cry, and he said: It is one who performed all these actions who shall never be moved; but if he performed only one of them, he shall be moved.
אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: מִי כְּתִיב ״עֹשֵׂה כׇּל אֵלֶּה״? ״עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה״ כְּתִיב, אֲפִילּוּ בַּחֲדָא מִינַּיְיהוּ. דְּאִי לָא תֵּימָא הָכִי, כְּתִיב קְרָא אַחֲרִינָא ״אַל תִּטַּמְּאוּ בְּכׇל אֵלֶּה״, הָתָם נָמֵי, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכׇל אֵלֶּה – הוּא דְּמִטַּמֵּא, בַּחֲדָא מִינַּיְיהוּ – לָא? אֶלָּא לָאו בְּאַחַת מִכׇּל אֵלֶּה, הָכָא נָמֵי בְּאַחַת מִכׇּל אֵלּוּ.
The Sages said to him: Is it written: He who performs all these? Rather, the phrase “he who performs these” is written, indicating that one is blessed even in a case where he performed one of them. As if you do not say so, compare that to a different verse that is written with regard to severe transgressions punishable by karet: “Do not impurify yourselves with all these” (Leviticus 18:24). Would you say that there too it means that it is one who comes into contact with all these who becomes impure, but one who comes into contact with one of these, no, he does not become impure? Rather, is it not that the phrase “with all these” means: With one of all these? Here too it means that one who performs one of all these has a place in the World-to-Come.
בָּא יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שֵׁשׁ, דִּכְתִיב ״הֹלֵךְ צְדָקוֹת וְדֹבֵר מֵישָׁרִים מֹאֵס בְּבֶצַע מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת נֹעֵר כַּפָּיו מִתְּמֹךְ בַּשֹּׁחַד אֹטֵם אׇזְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹעַ דָּמִים וְעֹצֵם עֵינָיו מֵרְאוֹת בְּרָע״.
Rabbi Simlai’s exposition continues: Isaiah came and established the 613 mitzvot upon six, as it is written: “He who walks righteously, and speaks uprightly; he who despises the gain of oppressions, who shakes his hands from holding of bribes, who stops his ears from hearing blood, and shuts his eyes from looking upon evil” (Isaiah 33:15).
״הֹלֵךְ צְדָקוֹת״ – זֶה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, דִּכְתִיב ״כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה וְגוֹ׳״.
The Gemara elaborates: “He who walks righteously”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like our forefather Abraham, as it is written concerning him: “For I have known him, that he will command his children…to perform righteousness and justice” (Genesis 18:19).
״וְדֹבֵר מֵישָׁרִים״ – זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַקְנִיט פְּנֵי חֲבֵירוֹ בָּרַבִּים.
“And speaks uprightly”; this is referring to one who does not shame another in public.
״מֹאֵס בְּבֶצַע מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת״ – כְּגוֹן רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן אֱלִישָׁע.
“He who despises the gain of oppressions”; this is referring to one such as Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha, who refused to sit in judgment in a case involving one who gave him priestly gifts, to avoid the appearance of impropriety.
״נֹעֵר כַּפָּיו מִתְּמֹךְ בַּשֹּׁחַד״ – כְּגוֹן רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי.
“Who shakes his hands from holding of bribes”; this is referring to one such as Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, who, as explained above, refused to sit in judgment in a case involving his sharecropper.
״אֹטֵם אׇזְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹעַ דָּמִים״ – דְּלָא שָׁמַע בְּזִילוּתָא דְּצוּרְבָּא מֵרַבָּנַן וְשָׁתֵיק, כְּגוֹן רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
“Who stops his ears from hearing blood”; this is referring to one who would not hear derision of a Torah scholar and remain silent, such as Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, who was well known for this.
״וְעֹצֵם עֵינָיו מֵרְאוֹת בְּרָע״ – כְּרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא: זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִסְתַּכֵּל בְּנָשִׁים בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעוֹמְדוֹת עַל הַכְּבִיסָה.
“And shuts his eyes from looking upon evil” is to be understood in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, as Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba says: This is referring to one who does not look at women when they stand over the laundry at the river. The women would lift the garments they were wearing to keep them out of the water, and thereby expose part of their bodies.
וּכְתִיב: ״הוּא מְרוֹמִים יִשְׁכּוֹן״.
And it is written with regard to one who performs these matters: “He shall dwell on high; his fortress shall be the munitions of rocks; his bread shall be given, his waters shall be sure” (Isaiah 33:16).
בָּא מִיכָה וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שָׁלֹשׁ, דִּכְתִיב ״הִגִּיד לְךָ אָדָם מַה טּוֹב וּמָה ה׳ דּוֹרֵשׁ מִמְּךָ כִּי אִם עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וְאַהֲבַת חֶסֶד וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם (ה׳) אֱלֹהֶיךָ״.
Micah came and established the 613 mitzvot upon three, as it is written: “It has been told to you, O man, what is good, and what the Lord does require of you; only to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God” (Micah 6:8).
״עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט״ – זֶה הַדִּין. ״אַהֲבַת חֶסֶד״ – זֶה גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים. ״וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת״ – זֶה הוֹצָאַת הַמֵּת וְהַכְנָסַת כַּלָּה. וַהֲלֹא דְּבָרִים קַל וָחוֹמֶר: וּמָה דְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּן לַעֲשׂוֹתָן בְּצִנְעָא, אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה ״וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת״, דְּבָרִים שֶׁדַּרְכָּם לַעֲשׂוֹתָם בְּצִנְעָא – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה!
The Gemara elaborates: “To do justly,” this is justice; “to love mercy,” this is an allusion to acts of loving-kindness; “and to walk humbly with your God,” this is an allusion to taking the indigent dead out for burial and accompanying a poor bride to her wedding canopy, both of which are to be performed without fanfare glorifying the doer. The Gemara notes: And are these matters not inferred a fortiori? If, with regard to matters that tend to be conducted in public, e.g., funerals and weddings, the Torah states “walk humbly” when doing them, then in matters that tend to be conducted in private, e.g., charity and Torah study, all the more so should they be conducted in private.
חָזַר יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שְׁתַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ שִׁמְרוּ מִשְׁפָּט וַעֲשׂוּ צְדָקָה״. בָּא עָמוֹס וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל דִּרְשׁוּנִי וִחְיוּ״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: אֵימָא דִּרְשׁוּנִי בְּכׇל הַתּוֹרָה! אֶלָּא: בָּא חֲבַקּוּק וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְצַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה״.
Isaiah then established the 613 mitzvot upon two, as it is stated: “So says the Lord: Observe justice and perform righteousness” (Isaiah 56:1). Amos came and established the 613 mitzvot upon one, as it is stated: “So says the Lord to the house of Israel: Seek Me and live” (Amos 5:4). Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak objects to this: There is no proof that the verse in Amos is establishing all the mitzvot upon one; say that Amos is saying: Seek Me throughout the entire Torah, as the verse does not specify the manner in which one should seek the Lord. Rather, say: Habakkuk came and established the 613 mitzvot upon one, as it is stated: “But the righteous person shall live by his faith” (Habakkuk 2:4).
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא: אַרְבַּע גְּזֵירוֹת גָּזַר מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, בָּאוּ אַרְבָּעָה נְבִיאִים וּבִיטְּלוּם. מֹשֶׁה אָמַר: ״וַיִּשְׁכֹּן יִשְׂרָאֵל בֶּטַח בָּדָד עֵין יַעֲקֹב״, בָּא עָמוֹס וּבִיטְּלָהּ, [שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר]: ״חֲדַל נָא מִי יָקוּם יַעֲקֹב וְגוֹ׳״ וּכְתִיב ״נִחַם ה׳ עַל זֹאת״.
§ Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina says: Moses our teacher issued four decrees upon the Jewish people, and four prophets came and revoked them. Moses said: “And Israel dwells in safety, the fountain [ein] of Jacob alone” (Deuteronomy 33:28), indicating that the Jewish people will dwell in safety only when they reach a lofty spiritual level similar to [me’ein] that of Jacob our forefather. Amos came and revoked it, as it is stated: “Lord God, cease, I beseech You; how shall Jacob stand, as he is small” (Amos 7:5), and immediately afterward it states: “The Lord regretted this; it too shall not be, says the Lord God” (Amos 7:6).
מֹשֶׁה אָמַר: ״וּבַגּוֹיִם הָהֵם לֹא תַרְגִּיעַ״, בָּא יִרְמְיָה וְאָמַר: ״הָלוֹךְ לְהַרְגִּיעוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל״.
Moses said: “And among these nations you shall have no repose” (Deuteronomy 28:65). Jeremiah came and revoked it, and said: “Even Israel, when I go to cause him to rest” (Jeremiah 31:1), indicating that the Jewish people will find rest even in exile.
מֹשֶׁה אָמַר: ״פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים״, בָּא יְחֶזְקֵאל וּבִיטְּלָהּ: ״הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַחֹטֵאת הִיא תָמוּת״.
Moses said: “He visits the transgression of the fathers upon the sons” (Exodus 34:7). Ezekiel came and revoked it: “The soul that sins, it shall die” (Ezekiel 18:4), and not the children of that soul.
מֹשֶׁה אָמַר ״וַאֲבַדְתֶּם בַּגּוֹיִם״, בָּא יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְאָמַר: ״וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִתָּקַע בְּשׁוֹפָר גָּדוֹל״.
Moses said: “And you shall be lost among the nations” (Leviticus 26:38). Isaiah came and revoked it, and said: “And it shall be on that day the great shofar shall be sounded, and those lost in the land of Assyria shall come” (Isaiah 27:13).
אָמַר רַב: מִסְתְּפֵינָא מֵהַאי קְרָא ״וַאֲבַדְתֶּם בַּגּוֹיִם״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב פָּפָּא: דִּלְמָא כַּאֲבֵידָה הַמִּתְבַּקֶּשֶׁת, דִּכְתִיב ״תָּעִיתִי כְּשֶׂה אֹבֵד בַּקֵּשׁ עַבְדֶּךָ״! אֶלָּא מִסֵּיפָא [דִּקְרָא], ״וְאָכְלָה אֶתְכֶם אֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ מָר זוּטְרָא: דִּלְמָא כַּאֲכִילַת קִישּׁוּאִין וְדִילּוּעִין.
Rav says: I am afraid of that verse: “And you shall be lost among the nations.” Rav Pappa objects to this: Perhaps it means that the Jewish people will be like a lost item that is sought by its owner, and God will restore those lost in exile, as it is written: “I have gone astray like a lost lamb; seek Your servant” (Psalms 119:176). Rather, Rav was afraid from that which is written in the latter portion of that verse, where it is written: “And the land of your enemies shall consume you.” Mar Zutra objects to this: Perhaps it means like the consumption of cucumbers and gourds, which are not consumed in their entirety. Some is left over, from which additional plants can grow.
וּכְבָר הָיָה רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְהַלְּכִין בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וְשָׁמְעוּ קוֹל הֲמוֹנָהּ שֶׁל רוֹמִי מִפְּלָטָהּ [בְּרָחוֹק] מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים מִיל, וְהִתְחִילוּ בּוֹכִין, וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְשַׂחֵק. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה מְשַׂחֵק? אָמַר לָהֶם: וְאַתֶּם מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתֶּם בּוֹכִים? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: הַלָּלוּ גּוֹיִם שֶׁמִּשְׁתַּחֲוִים לַעֲצַבִּים וּמְקַטְּרִים לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה יוֹשְׁבִין בֶּטַח וְהַשְׁקֵט, וְאָנוּ, בֵּית הֲדוֹם רַגְלֵי אֱלֹהֵינוּ שָׂרוּף
§ Apropos tribulations of exile and hope for redemption, the Gemara relates: And it once was that Rabban Gamliel, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, Rabbi Yehoshua, and Rabbi Akiva were walking along the road in the Roman Empire, and they heard the sound of the multitudes of Rome from Puteoli at a distance of one hundred and twenty mil. The city was so large that they were able to hear its tumult from a great distance. And the other Sages began weeping and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said to him: For what reason are you laughing? Rabbi Akiva said to them: And you, for what reason are you weeping? They said to him: These gentiles, who bow to false gods and burn incense to idols, dwell securely and tranquilly in this colossal city, and for us, the House of the footstool of our God, the Temple, is burnt
בָּאֵשׁ, וְלֹא נִבְכֶּה?! אָמַר לָהֶן: לְכָךְ אֲנִי מְצַחֵק, וּמָה לְעוֹבְרֵי רְצוֹנוֹ כָּךְ, לְעוֹשֵׂי רְצוֹנוֹ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.
by fire, and shall we not weep? Rabbi Akiva said to them: That is why I am laughing. If for those who violate His will, the wicked, it is so and they are rewarded for the few good deeds they performed, for those who perform His will, all the more so will they be rewarded.
שׁוּב פַּעַם אַחַת הָיוּ עוֹלִין לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְהַר הַצּוֹפִים קָרְעוּ בִּגְדֵיהֶם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְהַר הַבַּיִת רָאוּ שׁוּעָל שֶׁיָּצָא מִבֵּית קׇדְשֵׁי הַקֳּדָשִׁים, הִתְחִילוּ הֵן בּוֹכִין וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְצַחֵק. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה מְצַחֵק? אָמַר לָהֶם: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתֶּם בּוֹכִים? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מָקוֹם שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ ״וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת״, וְעַכְשָׁיו שׁוּעָלִים הִלְּכוּ בּוֹ, וְלֹא נִבְכֶּה?!
The Gemara relates another incident involving those Sages. On another occasion they were ascending to Jerusalem after the destruction of the Temple. When they arrived at Mount Scopus and saw the site of the Temple, they rent their garments in mourning, in keeping with halakhic practice. When they arrived at the Temple Mount, they saw a fox that emerged from the site of the Holy of Holies. They began weeping, and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said to him: For what reason are you laughing? Rabbi Akiva said to them: For what reason are you weeping? They said to him: This is the place concerning which it is written: “And the non-priest who approaches shall die” (Numbers 1:51), and now foxes walk in it; and shall we not weep?
אָמַר לָהֶן: לְכָךְ אֲנִי מְצַחֵק, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְאָעִידָה לִּי עֵדִים נֶאֱמָנִים אֵת אוּרִיָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְאֶת זְכַרְיָה בֶּן יְבֶרֶכְיָהוּ״ – וְכִי מָה עִנְיַן אוּרִיָּה אֵצֶל זְכַרְיָה? אוּרִיָּה בְּמִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן, וּזְכַרְיָה בְּמִקְדָּשׁ שֵׁנִי! אֶלָּא: תָּלָה הַכָּתוּב נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה בִּנְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה.
Rabbi Akiva said to them: That is why I am laughing, as it is written, when God revealed the future to the prophet Isaiah: “And I will take to Me faithful witnesses to attest: Uriah the priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah” (Isaiah 8:2). Now what is the connection between Uriah and Zechariah? He clarifies the difficulty: Uriah prophesied during the First Temple period, and Zechariah prophesied during the Second Temple period, as he was among those who returned to Zion from Babylonia. Rather, the verse established that fulfillment of the prophecy of Zechariah is dependent on fulfillment of the prophecy of Uriah.
בְּאוּרִיָּה כְּתִיב ״לָכֵן בִּגְלַלְכֶם צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵחָרֵשׁ״, בִּזְכַרְיָה כְּתִיב ״עוֹד יֵשְׁבוּ זְקֵנִים וּזְקֵנוֹת בִּרְחֹבוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָם״. עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְקַיְּימָה נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה הָיִיתִי מִתְיָירֵא שֶׁלֹּא תִּתְקַיֵּים נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה, עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁנִּתְקַיְּימָה נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה – בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁנְּבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה מִתְקַיֶּימֶת. בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה אָמְרוּ לוֹ: עֲקִיבָא נִיחַמְתָּנוּ, עֲקִיבָא נִיחַמְתָּנוּ.
In the prophecy of Uriah it is written: “Therefore, for your sake Zion shall be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become rubble, and the Temple Mount as the high places of a forest” (Micah 3:12), where foxes are found. There is a rabbinic tradition that this was prophesied by Uriah. In the prophecy of Zechariah it is written: “There shall yet be elderly men and elderly women sitting in the streets of Jerusalem” (Zechariah 8:4). Until the prophecy of Uriah with regard to the destruction of the city was fulfilled I was afraid that the prophecy of Zechariah would not be fulfilled, as the two prophecies are linked. Now that the prophecy of Uriah was fulfilled, it is evident that the prophecy of Zechariah remains valid. The Gemara adds: The Sages said to him, employing this formulation: Akiva, you have comforted us; Akiva, you have comforted us.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ אֵלּוּ הֵן הַלּוֹקִין וּסְלִיקָא לַהּ מַסֶּכֶת מַכּוֹת
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I read Ilana Kurshan’s “If All the Seas Were Ink” which inspired me. Then the Women’s Siyum in Jerusalem in 2020 convinced me, I knew I had to join! I have loved it- it’s been a constant in my life daily, many of the sugiyot connect to our lives. My family and friends all are so supportive. It’s incredible being part of this community and love how diverse it is! I am so excited to learn more!
Jerusalem, Israel
I started learning when my brother sent me the news clip of the celebration of the last Daf Yomi cycle. I was so floored to see so many women celebrating that I wanted to be a part of it. It has been an enriching experience studying a text in a language I don’t speak, using background knowledge that I don’t have. It is stretching my learning in unexpected ways, bringing me joy and satisfaction.
Warwick, Rhode Island, United States
Ive been learning Gmara since 5th grade and always loved it. Have always wanted to do Daf Yomi and now with Michelle Farber’s online classes it made it much easier to do! Really enjoying the experience thank you!!
Neve Daniel, Israel
I began to learn this cycle of Daf Yomi after my husband passed away 2 1/2 years ago. It seemed a good way to connect to him. Even though I don’t know whether he would have encouraged women learning Gemara, it would have opened wonderful conversations. It also gives me more depth for understanding my frum children and grandchildren. Thank you Hadran and Rabbanit Michelle Farber!!
Tzur Hadassah, Israel
I never thought I’d be able to do Daf Yomi till I saw the video of Hadran’s Siyum HaShas. Now, 2 years later, I’m about to participate in Siyum Seder Mo’ed with my Hadran community. It has been an incredible privilege to learn with Rabbanit Michelle and to get to know so many caring, talented and knowledgeable women. I look forward with great anticipation and excitement to learning Seder Nashim.
Karmiel, Israel
The first month I learned Daf Yomi by myself in secret, because I wasn’t sure how my husband would react, but after the siyyum on Masechet Brachot I discovered Hadran and now sometimes my husband listens to the daf with me. He and I also learn mishnayot together and are constantly finding connections between the different masechtot.
Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
I started learning on January 5, 2020. When I complete the 7+ year cycle I will be 70 years old. I had been intimidated by those who said that I needed to study Talmud in a traditional way with a chevruta, but I decided the learning was more important to me than the method. Thankful for Daf Yomi for Women helping me catch up when I fall behind, and also being able to celebrate with each Siyum!
Bakersfield, United States
I attended the Siyum so that I could tell my granddaughter that I had been there. Then I decided to listen on Spotify and after the siyum of Brachot, Covid and zoom began. It gave structure to my day. I learn with people from all over the world who are now my friends – yet most of us have never met. I can’t imagine life without it. Thank you Rabbanit Michelle.
Raanana, Israel
3 years ago, I joined Rabbanit Michelle to organize the unprecedented Siyum HaShas event in Jerusalem for thousands of women. The whole experience was so inspiring that I decided then to start learning the daf and see how I would go…. and I’m still at it. I often listen to the Daf on my bike in mornings, surrounded by both the external & the internal beauty of Eretz Yisrael & Am Yisrael!
Raanana, Israel
I started learning Daf Yomi inspired by תָּפַסְתָּ מְרוּבֶּה לֹא תָּפַסְתָּ, תָּפַסְתָּ מוּעָט תָּפַסְתָּ. I thought I’d start the first page, and then see. I was swept up into the enthusiasm of the Hadran Siyum, and from there the momentum kept building. Rabbanit Michelle’s shiur gives me an anchor, a connection to an incredible virtual community, and an energy to face whatever the day brings.
בית שמש, Israel
In early 2020, I began the process of a stem cell transplant. The required extreme isolation forced me to leave work and normal life but gave me time to delve into Jewish text study. I did not feel isolated. I began Daf Yomi at the start of this cycle, with family members joining me online from my hospital room. I’ve used my newly granted time to to engage, grow and connect through this learning.
Worcester, United States
The first month I learned Daf Yomi by myself in secret, because I wasn’t sure how my husband would react, but after the siyyum on Masechet Brachot I discovered Hadran and now sometimes my husband listens to the daf with me. He and I also learn mishnayot together and are constantly finding connections between the different masechtot.
Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
I started learning daf yomi at the beginning of this cycle. As the pandemic evolved, it’s been so helpful to me to have this discipline every morning to listen to the daf podcast after I’ve read the daf; learning about the relationships between the rabbis and the ways they were constructing our Jewish religion after the destruction of the Temple. I’m grateful to be on this journey!
Teaneck NJ, United States
Margo
I started my Talmud journey in 7th grade at Akiba Jewish Day School in Chicago. I started my Daf Yomi journey after hearing Erica Brown speak at the Hadran Siyum about marking the passage of time through Daf Yomi.
Carolyn
I started my Talmud journey post-college in NY with a few classes. I started my Daf Yomi journey after the Hadran Siyum, which inspired both my son and myself.
Merion Station, USA
Beit Shemesh, Israel
Michelle has been an inspiration for years, but I only really started this cycle after the moving and uplifting siyum in Jerusalem. It’s been an wonderful to learn and relearn the tenets of our religion and to understand how the extraordinary efforts of a band of people to preserve Judaism after the fall of the beit hamikdash is still bearing fruits today. I’m proud to be part of the chain!
Raanana, Israel
Since I started in January of 2020, Daf Yomi has changed my life. It connects me to Jews all over the world, especially learned women. It makes cooking, gardening, and folding laundry into acts of Torah study. Daf Yomi enables me to participate in a conversation with and about our heritage that has been going on for more than 2000 years.
Skokie, IL, United States
I started to listen to Michelle’s podcasts four years ago. The minute I started I was hooked. I’m so excited to learn the entire Talmud, and think I will continue always. I chose the quote “while a woman is engaged in conversation she also holds the spindle”. (Megillah 14b). It reminds me of all of the amazing women I learn with every day who multi-task, think ahead and accomplish so much.
Zichron Yakov, Israel
I started learning Daf Yomi in January 2020 after watching my grandfather, Mayer Penstein z”l, finish shas with the previous cycle. My grandfather made learning so much fun was so proud that his grandchildren wanted to join him. I was also inspired by Ilana Kurshan’s book, If All the Seas Were Ink. Two years in, I can say that it has enriched my life in so many ways.
New York, United States
Shortly after the death of my father, David Malik z”l, I made the commitment to Daf Yomi. While riding to Ben Gurion airport in January, Siyum HaShas was playing on the radio; that was the nudge I needed to get started. The “everyday-ness” of the Daf has been a meaningful spiritual practice, especial after COVID began & I was temporarily unable to say Kaddish at daily in-person minyanim.
Wynnewood, United States
תמיד רציתי. למדתי גמרא בבית ספר בטורונטו קנדה. עליתי ארצה ולמדתי שזה לא מקובל. הופתעתי.
יצאתי לגימלאות לפני שנתיים וזה מאפשר את המחוייבות לדף יומי.
עבורי ההתמדה בלימוד מעגן אותי בקשר שלי ליהדות. אני תמיד מחפשת ותמיד. מוצאת מקור לקשר. ללימוד חדש ומחדש. קשר עם נשים לומדות מעמיק את החוויה ומשמעותית מאוד.
מיתר, ישראל
Makkot 24
שֵׁית מְאָה וְחַד סְרֵי הָוֵי, ״אָנֹכִי״ וְ״לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ״ – מִפִּי הַגְּבוּרָה שְׁמַעְנוּם.
is 611, the number of mitzvot that were received and taught by Moses our teacher. In addition, there are two mitzvot: “I am the Lord your God” and: “You shall have no other gods” (Exodus 20:2, 3), the first two of the Ten Commandments, that we heard from the mouth of the Almighty, for a total of 613.
(סימן דמשמק סק).
The Gemara provides a mnemonic for the biblical figures cited in the course of the discussion that follows: Dalet, mem, shin, mem, kuf; samekh, kuf; representing David, Micah, Isaiah, Amos, Habakkuk, Amos, and Ezekiel.
בָּא דָּוִד וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת עֶשְׂרֵה, דִּכְתִיב ״מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד [ה׳] מִי יָגוּר בְּאׇהֳלֶךָ מִי יִשְׁכֹּן בְּהַר קׇדְשֶׁךָ. הוֹלֵךְ תָּמִים וּפוֹעֵל צֶדֶק וְדֹבֵר אֱמֶת בִּלְבָבוֹ, לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה לְרֵעֵהוּ רָעָה וְחֶרְפָּה לֹא נָשָׂא עַל קְרֹבוֹ. נִבְזֶה בְּעֵינָיו נִמְאָס וְאֶת יִרְאֵי ה׳ יְכַבֵּד נִשְׁבַּע לְהָרַע וְלֹא יָמִר. כַּסְפּוֹ לֹא נָתַן בְּנֶשֶׁךְ וְשֹׁחַד עַל נָקִי לֹא לָקָח עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה לֹא יִמּוֹט לְעוֹלָם״.
Rabbi Simlai continued: King David came and established the 613 mitzvot upon eleven mitzvot, as it is written: “A Psalm of David. Lord, who shall sojourn in Your Tabernacle? Who shall dwell upon Your sacred mountain? He who walks wholeheartedly, and works righteousness, and speaks truth in his heart. Who has no slander upon his tongue, nor does evil to his neighbor, nor takes up reproach against his relative. In whose eyes a vile person is despised, and he honors those who fear the Lord; he takes an oath to his own detriment, and changes not. He neither gives his money with interest, nor takes a bribe against the innocent. He who performs these shall never be moved” (Psalms, chapter 15). Eleven attributes that facilitate one’s entry into the World-to-Come appear on this list.
״הוֹלֵךְ תָּמִים״ – זֶה אַבְרָהָם, דִּכְתִיב ״הִתְהַלֵּךְ לְפָנַי וֶהְיֵה תָמִים״.
The Gemara analyzes these verses: “He who walks wholeheartedly”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like our forefather Abraham, as it is written concerning him: “Walk before Me and be wholehearted” (Genesis 17:1).
״פּוֹעֵל צֶדֶק״ – כְּגוֹן אַבָּא חִלְקִיָּהוּ.
“Works righteousness”; this is referring to one such as Abba Ḥilkiyyahu, a laborer who would not pause from his labor even to greet people; he righteously continued working.
״וְדוֹבֵר אֱמֶת בִּלְבָבוֹ״ – כְּגוֹן רַב סָפְרָא.
“And speaks truth in his heart”; this is referring to one such as Rav Safra, who was reciting Shema when a person approached him to purchase an item. He intended to accept the man’s offer, but he was unable to respond because it is prohibited to interrupt the recitation of Shema. The buyer misinterpreted Rav Safra’s silence and concluded that Rav Safra demanded a higher price, so he raised his offer. Rav Safra insisted on selling him the item for the sum that he was offered initially.
״לֹא רָגַל עַל לְשֹׁנוֹ״ – זֶה יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ, דִּכְתִיב ״אוּלַי יְמֻשֵּׁנִי אָבִי וְהָיִיתִי בְעֵינָיו כִּמְתַעְתֵּעַ״.
“Who has no slander upon his tongue”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like our forefather Jacob, who did not want to mislead his father in order to receive his blessings, as it is written: “Perhaps my father will feel me, and I will be in his eyes like a fraud” (Genesis 27:12).
״לֹא עָשָׂה לְרֵעֵהוּ רָעָה״ – שֶׁלֹּא יָרַד לְאוּמָּנוּת חֲבֵירוֹ.
“Nor does evil to his neighbor”; this is referring to one who did not infringe upon another’s trade, constituting illegal competition.
״וְחֶרְפָּה לֹא נָשָׂא עַל קְרֹבוֹ״ – זֶה הַמְקָרֵב אֶת קְרוֹבָיו.
“Nor takes up reproach against his relative”; this is referring to one who draws his relatives near, and does not distance them when they embarrass him.
״נִבְזֶה בְּעֵינָיו נִמְאָס״ – זֶה חִזְקִיָּהוּ הַמֶּלֶךְ, שֶׁגֵּירַר עַצְמוֹת אָבִיו בְּמִטָּה שֶׁל חֲבָלִים.
“In whose eyes a vile person is despised”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like King Hezekiah, who dragged the bones of his evil father, King Ahaz, in a bed of ropes, because he despised those considered vile by God.
״וְאֶת יִרְאֵי ה׳ יְכַבֵּד״ – זֶה יְהוֹשָׁפָט מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה, שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה שֶׁהָיָה רוֹאֶה תַּלְמִיד חָכָם הָיָה עוֹמֵד מִכִּסְּאוֹ וּמְחַבְּקוֹ וּמְנַשְּׁקוֹ וְקוֹרֵא לוֹ ״אָבִי אָבִי, רַבִּי רַבִּי, מָרִי מָרִי״.
“And he honors those who fear the Lord”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like Jehoshaphat, king of Judea, who when he would see a Torah scholar would arise from his throne and hug him and kiss him, and call him: My father, my father, my teacher, my teacher, my master, my master.
״נִשְׁבַּע לְהָרַע וְלֹא יָמִר״ – כְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אֱהֵא בְּתַעֲנִית עַד שֶׁאָבֹא לְבֵיתִי.
“He takes an oath to his own detriment, and changes not”; this is in accordance with the conduct of Rabbi Yoḥanan, as Rabbi Yoḥanan would say in the form of a vow when seeking to refrain from eating in another’s home: I shall fast until I will come to my house. He would fulfill that vow and refrain from eating, even though he took the vow only to avoid eating in that place.
״כַּסְפּוֹ לֹא נָתַן בְּנֶשֶׁךְ״ – אֲפִילּוּ (בְּ)רִבִּית גּוֹי.
“He neither gives his money with interest”; meaning he does not lend money with interest even to a gentile, which is permitted by Torah law.
״וְשֹׁחַד עַל נָקִי לֹא לָקָח״ – כְּגוֹן רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי.
“Nor takes a bribe against the innocent”; this is referring to one such as Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, who refused to sit in judgment in a case involving his sharecropper. Since the latter would bring him a basket of fruit, he was concerned that he might unconsciously favor him.
כְּתִיב ״עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה לֹא יִמּוֹט לְעוֹלָם״ – כְּשֶׁהָיָה רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל מַגִּיעַ לְמִקְרָא הַזֶּה הָיָה בּוֹכֶה, אֲמַר: מַאן דְּעָבֵיד לְהוּ לְכוּלְּהוּ – הוּא דְּלָא יִמּוֹט, הָא חֲדָא מִינַּיְיהוּ – יִמּוֹט.
At the conclusion of the verses, it is written: “He who performs these shall never be moved.” The Gemara relates: When Rabban Gamliel would reach this verse he would cry, and he said: It is one who performed all these actions who shall never be moved; but if he performed only one of them, he shall be moved.
אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: מִי כְּתִיב ״עֹשֵׂה כׇּל אֵלֶּה״? ״עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה״ כְּתִיב, אֲפִילּוּ בַּחֲדָא מִינַּיְיהוּ. דְּאִי לָא תֵּימָא הָכִי, כְּתִיב קְרָא אַחֲרִינָא ״אַל תִּטַּמְּאוּ בְּכׇל אֵלֶּה״, הָתָם נָמֵי, הַנּוֹגֵעַ בְּכׇל אֵלֶּה – הוּא דְּמִטַּמֵּא, בַּחֲדָא מִינַּיְיהוּ – לָא? אֶלָּא לָאו בְּאַחַת מִכׇּל אֵלֶּה, הָכָא נָמֵי בְּאַחַת מִכׇּל אֵלּוּ.
The Sages said to him: Is it written: He who performs all these? Rather, the phrase “he who performs these” is written, indicating that one is blessed even in a case where he performed one of them. As if you do not say so, compare that to a different verse that is written with regard to severe transgressions punishable by karet: “Do not impurify yourselves with all these” (Leviticus 18:24). Would you say that there too it means that it is one who comes into contact with all these who becomes impure, but one who comes into contact with one of these, no, he does not become impure? Rather, is it not that the phrase “with all these” means: With one of all these? Here too it means that one who performs one of all these has a place in the World-to-Come.
בָּא יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שֵׁשׁ, דִּכְתִיב ״הֹלֵךְ צְדָקוֹת וְדֹבֵר מֵישָׁרִים מֹאֵס בְּבֶצַע מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת נֹעֵר כַּפָּיו מִתְּמֹךְ בַּשֹּׁחַד אֹטֵם אׇזְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹעַ דָּמִים וְעֹצֵם עֵינָיו מֵרְאוֹת בְּרָע״.
Rabbi Simlai’s exposition continues: Isaiah came and established the 613 mitzvot upon six, as it is written: “He who walks righteously, and speaks uprightly; he who despises the gain of oppressions, who shakes his hands from holding of bribes, who stops his ears from hearing blood, and shuts his eyes from looking upon evil” (Isaiah 33:15).
״הֹלֵךְ צְדָקוֹת״ – זֶה אַבְרָהָם אָבִינוּ, דִּכְתִיב ״כִּי יְדַעְתִּיו לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר יְצַוֶּה וְגוֹ׳״.
The Gemara elaborates: “He who walks righteously”; this is referring to one who conducts himself like our forefather Abraham, as it is written concerning him: “For I have known him, that he will command his children…to perform righteousness and justice” (Genesis 18:19).
״וְדֹבֵר מֵישָׁרִים״ – זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַקְנִיט פְּנֵי חֲבֵירוֹ בָּרַבִּים.
“And speaks uprightly”; this is referring to one who does not shame another in public.
״מֹאֵס בְּבֶצַע מַעֲשַׁקּוֹת״ – כְּגוֹן רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן אֱלִישָׁע.
“He who despises the gain of oppressions”; this is referring to one such as Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha, who refused to sit in judgment in a case involving one who gave him priestly gifts, to avoid the appearance of impropriety.
״נֹעֵר כַּפָּיו מִתְּמֹךְ בַּשֹּׁחַד״ – כְּגוֹן רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי.
“Who shakes his hands from holding of bribes”; this is referring to one such as Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei, who, as explained above, refused to sit in judgment in a case involving his sharecropper.
״אֹטֵם אׇזְנוֹ מִשְּׁמֹעַ דָּמִים״ – דְּלָא שָׁמַע בְּזִילוּתָא דְּצוּרְבָּא מֵרַבָּנַן וְשָׁתֵיק, כְּגוֹן רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
“Who stops his ears from hearing blood”; this is referring to one who would not hear derision of a Torah scholar and remain silent, such as Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, who was well known for this.
״וְעֹצֵם עֵינָיו מֵרְאוֹת בְּרָע״ – כְּרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא: זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִסְתַּכֵּל בְּנָשִׁים בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁעוֹמְדוֹת עַל הַכְּבִיסָה.
“And shuts his eyes from looking upon evil” is to be understood in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, as Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba says: This is referring to one who does not look at women when they stand over the laundry at the river. The women would lift the garments they were wearing to keep them out of the water, and thereby expose part of their bodies.
וּכְתִיב: ״הוּא מְרוֹמִים יִשְׁכּוֹן״.
And it is written with regard to one who performs these matters: “He shall dwell on high; his fortress shall be the munitions of rocks; his bread shall be given, his waters shall be sure” (Isaiah 33:16).
בָּא מִיכָה וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שָׁלֹשׁ, דִּכְתִיב ״הִגִּיד לְךָ אָדָם מַה טּוֹב וּמָה ה׳ דּוֹרֵשׁ מִמְּךָ כִּי אִם עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט וְאַהֲבַת חֶסֶד וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת עִם (ה׳) אֱלֹהֶיךָ״.
Micah came and established the 613 mitzvot upon three, as it is written: “It has been told to you, O man, what is good, and what the Lord does require of you; only to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God” (Micah 6:8).
״עֲשׂוֹת מִשְׁפָּט״ – זֶה הַדִּין. ״אַהֲבַת חֶסֶד״ – זֶה גְּמִילוּת חֲסָדִים. ״וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת״ – זֶה הוֹצָאַת הַמֵּת וְהַכְנָסַת כַּלָּה. וַהֲלֹא דְּבָרִים קַל וָחוֹמֶר: וּמָה דְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּן לַעֲשׂוֹתָן בְּצִנְעָא, אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה ״וְהַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת״, דְּבָרִים שֶׁדַּרְכָּם לַעֲשׂוֹתָם בְּצִנְעָא – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה!
The Gemara elaborates: “To do justly,” this is justice; “to love mercy,” this is an allusion to acts of loving-kindness; “and to walk humbly with your God,” this is an allusion to taking the indigent dead out for burial and accompanying a poor bride to her wedding canopy, both of which are to be performed without fanfare glorifying the doer. The Gemara notes: And are these matters not inferred a fortiori? If, with regard to matters that tend to be conducted in public, e.g., funerals and weddings, the Torah states “walk humbly” when doing them, then in matters that tend to be conducted in private, e.g., charity and Torah study, all the more so should they be conducted in private.
חָזַר יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל שְׁתַּיִם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ שִׁמְרוּ מִשְׁפָּט וַעֲשׂוּ צְדָקָה״. בָּא עָמוֹס וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״כֹּה אָמַר ה׳ לְבֵית יִשְׂרָאֵל דִּרְשׁוּנִי וִחְיוּ״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: אֵימָא דִּרְשׁוּנִי בְּכׇל הַתּוֹרָה! אֶלָּא: בָּא חֲבַקּוּק וְהֶעֱמִידָן עַל אַחַת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וְצַדִּיק בֶּאֱמוּנָתוֹ יִחְיֶה״.
Isaiah then established the 613 mitzvot upon two, as it is stated: “So says the Lord: Observe justice and perform righteousness” (Isaiah 56:1). Amos came and established the 613 mitzvot upon one, as it is stated: “So says the Lord to the house of Israel: Seek Me and live” (Amos 5:4). Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak objects to this: There is no proof that the verse in Amos is establishing all the mitzvot upon one; say that Amos is saying: Seek Me throughout the entire Torah, as the verse does not specify the manner in which one should seek the Lord. Rather, say: Habakkuk came and established the 613 mitzvot upon one, as it is stated: “But the righteous person shall live by his faith” (Habakkuk 2:4).
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר חֲנִינָא: אַרְבַּע גְּזֵירוֹת גָּזַר מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל, בָּאוּ אַרְבָּעָה נְבִיאִים וּבִיטְּלוּם. מֹשֶׁה אָמַר: ״וַיִּשְׁכֹּן יִשְׂרָאֵל בֶּטַח בָּדָד עֵין יַעֲקֹב״, בָּא עָמוֹס וּבִיטְּלָהּ, [שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר]: ״חֲדַל נָא מִי יָקוּם יַעֲקֹב וְגוֹ׳״ וּכְתִיב ״נִחַם ה׳ עַל זֹאת״.
§ Rabbi Yosei bar Ḥanina says: Moses our teacher issued four decrees upon the Jewish people, and four prophets came and revoked them. Moses said: “And Israel dwells in safety, the fountain [ein] of Jacob alone” (Deuteronomy 33:28), indicating that the Jewish people will dwell in safety only when they reach a lofty spiritual level similar to [me’ein] that of Jacob our forefather. Amos came and revoked it, as it is stated: “Lord God, cease, I beseech You; how shall Jacob stand, as he is small” (Amos 7:5), and immediately afterward it states: “The Lord regretted this; it too shall not be, says the Lord God” (Amos 7:6).
מֹשֶׁה אָמַר: ״וּבַגּוֹיִם הָהֵם לֹא תַרְגִּיעַ״, בָּא יִרְמְיָה וְאָמַר: ״הָלוֹךְ לְהַרְגִּיעוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל״.
Moses said: “And among these nations you shall have no repose” (Deuteronomy 28:65). Jeremiah came and revoked it, and said: “Even Israel, when I go to cause him to rest” (Jeremiah 31:1), indicating that the Jewish people will find rest even in exile.
מֹשֶׁה אָמַר: ״פֹּקֵד עֲוֹן אָבוֹת עַל בָּנִים״, בָּא יְחֶזְקֵאל וּבִיטְּלָהּ: ״הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַחֹטֵאת הִיא תָמוּת״.
Moses said: “He visits the transgression of the fathers upon the sons” (Exodus 34:7). Ezekiel came and revoked it: “The soul that sins, it shall die” (Ezekiel 18:4), and not the children of that soul.
מֹשֶׁה אָמַר ״וַאֲבַדְתֶּם בַּגּוֹיִם״, בָּא יְשַׁעְיָהוּ וְאָמַר: ״וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא יִתָּקַע בְּשׁוֹפָר גָּדוֹל״.
Moses said: “And you shall be lost among the nations” (Leviticus 26:38). Isaiah came and revoked it, and said: “And it shall be on that day the great shofar shall be sounded, and those lost in the land of Assyria shall come” (Isaiah 27:13).
אָמַר רַב: מִסְתְּפֵינָא מֵהַאי קְרָא ״וַאֲבַדְתֶּם בַּגּוֹיִם״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב פָּפָּא: דִּלְמָא כַּאֲבֵידָה הַמִּתְבַּקֶּשֶׁת, דִּכְתִיב ״תָּעִיתִי כְּשֶׂה אֹבֵד בַּקֵּשׁ עַבְדֶּךָ״! אֶלָּא מִסֵּיפָא [דִּקְרָא], ״וְאָכְלָה אֶתְכֶם אֶרֶץ אֹיְבֵיכֶם״. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ מָר זוּטְרָא: דִּלְמָא כַּאֲכִילַת קִישּׁוּאִין וְדִילּוּעִין.
Rav says: I am afraid of that verse: “And you shall be lost among the nations.” Rav Pappa objects to this: Perhaps it means that the Jewish people will be like a lost item that is sought by its owner, and God will restore those lost in exile, as it is written: “I have gone astray like a lost lamb; seek Your servant” (Psalms 119:176). Rather, Rav was afraid from that which is written in the latter portion of that verse, where it is written: “And the land of your enemies shall consume you.” Mar Zutra objects to this: Perhaps it means like the consumption of cucumbers and gourds, which are not consumed in their entirety. Some is left over, from which additional plants can grow.
וּכְבָר הָיָה רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְהַלְּכִין בַּדֶּרֶךְ, וְשָׁמְעוּ קוֹל הֲמוֹנָהּ שֶׁל רוֹמִי מִפְּלָטָהּ [בְּרָחוֹק] מֵאָה וְעֶשְׂרִים מִיל, וְהִתְחִילוּ בּוֹכִין, וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְשַׂחֵק. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה מְשַׂחֵק? אָמַר לָהֶם: וְאַתֶּם מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתֶּם בּוֹכִים? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: הַלָּלוּ גּוֹיִם שֶׁמִּשְׁתַּחֲוִים לַעֲצַבִּים וּמְקַטְּרִים לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה יוֹשְׁבִין בֶּטַח וְהַשְׁקֵט, וְאָנוּ, בֵּית הֲדוֹם רַגְלֵי אֱלֹהֵינוּ שָׂרוּף
§ Apropos tribulations of exile and hope for redemption, the Gemara relates: And it once was that Rabban Gamliel, Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, Rabbi Yehoshua, and Rabbi Akiva were walking along the road in the Roman Empire, and they heard the sound of the multitudes of Rome from Puteoli at a distance of one hundred and twenty mil. The city was so large that they were able to hear its tumult from a great distance. And the other Sages began weeping and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said to him: For what reason are you laughing? Rabbi Akiva said to them: And you, for what reason are you weeping? They said to him: These gentiles, who bow to false gods and burn incense to idols, dwell securely and tranquilly in this colossal city, and for us, the House of the footstool of our God, the Temple, is burnt
בָּאֵשׁ, וְלֹא נִבְכֶּה?! אָמַר לָהֶן: לְכָךְ אֲנִי מְצַחֵק, וּמָה לְעוֹבְרֵי רְצוֹנוֹ כָּךְ, לְעוֹשֵׂי רְצוֹנוֹ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.
by fire, and shall we not weep? Rabbi Akiva said to them: That is why I am laughing. If for those who violate His will, the wicked, it is so and they are rewarded for the few good deeds they performed, for those who perform His will, all the more so will they be rewarded.
שׁוּב פַּעַם אַחַת הָיוּ עוֹלִין לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְהַר הַצּוֹפִים קָרְעוּ בִּגְדֵיהֶם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְהַר הַבַּיִת רָאוּ שׁוּעָל שֶׁיָּצָא מִבֵּית קׇדְשֵׁי הַקֳּדָשִׁים, הִתְחִילוּ הֵן בּוֹכִין וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא מְצַחֵק. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתָּה מְצַחֵק? אָמַר לָהֶם: מִפְּנֵי מָה אַתֶּם בּוֹכִים? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מָקוֹם שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ ״וְהַזָּר הַקָּרֵב יוּמָת״, וְעַכְשָׁיו שׁוּעָלִים הִלְּכוּ בּוֹ, וְלֹא נִבְכֶּה?!
The Gemara relates another incident involving those Sages. On another occasion they were ascending to Jerusalem after the destruction of the Temple. When they arrived at Mount Scopus and saw the site of the Temple, they rent their garments in mourning, in keeping with halakhic practice. When they arrived at the Temple Mount, they saw a fox that emerged from the site of the Holy of Holies. They began weeping, and Rabbi Akiva was laughing. They said to him: For what reason are you laughing? Rabbi Akiva said to them: For what reason are you weeping? They said to him: This is the place concerning which it is written: “And the non-priest who approaches shall die” (Numbers 1:51), and now foxes walk in it; and shall we not weep?
אָמַר לָהֶן: לְכָךְ אֲנִי מְצַחֵק, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְאָעִידָה לִּי עֵדִים נֶאֱמָנִים אֵת אוּרִיָּה הַכֹּהֵן וְאֶת זְכַרְיָה בֶּן יְבֶרֶכְיָהוּ״ – וְכִי מָה עִנְיַן אוּרִיָּה אֵצֶל זְכַרְיָה? אוּרִיָּה בְּמִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן, וּזְכַרְיָה בְּמִקְדָּשׁ שֵׁנִי! אֶלָּא: תָּלָה הַכָּתוּב נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה בִּנְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה.
Rabbi Akiva said to them: That is why I am laughing, as it is written, when God revealed the future to the prophet Isaiah: “And I will take to Me faithful witnesses to attest: Uriah the priest, and Zechariah the son of Jeberechiah” (Isaiah 8:2). Now what is the connection between Uriah and Zechariah? He clarifies the difficulty: Uriah prophesied during the First Temple period, and Zechariah prophesied during the Second Temple period, as he was among those who returned to Zion from Babylonia. Rather, the verse established that fulfillment of the prophecy of Zechariah is dependent on fulfillment of the prophecy of Uriah.
בְּאוּרִיָּה כְּתִיב ״לָכֵן בִּגְלַלְכֶם צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵחָרֵשׁ״, בִּזְכַרְיָה כְּתִיב ״עוֹד יֵשְׁבוּ זְקֵנִים וּזְקֵנוֹת בִּרְחֹבוֹת יְרוּשָׁלִָם״. עַד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְקַיְּימָה נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה הָיִיתִי מִתְיָירֵא שֶׁלֹּא תִּתְקַיֵּים נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה, עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁנִּתְקַיְּימָה נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אוּרִיָּה – בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁנְּבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל זְכַרְיָה מִתְקַיֶּימֶת. בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה אָמְרוּ לוֹ: עֲקִיבָא נִיחַמְתָּנוּ, עֲקִיבָא נִיחַמְתָּנוּ.
In the prophecy of Uriah it is written: “Therefore, for your sake Zion shall be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become rubble, and the Temple Mount as the high places of a forest” (Micah 3:12), where foxes are found. There is a rabbinic tradition that this was prophesied by Uriah. In the prophecy of Zechariah it is written: “There shall yet be elderly men and elderly women sitting in the streets of Jerusalem” (Zechariah 8:4). Until the prophecy of Uriah with regard to the destruction of the city was fulfilled I was afraid that the prophecy of Zechariah would not be fulfilled, as the two prophecies are linked. Now that the prophecy of Uriah was fulfilled, it is evident that the prophecy of Zechariah remains valid. The Gemara adds: The Sages said to him, employing this formulation: Akiva, you have comforted us; Akiva, you have comforted us.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ אֵלּוּ הֵן הַלּוֹקִין וּסְלִיקָא לַהּ מַסֶּכֶת מַכּוֹת
