Rosh Hashanah 34
שֶׁאֵין תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי״, וּמָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי״ — שֶׁיְּהוּ כׇּל תְּרוּעוֹת הַחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי זֶה כָּזֶה.
Since there is no need for the verse to state: “Of the seventh month,” as it already states: “On the Day of Atonement,” what is the meaning when the verse states: “Of the seventh month”? This serves to teach that all soundings of the shofar of the seventh month must be similar to one another.
וּמִנַּיִן לְשָׁלֹשׁ שֶׁל שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁלֹשׁ — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ שׁוֹפַר תְּרוּעָה״, ״שַׁבָּתוֹן זִכְרוֹן תְּרוּעָה״, ״יוֹם תְּרוּעָה יִהְיֶה לָכֶם״.
And from where is it derived that there must be three sets of three blasts each? The verse states: “Then you shall make proclamation with the blast of the shofar [shofar terua]”(Leviticus 25:9); and another verse states: “A solemn rest, a memorial of blasts [terua]” (Leviticus 23:24); and a third verse states: “It is a day of sounding [terua] the shofar to you” (Numbers 29:1). Terua is mentioned three times in these verses, and a terua is always preceded and followed by a tekia.
וּמִנַּיִן לִיתֵּן אֶת הָאָמוּר שֶׁל זֶה בָּזֶה וְשֶׁל זֶה בָּזֶה — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״שְׁבִיעִי״ ״שְׁבִיעִי״ לִגְזֵירָה שָׁוָה.
Since one of these verses deals with Yom Kippur of the Jubilee Year, while two of them deal with Rosh HaShana, the Gemara asks: From where is it derived to apply what is said about that verse to this one, and what is said about this verse to that one? With regard to Rosh HaShana, the verse states: “Of the seventh month” (Leviticus 25:9), and with regard to Yom Kippur the verse likewise states: “In the seventh month” (Leviticus 23:24). It is derived by verbal analogy that any shofar blasts sounded on one of these days must also be sounded on the other. Consequently, on each day one must sound three sets of tekia-terua-tekia.
הָא כֵּיצַד? שָׁלֹשׁ שֶׁהֵן תֵּשַׁע. שִׁיעוּר תְּקִיעָה כִּתְרוּעָה, שִׁיעוּר תְּרוּעָה כִּשְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁבָרִים.
How so? How does one actually perform the sounding of the shofar? One sounds three sets of three blasts each, which altogether are nine separate blasts. The length of a tekia is equal to the length of a terua, and the length of a terua is equal to the length of three shevarim.
הַאי תַּנָּא, מֵעִיקָּרָא מַיְיתֵי לַהּ בְּהֶיקֵּישָׁא, וְהַשְׁתָּא מַיְיתֵי לַהּ בִּגְזֵירָה שָׁוָה? הָכִי קָאָמַר: אִי לָאו גְּזֵירָה שָׁוָה, הֲוָה מַיְיתִינָא לַהּ בְּהֶיקֵּישָׁא. הַשְׁתָּא דְּאָתְיָא בִּגְזֵירָה שָׁוָה — הֶיקֵּישָׁא לָא צְרִיךְ.
The Gemara analyzes the baraita. This tanna initially derives his halakha from juxtaposition, based on the phrase: “Of the seventh month,” which teaches that every sounding of the shofar in the seventh month must be alike. And now he derives this halakha that one sounds three tekia–terua–tekia sets by verbal analogy from the recurrence of the term “seventh.” How can the tanna change his method of derivation in the very same baraita? The Gemara explains that this is what the tanna is saying: If there were no verbal analogy, I would have derived this halakha by juxtaposition. Now that it is derived through a verbal analogy, the juxtaposition is not necessary.
וְהַאי תַּנָּא מַיְיתֵי לַהּ בִּגְזֵירָה שָׁוָה מִמִּדְבָּר, דְּתַנְיָא: ״וּתְקַעְתֶּם תְּרוּעָה״ — תְּקִיעָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ וּתְרוּעָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ. אַתָּה אוֹמֵר תְּקִיעָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ וּתְרוּעָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא תְּקִיעָה וּתְרוּעָה אַחַת הִיא — כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וּבְהַקְהִיל אֶת הַקָּהָל תִּתְקְעוּ וְלֹא תָרִיעוּ״, הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: תְּקִיעָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ וּתְרוּעָה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ.
The Gemara comments: And the following tanna derives this halakha by verbal analogy from the sounding of the shofar in the wilderness, as it is taught in a baraita that the verse: “And you shall sound [utekatem] a terua” (Numbers 10:5), indicates that a tekia is its own sound and a terua is its own sound. Do you say that a tekia is its own sound and a terua is its own sound? Or perhaps is it only that a tekia and a terua are one and the same, i.e., the two terms are synonymous? When it says: “But when the assembly is to be gathered together, you shall sound a tekia [titke’u], but you shall not sound a terua [tari’u]” (Numbers 10:7), you must say that a tekia is its own sound and a terua is its own sound.
וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁפְּשׁוּטָה לְפָנֶיהָ — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וּתְקַעְתֶּם תְּרוּעָה״. וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁפְּשׁוּטָה לְאַחֲרֶיהָ — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״תְּרוּעָה יִתְקְעוּ״.
And from where is it derived that a terua is preceded by a straight blast, i.e., a tekia? The verse states: “And you shall sound [utekatem] a terua” (Numbers 10:5), which indicates that one must first sound a tekia and then a terua. And from where is it derived that a terua is followed by a straight blast? The verse states: “A terua you shall sound [titke’u]” (Numbers 10:6), i.e., first a terua and then a tekia.
רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָא אוֹמֵר: אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ, הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וּתְקַעְתֶּם תְּרוּעָה שֵׁנִית״, שֶׁאֵין תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״שֵׁנִית״, וּמָה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״שֵׁנִית״ — זֶה בָּנָה אָב, שֶׁכׇּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״תְּרוּעָה״ — תְּהֵא תְּקִיעָה שְׁנִיָּה לָהּ. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בַּמִּדְבָּר, בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״תְּרוּעָה״ ״תְּרוּעָה״ לִגְזֵירָה שָׁוָה.
Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, says: This derivation is not necessary, as the verse states: “And you shall sound [utekatem] a terua a second time” (Numbers 10:6). As there is no need for the verse to state: “A second time,” since it is clear from the context that this is the second terua, what is the meaning when the verse states: “A second time?” This is a paradigm of the principle that in all places where it is stated terua, a tekia should be second to it. I have derived this halakha only in the wilderness. From where do I derive that the same applies to Rosh HaShana? The verse states “terua” with regard to the wilderness, and the verse states “terua” with regard to Rosh HaShana. This comes to teach by verbal analogy that the halakha of one applies to the other.
וְשָׁלֹשׁ תְּרוּעוֹת נֶאֶמְרוּ בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה: ״שַׁבָּתוֹן זִכְרוֹן תְּרוּעָה״, ״יוֹם תְּרוּעָה״, ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ שׁוֹפַר תְּרוּעָה״, וּשְׁתֵּי תְּקִיעוֹת לְכׇל אַחַת וְאַחַת.
And three teruot are stated with regard to Rosh HaShana: “A solemn rest, a memorial of blasts [terua]” (Leviticus 23:24); “It is a day of sounding the shofar [terua] to you” (Numbers 29:1); “Then you shall make proclamation with the blast of the shofar [terua]” (Leviticus 25:9). And there are two tekiot for each and every one of the teruot, one before and one after.
מָצִינוּ לְמֵדִין: שָׁלֹשׁ תְּרוּעוֹת וְשֵׁשׁ תְּקִיעוֹת נֶאֶמְרוּ בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, שְׁתַּיִם מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וְאַחַת מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. ״שַׁבָּתוֹן זִכְרוֹן תְּרוּעָה״, ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ שׁוֹפַר תְּרוּעָה״ — מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. ״יוֹם תְּרוּעָה יִהְיֶה לָכֶם״ — לְתַלְמוּדוֹ הוּא בָּא.
Consequently, we are found to have learned that three teruot and six tekiot are stated with regard to Rosh HaShana. Two of the teruot are required by the statement of the Torah and one by the statement of the Sages, i.e., based on the verses but not derived directly from them. How so? “A solemn rest, a memorial of blasts [terua]” and “Then you shall make proclamation with the blast of the shofar [terua]”; these apply by Torah law. However, the verse “It is a day of sounding the shofar [terua] to you” comes for its own statement, i.e., for the verbal analogy, which teaches that the halakhot of the wilderness apply to Rosh HaShana as well. Consequently, the third terua is merely alluded to in that verse and its obligation applies by rabbinic law.
רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: אַחַת מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה, וּשְׁתַּיִם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ שׁוֹפַר תְּרוּעָה״ — מִדִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה. ״שַׁבָּתוֹן זִכְרוֹן תְּרוּעָה״, וְ״יוֹם תְּרוּעָה יִהְיֶה לָכֶם״ — לְתַלְמוּדוֹ הוּא בָּא.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: One terua applies by Torah law, and two apply by rabbinic law: “Then you shall make proclamation with the blast of the shofar [terua]” applies by Torah law. However, the verses: “A solemn rest, a memorial of blasts [terua]” and “It is a day of sounding the shofar [terua] to you”; these two phrases come for their own statement.
מַאי לְתַלְמוּדוֹ הוּא בָּא? מִיבְּעֵי: בַּיּוֹם וְלֹא בַּלַּיְלָה.
The Gemara asks: What does Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani mean when he says that the verse: “It is a day of sounding the shofar [terua] to you,” comes for its own statement? What other halakha is derived from this verse? The Gemara explains: It is required to teach that the shofar must be sounded during the day and not at night, as indicated by the phrase: “A day of sounding the shofar.”
וְאִידַּךְ, בַּיּוֹם וְלֹא בַּלַּיְלָה מְנָא לֵיהּ? נָפְקָא לֵיהּ מִ״בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים״.
The Gemara asks: And the other tanna, who does not derive this halakha from this verse, from where does he learn that the shofar must be sounded during the day and not at night? The Gemara answers: He derives it from that which is stated with regard to the Jubilee Year: “On the Day of Atonement” (Leviticus 25:9), which indicates that the shofar must be sounded during the day, not at night.
אִי ״בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים״ יָלֵיף, נִגְמוֹר נָמֵי מִינֵּיהּ לִפְשׁוּטָה לְפָנֶיהָ וּפְשׁוּטָה לְאַחֲרֶיהָ! ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ״ ״תַּעֲבִירוּ״ לָא מַשְׁמַע לְהוּ.
The Gemara asks: If that tanna derives this halakha from the phrase: “On the Day of Atonement,” let us also derive from it that one must sound a straight blast of a tekia before each terua and a straight one after it. Since he derives one halakha from the verses that deal with Yom Kippur of the Jubilee Year, why not derive this halakha from there as well? In that case, he would not need to derive it from the verses that deal with the wilderness. The Gemara answers: The phrases “Then you shall make proclamation [veha’avarta]” (Leviticus 25:9) and “You shall make proclamation [ta’aviru]” from the same verse do not indicate a tekia according to him, as they come to teach a different matter.
אֶלָּא מַאי דָּרְשִׁי בְּהוּ? ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ״ כִּדְרַב מַתְנָא. דְּאָמַר רַב מַתְנָא: ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ״ — דֶּרֶךְ הַעֲבָרָתוֹ, ״תַּעֲבִירוּ״ — דְּקָאָמַר רַחֲמָנָא נְעַבְּרֵיהּ בְּיָד.
The Gemara asks: Rather, what does he learn from those phrases? The Gemara answers: He expounds: “Veha’avarta,” in accordance with the opinion of Rav Mattana, as Rav Mattana said: “Veha’avarta,” which literally means: And you shall carry, indicates that the shofar must be shaped in the same way that the animal carries it on its head while alive, i.e., the natural narrow end must be maintained. One should not widen that side and narrow the naturally wide end. And the word “ta’aviru” teaches that the Merciful One states it so that one should not mistakenly explain as follows: Let us merely carry the shofar by hand throughout the land rather than sounding it.
וְאִידַּךְ? דְּרַב מַתְנָא — מִדְּשַׁנִּי בְּדִיבּוּרֵיהּ.
The Gemara asks: And from where does the other tanna derive these halakhot, as he used this verse to learn that the terua must be preceded by a tekia. The Gemara answers: He derives the halakha of Rav Mattana from the fact that the verse changed its normal language. It employs the term “ta’aviru” instead of titke’u, the more common expression for sounding the shofar.
״תַּעֲבִירוּ״ בְּיָד — לָא מָצֵית אָמְרַתְּ, דְּגָמַר ״עֲבָרָה״ ״עֲבָרָה״ מִמֹּשֶׁה. כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ שׁוֹפַר תְּרוּעָה״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״וַיְצַו מֹשֶׁה וַיַּעֲבִירוּ קוֹל בַּמַּחֲנֶה״, מָה לְהַלָּן בְּקוֹל — אַף כָּאן בְּקוֹל.
As for the concern that one might think the verse means: You shall merely carry the shofar by hand and not sound it, you cannot in any event say that, as that tanna derives by verbal analogy between the root avara used here and the same root avara that is found with regard to Moses. It is written here: “Then you shall make proclamation [veha’avarta] with the blast of the shofar,” and it is written elsewhere: “And Moses commanded, and they caused to be proclaimed [vaya’aviru] throughout the camp” (Exodus 36:6). Just as there, with regard to Moses, they proclaimed with a sound, so too here, the proclamation must be with a sound.
וּלְהַאי תַּנָּא דְּמַיְיתֵי לַהּ מִמִּדְבָּר, אִי מָה לְהַלָּן חֲצוֹצְרוֹת, אַף כָּאן חֲצוֹצְרוֹת?
The Gemara asks: And according to the opinion of this tanna, who derives the halakha that each terua of Rosh HaShana must be preceded by a tekia from the sounding of the shofar in the wilderness at the time of the gathering of the assembly, one can argue as follows: If so, just as there, in the wilderness, there was sounding of trumpets, so too, here, on Rosh HaShana, there must be sounding of trumpets.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״תִּקְעוּ בַחֹדֶשׁ שׁוֹפָר בַּכֵּסֶה לְיוֹם חַגֵּנוּ״, אֵי זֶהוּ חַג שֶׁהַחֹדֶשׁ מִתְכַּסֶּה בּוֹ? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זֶה רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, וְקָאָמַר רַחֲמָנָא: ״שׁוֹפָר״.
Therefore, the verse states: “Sound the shofar at the New Moon, at the full moon [keseh] for our feast day” (Psalms 81:4). Which is the Festival on which the month, i.e., the moon, is covered [mitkaseh]? You must say that this is Rosh HaShana, the only Festival that coincides with the new moon, which cannot be seen. And the Merciful One states: “Sound the shofar at the New Moon,” which indicates that on Rosh HaShana one sounds a shofar and nothing else.
אַתְקֵין רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ בְּקֵסָרִי: תְּקִיעָה, שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁבָרִים, תְּרוּעָה, תְּקִיעָה. מָה נַפְשָׁךְ? אִי יַלּוֹלֵי יַלֵּיל — לֶעְבֵּיד תְּקִיעָה תְּרוּעָה וּתְקִיעָה, וְאִי גַּנּוֹחֵי גַּנַּח — לֶעְבֵּיד תְּקִיעָה שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁבָרִים וּתְקִיעָה!
§ Rabbi Abbahu instituted in Caesarea the following order of sounding of the shofar: First a tekia, a simple uninterrupted sound; next three shevarim, broken sounds; followed by a terua, a series of short blasts; and, finally, another tekia. The Gemara asks: Whichever way you look at it, this is difficult. If, according to the opinion of Rabbi Abbahu, the sound the Torah calls a terua is a whimpering, i.e., short, consecutive sounds, one should perform a tekia–terua–tekia set. And if he holds that a terua is moaning, i.e., longer, broken sounds, he should sound a set as follows: Tekia, followed by three shevarim, and then another tekia. Why include both a terua and a shevarim?
מְסַפְּקָא לֵיהּ אִי גַּנּוֹחֵי גַּנַּח אִי יַלּוֹלֵי יַלֵּיל. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב עַוִּירָא: וְדִלְמָא יַלּוֹלֵי הֲוָה, וְקָא מַפְסֵיק שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁבָרִים בֵּין תְּרוּעָה לִתְקִיעָה! דַּהֲדַר עָבֵיד תְּקִיעָה תְּרוּעָה וּתְקִיעָה. מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רָבִינָא: וְדִלְמָא גַּנּוֹחֵי הֲוָה, וְקָא מַפְסְקָא תְּרוּעָה בֵּין שְׁבָרִים לִתְקִיעָה! דַּהֲדַר עָבֵיד תְּקִיעָה שְׁבָרִים תְּקִיעָה.
The Gemara answers: Rabbi Abbahu was uncertain whether a terua means moaning or whimpering, and he therefore instituted that both types of sound should be included, to ensure that one fulfills his obligation. Rav Avira strongly objects to this: But perhaps a terua is whimpering, and the addition of three shevarim interrupts between the terua and the initial tekia, which disqualifies the entire set. The Gemara answers: That is why one then performs a tekia–terua–tekia set, to account for this possibility. Ravina strongly objects to this: But perhaps a terua is moaning, and the terua interrupts between the shevarim and the final tekia, once again disqualifying the entire set. The Gemara likewise answers: That is why one then performs a tekia–shevarim–tekia set, to cover this possibility as well.
אֶלָּא רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ מַאי אַתְקֵין? אִי גַּנּוֹחֵי גַּנַּח — הָא עַבְדֵיהּ, אִי יַלּוֹלֵי יַלֵּיל — הָא עַבְדֵיהּ! מְסַפְּקָא לֵיהּ דִּלְמָא גַּנַּח וְיַלֵּיל.
The Gemara asks: But if in any case one must perform the two sets of blasts, for what purpose did Rabbi Abbahu institute that one should perform a tekia–shevarim–terua–tekia set? If a terua is moaning, one already did it; if it is whimpering, one already did this, too. The Gemara answers: Rabbi Abbahu was uncertain, and he thought that perhaps a terua consists of moaning followed by whimpering. Consequently, all three sets are necessary.
אִי הָכִי, לֶיעְבַּד נָמֵי אִיפְּכָא: תְּקִיעָה, תְּרוּעָה, שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁבָרִים, וּתְקִיעָה — דִּלְמָא יַלֵּיל וְגַנַּח! סְתָמָא דְמִילְּתָא, כִּי מִתְּרַע בְּאִינִישׁ מִילְּתָא — בְּרֵישָׁא גָּנַח וַהֲדַר יָלֵיל.
The Gemara asks: If so, let one perform the opposite set as well: Tekia, terua, three shevarim, tekia, as perhaps a terua consists of whimpering and then moaning. The Gemara answers: The normal way of things is that when a person experiences a bad event, he first moans and then whimpers, but not the reverse.
תָּקַע בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וּמָשַׁךְ בַּשְּׁנִיָּה כִּשְׁתַּיִם. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: שָׁמַע
§ The mishna taught: If one sounded the first tekia and then extended the second tekia of that series to the length of two tekiot, so that it should count as both the second tekia of the first set and the first tekia of the second set, it is considered as only one tekia, and one must begin the second set with a new tekia. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: If one heard
תֵּשַׁע תְּקִיעוֹת בְּתֵשַׁע שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם — יָצָא.
the requisite nine shofar blasts at nine different times of the day, he has fulfilled his obligation, as the blasts need not be heard in immediate succession.
תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: שָׁמַע תֵּשַׁע תְּקִיעוֹת בְּתֵשַׁע שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם — יָצָא. מִתִּשְׁעָה בְּנֵי אָדָם כְּאֶחָד — לֹא יָצָא. תְּקִיעָה מִזֶּה וּתְרוּעָה מִזֶּה — יָצָא. וַאֲפִילּוּ בְּסֵירוּגִין, וַאֲפִילּוּ כׇּל הַיּוֹם כּוּלּוֹ.
This is also taught in a baraita: If one heard nine shofar blasts at nine different times of the day, he has fulfilled his obligation. If one heard the blasts from nine different people simultaneously, he has not fulfilled his obligation. If one heard a tekia from this one and afterward he heard a terua from this other one, he has fulfilled his obligation, as one does not have to hear all the blasts from the same individual. And this is true even if one heard the blasts from the different individuals at intervals, and even if it took the course of the entire day.
וּמִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יְהוֹצָדָק: בְּהַלֵּל וּבִמְגִילָּה, אִם שָׁהָה כְּדֵי לִגְמוֹר אֶת כּוּלָּהּ — חוֹזֵר לָרֹאשׁ! לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא דִידֵיהּ, הָא דְרַבֵּיהּ.
The Gemara asks: And did Rabbi Yoḥanan actually say this? Didn’t Rabbi Yoḥanan say in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak: During the reading of hallel or the Megilla of Esther, if one paused long enough to complete all of it, he must return to the beginning, as it must be read in one session? Why is the halakha different in the case of the shofar? The Gemara answers: This is not difficult, as this ruling with regard to the shofar is his own opinion, and that case of hallel and the Megilla is his teacher’s opinion. It is Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak who holds that one may not pause in the middle of sounding the shofar.
וְדִידֵיהּ לָא? וְהָא רַבִּי אֲבָהוּ הֲוָה שָׁקֵיל וְאָזֵיל בָּתְרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וַהֲוָה קָרֵי קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע, כִּי מְטָא לִמְבוֹאוֹת מְטוּנָּפוֹת, אִישְׁתִּיק, בָּתַר דַּחֲלֵיף אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַהוּ לִגְמוֹר? אָמַר לוֹ: אִם שָׁהִיתָ כְּדֵי לִגְמוֹר אֶת כּוּלָּהּ — חֲזוֹר לָרֹאשׁ.
The Gemara asks: And is this not also his own opinion as well? Wasn’t Rabbi Abbahu once walking after Rabbi Yoḥanan, and Rabbi Abbahu was reciting Shema as he walked? When he reached alleyways that were filthy with human excrement, where it is prohibited to utter words of Torah, he fell silent and stopped reciting Shema. After he passed through, Rabbi Abbahu said to Rabbi Yoḥanan: What is the halakha with regard to completing Shema from where I left off? Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: If you remained in the alleyway for an interval sufficient to complete the entire Shema, return to the beginning and start again. This shows that Rabbi Yoḥanan himself holds that if one takes an extended break, he must start again from the beginning.
הָכִי קָאָמַר לֵיהּ: לְדִידִי — לָא סְבִירָא לִי, לְדִידָךְ, דִּסְבִירָא לָךְ: אִם שָׁהִיתָ כְּדֵי לִגְמוֹר אֶת כּוּלָּהּ — חֲזוֹר לָרֹאשׁ.
The Gemara answers: This is no proof, as it is possible that this is what Rabbi Yoḥanan said: I myself do not hold that one must start again after a long pause; however, according to you, as you hold that a delay is a problem, the halakha is that if you paused for an interval sufficient to complete the entire Shema, you must return to the beginning.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: תְּקִיעוֹת — אֵין מְעַכְּבוֹת זוֹ אֶת זוֹ. בְּרָכוֹת — אֵין מְעַכְּבוֹת זוֹ אֶת זוֹ. תְּקִיעוֹת וּבְרָכוֹת שֶׁל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה וְשֶׁל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים — מְעַכְּבוֹת.
§ The Sages taught in a baraita: The various trumpet blasts on a fast day do not invalidate one another, i.e., if one was omitted, this does not invalidate the other blasts. Similarly, the additional blessings that are inserted into the Amida prayer on a fast day do not invalidate one another. However, the shofar blasts and additional blessings of Rosh HaShana and of Yom Kippur do invalidate one another.
מַאי טַעְמָא? אָמַר רַבָּה: אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אִמְרוּ לְפָנַי בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה מַלְכִיּוֹת זִכְרוֹנוֹת וְשׁוֹפָרוֹת, מַלְכִיּוֹת — כְּדֵי שֶׁתַּמְלִיכוּנִי עֲלֵיכֶם, זִכְרוֹנוֹת — כְּדֵי שֶׁיָּבֹא לְפָנַי זִכְרוֹנֵיכֶם לְטוֹבָה, וּבַמֶּה — בְּשׁוֹפָר.
The Gemara asks: What is the reason that all the blasts and blessings are indispensable on Rosh HaShana? Rabba said that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said: Recite before Me on Rosh HaShana Kingship, Remembrances, and Shofarot. Kingship, so that you will crown Me as King over you; Remembrances, so that your remembrance will rise before Me for good. And with what? With the shofar. Since these blessings constitute a single unit, one who did not recite them all has not fulfilled his obligation.
מִי שֶׁבֵּירַךְ וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִתְמַנָּה לוֹ שׁוֹפָר — תּוֹקֵעַ וּמֵרִיעַ וְתוֹקֵעַ. טַעְמָא דְּלָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ שׁוֹפָר מֵעִיקָּרָא, הָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ שׁוֹפָר מֵעִיקָּרָא, כִּי שָׁמַע לְהוּ — אַסֵּדֶר בְּרָכוֹת שָׁמַע לְהוּ.
§ The mishna taught: In the case of one who recited the blessings of the additional prayer and only afterward a shofar became available to him, he sounds a tekia, sounds a terua and sounds a tekia; this is a set that he repeats three times. The Gemara explains: The reason that he may do this is that he did not have a shofar at the outset. This indicates that if he had a shofar at the outset, when he hears the blasts he must hear them by the order of the blessings, i.e., one set must be sounded after each special blessing.
רַב פָּפָּא בַּר שְׁמוּאֵל קָם לְצַלּוֹיֵי, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְשַׁמָּעֵיהּ: כִּי נָהַירְנָא לָךְ תְּקַע לִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא: לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא בְּחֶבֶר עִיר.
The Gemara relates: Rav Pappa bar Shmuel once rose to pray on Rosh HaShana. He said to his attendant: When I signal to you that I have finished each of the blessings, sound the shofar for me. Rava said to him: They said that the shofar must be sounded after each blessing only where there is a quorum of ten [ḥever ir], not when it is sounded for an individual.
תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: כְּשֶׁהוּא שׁוֹמְעָן — שׁוֹמְעָן עַל הַסֵּדֶר, וְעַל סֵדֶר בְּרָכוֹת. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים — בְּחֶבֶר עִיר, אֲבָל שֶׁלֹּא בְּחֶבֶר עִיר — שׁוֹמְעָן עַל הַסֵּדֶר וְשֶׁלֹּא עַל סֵדֶר בְּרָכוֹת. וְיָחִיד שֶׁלֹּא תָּקַע — חֲבֵירוֹ תּוֹקֵעַ לוֹ, וְיָחִיד שֶׁלֹּא בֵּירַךְ — אֵין חֲבֵירוֹ מְבָרֵךְ עָלָיו.
This is also taught in a baraita: When one hears the shofar blasts, he must hear them in order, i.e., a tekia–terua–tekia set, and upon the order of the blessings. In what case is this statement said? Where there is a quorum of ten [ḥever ir]. However, where there is not a ḥever ir, one must hear them in order, but he need not hear them upon the order of the blessings. And in the case of an individual who has not sounded the shofar, another may sound it for him. But with regard to an individual who has not recited the blessings, another may not recite the blessings for him.
וּמִצְוָה בְּתוֹקְעִין יוֹתֵר מִן הַמְבָרְכִין. כֵּיצַד? שְׁתֵּי עֲיָירוֹת, בְּאַחַת תּוֹקְעִין, וּבְאַחַת מְבָרְכִין — הוֹלְכִין לִמְקוֹם שֶׁתּוֹקְעִין, וְאֵין הוֹלְכִין לִמְקוֹם שֶׁמְּבָרְכִין.
And if one has to choose between hearing the shofar and reciting the blessings, the mitzva to be among those who sound the shofar is more important than the mitzva to be among those who recite the blessings. How so? If there are two towns, in one there are those who know how to sound the shofar, and in the other there are individuals who know how to recite the blessings, one should go to the place where they sound the shofar, and one does not go to the place where they know how to recite the blessings.
פְּשִׁיטָא — הָא דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא, הָא דְּרַבָּנַן! לָא צְרִיכָא, דְּאַף עַל גַּב דְּהָא וַדַּאי וְהָא סָפֵק.
The Gemara asks: This halakha is obvious. Sounding the shofar is a mitzva by Torah law, whereas the additional prayer applies by rabbinic law. A mitzva that applies by Torah law is clearly more important. The Gemara answers: No; this seemingly superfluous ruling is necessary to teach that although in this town it is certain that the additional prayer will be recited and in this other town it is uncertain whether or not the shofar will be sounded, one should still go to the place where they know how to sound the shofar rather than the location where they know how to recite the blessings.
כְּשֵׁם שֶׁשְּׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר חַיָּיב, כָּךְ כׇּל יָחִיד וְיָחִיד וְכוּ׳. תַּנְיָא, אָמְרוּ לוֹ לְרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל: לִדְבָרֶיךָ, לָמָּה צִבּוּר מִתְפַּלְּלִין! אָמַר לָהֶם: כְּדֵי לְהַסְדִּיר שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר תְּפִלָּתוֹ,
§ The mishna states: Just as the prayer leader is obligated in the prayers of Rosh HaShana, so too, every individual is obligated in these prayers. Rabban Gamliel says: The prayer leader fulfills the obligation on behalf of the many. It is taught in a baraita that the Rabbis said to Rabban Gamliel: According to your statement, why does the congregation recite the silent Amida prayer beforehand? He said to them: In order that the prayer leader should have time to prepare and arrange his prayer.
אָמַר לָהֶם רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל: לְדִבְרֵיכֶם, לָמָּה שְׁלִיחַ צִבּוּר יוֹרֵד לִפְנֵי הַתֵּיבָה? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּקִי. אָמַר לָהֶם: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמּוֹצִיא אֶת שֶׁאֵינוֹ בָּקִי, כָּךְ מוֹצִיא אֶת הַבָּקִי.
Rabban Gamliel said to the Rabbis: According to your statement, that the prayer leader does not fulfill the obligation on behalf of the many, why does the prayer leader descend before the ark and recite the Amida prayer? They said to him: He does so to fulfill the obligation of one who is not an expert in prayer. Rabban Gamliel said to them: Just as he can fulfill the obligation of one who is not an expert in prayer, so too, he can fulfill the obligation of the expert.
אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מוֹדִים חֲכָמִים לְרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל. וְרַב אֲמַר: עֲדַיִין הִיא מַחְלוֹקֶת. שַׁמְעַהּ רַבִּי חִיָּיא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבָּה בַּר נַחְמָנִי, אֲזַל, אַמְרַהּ לִשְׁמַעְתָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב דִּימִי בַּר חִינָּנָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ, הָכִי אָמַר רַב: עֲדַיִין הִיא מַחְלוֹקֶת. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה נָמֵי הָכִי קָאָמַר. כִּי אֲמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לְהָא שְׁמַעְתָּא, אִפְּלִיג עֲלֵיהּ רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ וַאֲמַר: עֲדַיִין הִיא מַחְלוֹקֶת.
With regard to this baraita, Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Ultimately, the Rabbis concede to the opinion of Rabban Gamliel. But Rav said: It is still a dispute that remains unresolved. The Gemara relates that Rabbi Ḥiyya, son of Rabba bar Naḥmani, heard this and went and stated this halakha before Rav Dimi bar Ḥinnana. He said to him that this is what Rav said: It is still a dispute. Rav Dimi bar Ḥinnana said to him: This is what Rabba bar bar Ḥana also said: When Rabbi Yoḥanan said this halakha, that the Rabbis concede to the opinion of Rabban Gamliel, Reish Lakish disagreed with him and said: It is still a dispute.
וּמִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן הָכִי? וְהָאָמַר רַבִּי חָנָה צִיפּוֹרָאָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: הִלְכְתָא כְּרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, הִלְכְתָא מִכְּלָל דִּפְלִיגִי!
The Gemara asks: And did Rabbi Yoḥanan actually say this? Didn’t Rabbi Ḥana from the city of Tzippori say that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Gamliel? From the fact that he said: The halakha, one can conclude by inference that the Rabbis still disagree. The very fact that he issued a ruling in favor of Rabban Gamliel shows that Rabbi Yoḥanan maintains that the Sages do not accept this opinion.
