Other issues regarding the details of a patzua daka and crut shufcha are discussed, such as, if there is a perforation that scabs and heals, how can we determine that it is fully healed? What can be done to help it to heal? Rabba son of Rav Huna and his father Rav Huna each rule on a different topic – one forbids a man from marrying if he urinates and it comes out from two different openings. The other forbids a woman to marry a kohen if she engages in sexual activity with another female. Rava rules against both of these rulings. A patzua daka and crut shufcha are permitted to marry a convert and a freed maidservant. Rav Sheshet was asked if a kohen who is a patzua daka is permitted to marry a convert or freed maidservant? He permitted it by learning it from a patzua daka yisrael who is permitted to marry a netina, which would only be permitted if the patzua daka is no longer considered “sanctified.” Rava questioned this as he held that since one cannot marry a gentile as we are considered they will turn your child away from Judaism, netinim, who converted, are only forbidden by the rabbis and therefore a patzua daka who can have children was included in the rabbinic prohibition, but not a patzua daka who cannot have children. However, Rava himself rejects this and says that when the Torah said “You cannot marry them,” it would have to be a situation where a marriage would be valid and therefore the verse itself must be referring to converts from the seven nations, which would include the netinim. Therefore it is forbidden on a Torah level and the reason it is permitted is as Rav Sheshet said because a patzua daka is no longer sanctified. Is there so that the language of marriage would not be used in a case where the marriage was invalid (i.e. if the woman was a gentile)? What about the daughter of Pharoah who married King Solomon? Perhaps she converted? Perhaps the verse doesn’t mean that they actually married? One last attempt to show that a patzua daka kohen cannot marry a netina is derived from our Mishna, but it is an inconclusive derivation. A male convert from Amon and Moav is forbidden but a female is permitted. Can one learn from here that a female Egyptian or Edomite convert would be permitted as well? A story is told based on the verses in Shmuel 1 Chapter 17 when David fights against Goliath and King Saul asks who is David, which relates to the issue of whether one can marry a female convert from Amon and Moav.
This week’s learning is sponsored by Audrey Mondrow in memory of Irving “Poppy” Mauskopf, Yechezkel ben Rachel and Avraham. “A man that exemplified complete emuna. He greeted everyone with a smile. We were all very privileged to have him in our lives. May his neshama have an aliya.”
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This week’s learning is sponsored by Audrey Mondrow in memory of Irving “Poppy” Mauskopf, Yechezkel ben Rachel and Avraham. “A man that exemplified complete emuna. He greeted everyone with a smile. We were all very privileged to have him in our lives. May his neshama have an aliya.”
Yevamot 76
מִמּוּלָאֵי, אָמְרִיתוּ מִילֵּי מוּלְיָתָא? בִּמְקוֹמָהּ — מְבַשְּׁלָה, שֶׁלֹּא בִּמְקוֹמָהּ — לָא מְבַשְּׁלָה.
from truncated [mimula’ei] people, as Rav Beivai’s family traced their lineage to the house of Eli, all of whose descendants were destined to be short-lived (see I Samuel 2:31), you speak truncated [mulayata] and unsound matters. When the semen passes through its proper place, it fertilizes; but if it does not pass through its proper place, it does not fertilize. Since he cannot father children, he is like one whose testicles have been crushed, and therefore he may not enter into the congregation.
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: נִיקַּב וְנִסְתַּם, כֹּל שֶׁאִילּוּ נִקְרֵי וְנִקְרָע — פְּסוּל. וְאִי לָאו — כָּשֵׁר. הָוֵי בֵּהּ רָבָא: הֵיכָא? אִילֵּימָא לְמַטָּה מֵעֲטָרָה — אֲפִילּוּ נִכְרַת נָמֵי, אֶלָּא בַּעֲטָרָה עַצְמָהּ. אִיתְּמַר נָמֵי, אָמַר רַב מָרִי בַּר מָר אָמַר מָר עוּקְבָא אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: נִיקַּב בַּעֲטָרָה עַצְמָהּ וְנִסְתַּם, כֹּל שֶׁאִילּוּ נִקְרֵי וְנִקְרָע פָּסוּל, וְאִי לָאו — כָּשֵׁר.
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: If a man’s member had been punctured and it later healed and the hole closed up with flesh, in any case where, if he would emit semen, it would tear open again, he is unfit to enter into the congregation; but if not, he is fit. Rava discussed this ruling and raised a question: Where is this perforation? If we say it is below the corona, at the end of the man’s member, why should this perforation render him unfit? Even if the member was entirely severed, he would also be fit. Rather, the hole is in the corona itself, that is, at the point where the corona meets the rest of the member. It was also stated explicitly that this is the case, as Rav Mari bar Mar said that Mar Ukva said that Shmuel said: If a man’s member had been punctured in the corona itself, and it later healed and the hole closed up with flesh, in any case where if he would emit semen it would tear open again, he is unfit; but if not, he is fit.
שְׁלַח לֵיהּ רָבָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבָּה לְרַב יוֹסֵף: יְלַמְּדֵנוּ רַבֵּינוּ, הֵיכִי עָבְדִינַן? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַיְיתִינַן נַהֲמָא חַמִּימָא דִּשְׂעָרֵי, וּמַנְּחִינַן לֵיהּ אַבֵּי פוֹקְרֵי, וּמִקְּרֵי, וְחָזֵינַן לֵיהּ.
With regard to this issue, Rava, son of Rabba, sent the following question to Rav Yosef: Let our teacher teach us, what should we do to verify whether or not the perforation was adequately closed? Rav Yosef said to him: We bring warm barley bread and place it upon his anus [bei pukrei], and owing to the heat he emits semen, and we observe what happens and see whether or not the perforation remains closed.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אַטּוּ כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ הֲוַאי, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ ״כֹּחִי וְרֵאשִׁית אוֹנִי״, שֶׁלֹּא רָאָה קֶרִי מִיָּמָיו!
Abaye said: Is that to say that everyone is like our Patriarch Jacob, with regard to whom it is written: “Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the first fruits of my strength” (Genesis 49:3), implying that Jacob never experienced an emission of semen in all his days, so that his eldest son Reuben was conceived from his first drop of seed, i.e., “the first fruits of my strength.” The implication is that there is certainly no need for such measures in order to bring a man to ejaculate.
אֶלָּא, אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: מְעַבְּרִינַן קַמֵּיהּ בִּגְדֵי צִבְעוֹנִין. אָמַר רָבָא: אַטּוּ כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא בַּרְזִילַּי הַגִּלְעָדִי הוּא?! אֶלָּא מְחַוַּורְתָּא כִּדְשַׁנִּין מֵעִיקָּרָא.
Rather, Abaye said that a different method is used: We pass before him colorful garments of a woman, and thereby bring him to arousal, so that he will experience an emission. Rava said: Is that to say that everyone is like Barzilai the Gileadite, traditionally known for his licentious character? Not all men are brought to excitement when they merely see such clothes. Rather, the Gemara rejects this proposal and states that it is clear as we initially answered, that we follow the former procedure even though not all men require it.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: נִיקַּב — פָּסוּל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא שׁוֹתֵת. נִסְתַּם — כָּשֵׁר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מוֹלִיד. וְזֶהוּ פְּסוּל שֶׁחוֹזֵר לְהֶכְשֵׁירוֹ. ״זֶהוּ״ לְמַעוֹטֵי מַאי? לְמַעוֹטֵי קְרוּם שֶׁעָלָה מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה בָּרֵיאָה, דְּאֵינוֹ קְרוּם.
The Sages taught in a baraita: If a man’s member was punctured, he is unfit to enter into the congregation of Israel because his semen is discharged gently and does not fertilize; if the perforation later closed up with flesh, he is fit, because now he can father children. And this is an instance of one who is unfit who returns to his previous state of fitness. The Gemara asks: What does the word this come to exclude? The Gemara explains that it comes to exclude a case involving an entirely different matter, that of a membrane that formed on the lung of an animal in the wake of a wound, which is not considered a proper membrane, as it is likely to rupture. If a puncture in the lung became covered with such a membrane the animal does not regain its former kosher status.
שְׁלַח לֵיהּ רַב אִידִי בַּר אָבִין לְאַבָּיֵי: הֵיכִי עָבְדִינַן? מַיְיתִינַן שְׂעָרְתָּא וּמְסָרְטִינַן לֵיהּ, וּמַיְיתִינַן תַּרְבָּא וְשָׁיְיפִינַן, וּמַיְיתִינַן שׁוּמְשָׁנָא גַּמְלָא וּמְנַכְּתִינַן לֵיהּ, וּפָסְקִינַן לֵיהּ לְרֵישֵׁיהּ. וְדַוְקָא שְׂעָרְתָּא, אֲבָל פַּרְזְלָא — מִזְרָף זָרֵיף. וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי קָטָן, אֲבָל גָּדוֹל — אִיקַּפּוֹלֵי מִיקַּפַּל.
With regard to this issue, Rav Idi bar Avin sent the following question to Abaye: What should we do to expedite the healing of such a perforation? Abaye answered: We bring a sharp-edged grain of barley and lacerate the area around the hole with it. We then bring fat and rub it on the spot, and afterward we bring a large ant [shumshena] and let it bite inside the hole. This leads to bleeding and the formation of a scab, which eventually heals as new flesh grows there. We also cut off the ant’s head so that it should remain in place until the wound is fully healed. The Gemara comments: And this procedure must be done specifically with a grain of barley, but an iron tool would cause inflammation [zareif]. The Gemara adds: And this applies only to a small perforation, but a large one will eventually peel off and reopen.
אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא: הַמֵּטִיל מַיִם מִשְּׁתֵּי מְקוֹמוֹת, פָּסוּל. אָמַר רָבָא: לֵית הִלְכְתָא לָא כִּבְרָא וְלָא כְּאַבָּא, בְּרָא — הָא דַּאֲמַרַן. אַבָּא — דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא: נָשִׁים הַמְסוֹלְלוֹת זוֹ בָּזוֹ, פְּסוּלוֹת לַכְּהוּנָּה.
Rabba bar Rav Huna said: One who passes water from two places, so that he appears to have a hole or some other blemish in his member, is unfit to enter into the congregation of Israel, as is a man with crushed testicles. Rava said: With regard to these matters, the halakha is in accordance neither with the opinion of the son nor with that of the father. The son, this refers to that opinion of Rabba bar Rav Huna, which we just stated. As for the ruling of the father, this is referring to that which Rav Huna said: Women who rub against one another motivated by sexual desire are unfit to marry into the priesthood, as such conduct renders a woman a zona, whom a priest is prohibited from marrying. It was about this that Rava said that the halakha is not in accordance with Rav Huna’s opinion.
וַאֲפִילּוּ לְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, דְּאָמַר: פָּנוּי הַבָּא עַל הַפְּנוּיָה שֶׁלֹּא לְשֵׁם אִישׁוּת עֲשָׂאָהּ זוֹנָה — הָנֵי מִילֵּי אִישׁ, אֲבָל אִשָּׁה פְּרִיצוּתָא בְּעָלְמָא.
And even according to the opinion of Rabbi Elazar, who said that an unmarried man who has intercourse with an unmarried woman not for the sake of marriage renders her a zona, a woman who has had sexual relations with a man forbidden to her by the Torah, this applies only to intercourse with a man, but lewd behavior with another woman is mere licentiousness that does not render her a zona, and therefore she is still permitted to marry into the priesthood.
מַתְנִי׳ פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה מוּתָּרִין בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת, וְאֵינָן אֲסוּרִין אֶלָּא מִלָּבֹא בַּקָּהָל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לֹא יָבֹא פְצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה בִּקְהַל ה׳״.
MISHNA: A man with crushed testicles or with other wounds to his genitals and one whose penis has been severed are permitted to marry a female convert or an emancipated maidservant, and they are prohibited only from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, as it is stated: “A man wounded with crushed testicles or a severed penis shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:2).
גְּמָ׳ בְּעוֹ מִינֵּיהּ מֵרַב שֵׁשֶׁת: פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא כֹּהֵן מַהוּ, בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת? בִּקְדוּשְׁתֵּיהּ קָאֵי וַאֲסִיר, אוֹ דִלְמָא לָאו בִּקְדוּשְׁתֵּיהּ קָאֵי וּשְׁרֵי?
GEMARA: They raised a dilemma before Rav Sheshet: What is the halakha governing a priest with crushed testicles with respect to a female convert or an emancipated maidservant? The Gemara clarifies the two sides of this dilemma: Does he retain his state of sanctity like any other priest and is therefore prohibited from marrying either one of these women, or perhaps he does not retain his state of sanctity and therefore is permitted to marry a convert, like an ordinary Israelite with crushed testicles?
אֲמַר לְהוּ רַב שֵׁשֶׁת, תְּנֵיתוּהָ: פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל — מוּתָּר בִּנְתִינָה. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ בִּקְדוּשְׁתֵּיהּ קָאֵי, אִקְרִי כָּאן ״לֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם״.
Rav Sheshet said to them: You already learned the answer to this question in the following baraita: It is permitted for an ordinary Israelite with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite woman. Now, if it enters your mind that he retains his sanctity as a Jew, one should apply here the prohibition stated with regard to Canaanites: “You shall not marry them” (Deuteronomy 7:3). Apparently, then, one whose testicles have been crushed loses his former sanctity, and the same should apply to a priest.
אָמַר רָבָא: אַטּוּ הָתָם מִשּׁוּם קְדוּשָּׁה וְלָאו קְדוּשָּׁה הוּא? דִּלְמָא מוֹלֵיד בֵּן, וְאָזֵיל פָּלַח לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי — בְּגוֹיוּתָן, כִּי מִגַּיְירִי (בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל) [מִישְׁרָא] שְׁרוּ, וְרַבָּנַן הוּא דִּגְזַרוּ בְּהוּ. וְכִי גְּזַרוּ בְּהוּ רַבָּנַן — בְּהָנָךְ דִּבְנֵי אוֹלוֹדֵי, אֲבָל הַאי דְּלָאו בַּר אוֹלוֹדֵי — לָא גְּזַרוּ בֵּיהּ רַבָּנַן.
Rava said: This is no proof, as is that to say that the prohibition there against marrying Canaanites is due to sanctity or lack of sanctity? Rather, the reason for the prohibition is that perhaps one will father a child from his Canaanite wife and that child will later go off and engage in idolatrous worship. Now, this concern applies only when they are still gentiles, but when they convert, as did the Gibeonites, they are permitted to Jews. And it is the Sages who decreed that Gibeonites are forbidden like mamzerim even after their conversion. And when the Sages decreed that one may not marry them, the decree was limited to those who are capable of having children, but with regard to this one, a man with crushed testicles who is incapable of having children, the Sages did not issue a decree.
אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה, מַמְזֵר, דְּבַר אוֹלוֹדֵי, הָכִי נָמֵי דַּאֲסִיר? וְהָא תְּנַן: מַמְזֵרִים וּנְתִינִים מוּתָּרִים לָבֹא זֶה בָּזֶה! אֶלָּא: כִּי גְּזוּר רַבָּנַן — בִּכְשֵׁרִים. בִּפְסוּלִים לָא גְּזוּר רַבָּנַן.
The Gemara raises an objection against Rava: However, if that is so, then with regard to a mamzer, who is capable of having children, so too one would say that he is prohibited from marrying a Gibeonite. But didn’t we learn otherwise in a mishna (Kiddushin 69a): Mamzerim and Gibeonites are permitted to marry one another. Rather, retract this explanation and replace it with the following: When the Sages decreed that one may not marry a Gibeonite, they limited their decree to those who are fit, so as to prevent them from mingling with Gibeonites; but with regard to those who are unfit to enter into the congregation, the Sages did not issue a decree.
הֲדַר אָמַר רָבָא: לָאו מִילְּתָא הִיא, בְּגוֹיוּתָן — לֵית לְהוּ חַתְנוּת, נִתְגַּיְּירוּ — אִית לְהוּ חַתְנוּת.
Rava then reconsidered and said that what he had previously argued, that the prohibition against marrying them applies only when they are gentiles, is not correct. The prohibition cannot be referring to gentiles, as when they are gentiles there can be no valid marriage with them at all. It is only after they have converted that there can be valid marriage with them, and therefore the prohibition against entering into marriage with them applies. Nevertheless, it is permitted for a man with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite woman.
מֵתִיב רַב יוֹסֵף: ״וַיִּתְחַתֵּן שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת בַּת פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם״! גַּיּיוֹרֵי גַּיְּירַהּ. וְהָא לֹא קִבְּלוּ גֵּרִים לֹא בִּימֵי דָוִד וְלֹא בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה! מִידֵּי הוּא טַעְמָא — אֶלָּא לְשׁוּלְחַן מְלָכִים,
Rav Yosef raised an objection from the verse that states: “And Solomon married the daughter of Pharaoh, king of Egypt” (I Kings 3:1), which indicates that there can, in fact, be valid marriage even with gentiles. The Gemara answers: Before Solomon took Pharaoh’s daughter as his wife, he converted her. The Gemara asks: But isn’t it so that they did not accept converts, neither in the days of David nor in the days of Solomon? The Gemara answers: But isn’t the reason that they did not accept converts during those periods only due to concern that the converts were not acting for the sake of Heaven but in fact desired the power of the table of kings, David and Solomon?
הָא לָא צְרִיכָא לֵיהּ.
But this one, Pharaoh’s daughter, did not require such things, as she herself was the daughter of royalty, and therefore there would have been no reason to doubt the sincerity of her conversion.
[וְתִיפּוֹק לֵיהּ] דְּהָא מִצְרִית רִאשׁוֹנָה הִיא! וְכִי תֵּימָא: הָנָךְ אָזְלִי לְעָלְמָא וְהָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נִינְהוּ,
The Gemara asks: But let him derive that Pharaoh’s daughter was forbidden to Solomon for a different reason, as she was a first-generation Egyptian convert. Even if she converted, she would still have been an Egyptian convert of the first generation, and as such neither she nor her children would have been permitted to marry a Jew by birth (Deuteronomy 23:8–9). And if you would say that those whom the Torah rendered forbidden have already left Egypt and are now living elsewhere in the world, and those currently living in Egypt are others, there is a difficulty.
וְהָא תַּנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה: מִנְיָמִין גֵּר מִצְרִי הָיָה לִי חָבֵר מִתַּלְמִידֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, אָמַר: אֲנִי מִצְרִי רִאשׁוֹן, וְנָשָׂאתִי מִצְרִית רִאשׁוֹנָה. אַשִּׂיא לִבְנִי מִצְרִית שְׁנִיָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא בֶּן בְּנִי רָאוּי לָבֹא בַּקָּהָל!
As, isn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda said: Minyamin, an Egyptian convert, was a friend of mine from among the students of Rabbi Akiva, and he said: After I converted I was a first-generation Egyptian convert, and so I married another first-generation Egyptian convert. I will marry off my son, who is a second-generation Egyptian convert, to another second-generation Egyptian convert, so that my grandson will be fit to enter into the congregation. This indicates that first- and second-generation converts of Egyptian extraction were prohibited from entering into the congregation even during the period of the Mishna.
אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: אֲנַן מִשְּׁלֹמֹה לֵיקוּ וְנֹתֵיב? שְׁלֹמֹה לָא נְסֵיב מִידֵּי, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ: ״מִן הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר ה׳ אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא תָבוֹאוּ בָּהֶם וְהֵם לֹא יָבוֹאוּ בָכֶם אָכֵן יַטּוּ אֶת לְבַבְכֶם אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶם, בָּהֶם דָּבַק שְׁלֹמֹה לְאַהֲבָה״. אֶלָּא קַשְׁיָא ״וַיִּתְחַתֵּן״!
Rav Pappa said: Shall we stand up and raise an objection from Solomon? Solomon did not marry anyone, as it is written in his regard: “Of the nations concerning which the Lord said to the children of Israel, You shall not go among them, neither shall they come among you; for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods; Solomon cleaved to these in love” (I Kings 11:2). Solomon cleaved to these women in love, but was not legally married to them. As Solomon had other forbidden wives, the case of Pharaoh’s daughter presents no special difficulty. In fact, none of these marriages were valid at all. But the phrase “and Solomon married” (I Kings 3:1) that appears in connection with Pharaoh’s daughter is difficult, as it indicates that this marriage was in fact valid.
מִתּוֹךְ אַהֲבָה יְתֵירָה שֶׁאֲהֵבָהּ, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִילּוּ נִתְחַתֵּן בָּהּ.
The Gemara answers: Due to the extraordinary love that he had for her, the verse relates to him as if he had married her through a legally valid marriage, even though this was not the case.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרַב אָשֵׁי, וְהָא אֲנַן תְּנַן: פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה מוּתָּרִים בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת. הָא בִּנְתִינָה — אֲסִירִי!
Ravina said to Rav Ashi: But didn’t we learn in the mishna that a man with crushed testicles and one whose penis has been severed are permitted to marry a female convert and an emancipated maidservant? That indicates that it is only these women whom they are permitted to marry, but they are prohibited from marrying a Gibeonite woman. This appears to contradict the baraita that permits a man with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְלִיטַעְמָיךְ, אֵימָא סֵיפָא: וְאֵינָן אֲסוּרִין אֶלָּא מִלָּבֹא בַּקָּהָל. הָא בִּנְתִינָה שָׁרוּ! אֶלָּא מֵהָא לֵיכָּא לְמִשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.
Rav Ashi said to Ravina: And according to your line of reasoning, say the latter clause of the mishna as follows: And they are prohibited only from entering into the congregation, and infer just the opposite, that it is only a woman who was born Jewish whom they are prohibited from marrying, but they are permitted to marry a Gibeonite woman, as she is not part of the congregation of the Lord. Rather, no inference is to be learned from this mishna, as the possible inferences are contradictory, and one must therefore rely on the halakha that was expressly taught.
מַתְנִי׳ עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי — אֲסוּרִים, וְאִיסּוּרָן אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם. אֲבָל נְקֵבוֹתֵיהֶם — מוּתָּרוֹת מִיָּד.
MISHNA: Ammonite and Moabite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, and their prohibition is eternal, for all generations. However, their female counterparts, even the convert herself, are permitted immediately.
מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי אֵינָם אֲסוּרִים אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשָׁה דּוֹרוֹת, אֶחָד זְכָרִים וְאֶחָד נְקֵבוֹת. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, קַל וָחוֹמֶר הַדְּבָרִים: וּמָה אִם בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאָסַר אֶת הַזְּכָרִים אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם — הִתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד, מָקוֹם שֶׁלָּא אָסַר אֶת הַזְּכָרִים אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשָׁה דּוֹרוֹת — אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁנַּתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד?
Egyptian and Edomite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation only for three generations, both males and females. Rabbi Shimon renders permitted Egyptian and Edomite females immediately. Rabbi Shimon said: The matter may be derived by way of an a fortiori inference: If in a place where the Torah rendered prohibited the males with an eternal prohibition, i.e., Ammonites and Moabites, it rendered permitted the females immediately, then in a place where it rendered prohibited the males for only three generations, i.e., Egyptians and Edomites, is it not right that we should render permitted the females immediately?
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אִם הֲלָכָה — נְקַבֵּל, וְאִם לַדִּין — יֵשׁ תְּשׁוּבָה. אָמַר לָהֶם: לֹא כִּי, הֲלָכָה אֲנִי אוֹמֵר.
Rabbi Shimon’s colleagues said to him: If you are reporting a halakha that you received from your teachers, we will accept it from you. But if you merely wish to prove your case with an a fortiori inference based on your own reasoning, there is a refutation of your argument. Rabbi Shimon said to them: That is not so. I disagree with your claim that the a fortiori inference can be refuted, but in any case I am stating a halakha handed down to me by my teachers.
גְּמָ׳ מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וְכִרְאוֹת שָׁאוּל אֶת דָּוִד יוֹצֵא לִקְרַאת הַפְּלִשְׁתִּי אָמַר אֶל אַבְנֵר שַׂר הַצָּבָא בֶּן מִי זֶה הַנַּעַר אַבְנֵר וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְנֵר חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ הַמֶּלֶךְ אִם יָדָעְתִּי״. וְלָא יְדַע לֵיהּ? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וַיֶּאֱהָבֵהוּ מְאֹד וַיְהִי לוֹ נוֹשֵׂא כֵּלִים״! אֶלָּא אַאֲבוּהּ קָא מְשַׁאֵיל.
GEMARA: The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived that female Ammonites and Moabites are permitted immediately? Rabbi Yoḥanan said: As the verse states: “And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the captain of the host: Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said: As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell” (I Samuel 17:55). This verse is puzzling: Did Saul really not recognize him? But isn’t it previously written: “And David came to Saul, and stood before him; and he loved him greatly; and he became his armor-bearer” (I Samuel 16:21)? Rather, it must be that he was asking about David’s father.
וְאָבִיו לָא יְדַע לֵיהּ? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וְהָאִישׁ בִּימֵי שָׁאוּל זָקֵן בָּא בַאֲנָשִׁים״, וְאָמַר רַב, וְאִיתֵּימָא רַבִּי אַבָּא: זֶה יִשַׁי אֲבִי דָוִד, שֶׁנִּכְנַס בְּאוּכְלוּסָא וְיָצָא בְּאוּכְלוּסָא!
The Gemara is still puzzled by this verse: And did Saul not recognize David’s father? But isn’t it written with regard to Jesse, David’s father: “And the man in the days of Saul was old, and came among men” (I Samuel 17:12), and Rav, and some say Rabbi Abba, said: This is referring to Jesse, father of David, who always entered with multitudes [ukhlusa] and left with multitudes. As he was clearly a man of importance, everyone must have known who he was.
הָכִי קָאָמַר שָׁאוּל: אִי מִפֶּרֶץ אָתֵי, אִי מִזֶּרַח אָתֵי? אִי מִפֶּרֶץ אָתֵי — מַלְכָּא הָוֵי, שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ פּוֹרֵץ לַעֲשׂוֹת דֶּרֶךְ וְאֵין מְמַחִין בְּיָדוֹ. אִי מִזֶּרַח אָתֵי — חֲשִׁיבָא בְּעָלְמָא הָוֵי.
Rather, this is what Saul was saying, in his attempt to clarify David’s lineage: Does he come from the descendants of Perez, or does he come from the descendants of Zerah? What is the significance of this question? If he comes from Perez he will be king, as a king may breach [poretz] a way for himself and no one can stop him. And if he comes from Zerah he will be merely a man of importance, but not a king.
מַאי טַעְמָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ שַׁאֵל עֲלֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּלְבֵּשׁ שָׁאוּל אֶת דָּוִד מַדָּיו״, כְּמִדָּתוֹ. וּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ בְּשָׁאוּל: ״מִשִּׁכְמוֹ וָמַעְלָה גָּבוֹהַּ מִכׇּל הָעָם״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דּוֹאֵג הָאֲדוֹמִי: עַד שֶׁאַתָּה מְשַׁאֵיל עָלָיו אִם הָגוּן הוּא לַמַּלְכוּת אִם לָאו, שְׁאַל עָלָיו אִם רָאוּי לָבֹא בַּקָּהָל אִם לָאו. מַאי טַעְמָא? דְּקָאָתֵי מֵרוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה.
The Gemara continues with its explanation: For what reason did Saul say to Abner that he should inquire about David? As it is written: “And Saul clad David with his apparel [maddav]” (I Samuel 17:38), which indicates that the clothes were of David’s size [kemiddato]. And it is written with regard to Saul: “From his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people” (I Samuel 9:2). Upon seeing that his clothes fit David, Saul began to fear that it might be David who was destined for the throne, and he therefore inquired into his background. At that point, Doeg the Edomite said to Saul: Before you inquire as to whether or not he is fit for kingship, inquire as to whether or not he is even fit to enter into the congregation. What is the reason for such doubts? It is that he descends from Ruth the Moabite, and Moabites are permanently barred from entering the congregation.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבְנֵר, תְּנֵינָא: ״עַמּוֹנִי״, וְלֹא עַמּוֹנִית. ״מוֹאָבִי״, וְלֹא מוֹאָבִית. אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה: ״מַמְזֵר״, וְלֹא מַמְזֶרֶת? ״מַמְזֵר״ כְּתִיב — מוּם זָר.
Abner said to him: We already learned that there is no room for such concern. As the verse states: “An Ammonite or a Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:4), teaching that an Ammonite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not an Ammonite woman; and similarly, a Moabite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not a Moabite woman. Doeg said to him: However, if that is so, say that the verse that renders it prohibited for a mamzer to enter the congregation renders prohibited only a male mamzer, but not a female mamzer. Abner replied: It is written: “A mamzer,” which should be understood not as a noun but as an adjective, denoting a strange blemish [mum zar], one who is defective due to a forbidden relationship, and this applies to males and females alike.
״מִצְרִי״, וְלֹא מִצְרִית! שָׁאנֵי הָכָא, דִּמְפָרֵשׁ טַעְמָא דִקְרָא: ״עַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם״ — דַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל אִישׁ לְקַדֵּם, וְלֹא דַּרְכָּהּ שֶׁל אִשָּׁה לְקַדֵּם. הָיָה לָהֶם לְקַדֵּם אֲנָשִׁים לִקְרַאת אֲנָשִׁים וְנָשִׁים לִקְרַאת נָשִׁים! אִישְׁתִּיק.
Doeg retorted: If so, say that it is prohibited for only an Egyptian man to enter into the congregation, but not an Egyptian woman. Abner answered: Here it is different, as the reason for the prohibition recorded in this verse with regard to Ammonites is explicit: “Because they did not meet you with bread and with water on the way, when you came forth out of Egypt” (Deuteronomy 23:5). Since it is the way of a man to go forth to meet guests but it is not the way of a woman to go forth, females were not included in this prohibition. Doeg countered: Still, the men should have gone forth to meet the men, and the women to meet the women. Abner was silent, as he did not know how to respond to this objection.
מִיָּד: ״וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁאַל אַתָּה בֶּן מִי זֶה הָעָלֶם״. הָתָם קָרֵי לֵיהּ ״נַעַר״, הָכָא קָרֵי לֵיהּ ״עֶלֶם״? הָכִי קָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הֲלָכָה נִתְעַלְּמָה מִמְּךָ — צֵא וּשְׁאַל בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ. שָׁאַל, אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: ״עַמּוֹנִי״, וְלֹא עַמּוֹנִית. ״מוֹאָבִי״, וְלֹא מוֹאָבִית.
Immediately: “And the king said, inquire you whose son is this lad” (I Samuel 17:56). The Gemara comments: There, in the previous verse, Saul calls him youth [na’ar], and here he calls him lad [elem]. This change in the wording hints at the following discussion. Saul said to Doeg as follows: The halakha is hidden [nitalma] from you, and you are ignorant of the law. Go and inquire about the matter in the study hall. He went to the study hall and asked. They said to him: The halakha is: An Ammonite man is forbidden, but not an Ammonite woman; a Moabite man is forbidden, but not a Moabite woman.
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I went to day school in Toronto but really began to learn when I attended Brovenders back in the early 1980’s. Last year after talking to my sister who was learning Daf Yomi, inspired, I looked on the computer and the Hadran site came up. I have been listening to each days shiur in the morning as I work. I emphasis listening since I am not sitting with a Gamara. I listen while I work in my studio.
Tekoa, Israel
I started learning daf in January, 2020, being inspired by watching the Siyyum Hashas in Binyanei Haumah. I wasn’t sure I would be able to keep up with the task. When I went to school, Gemara was not an option. Fast forward to March, 2022, and each day starts with the daf. The challenge is now learning the intricacies of delving into the actual learning. Hadran community, thank you!
Riverdale, NY, United States
With Rabbanit Dr. Naomi Cohen in the Women’s Talmud class, over 30 years ago. It was a “known” class and it was accepted, because of who taught. Since then I have also studied with Avigail Gross-Gelman and Dr. Gabriel Hazut for about a year). Years ago, in a shiur in my shul, I did know about Persians doing 3 things with their clothes on. They opened the shiur to woman after that!
Haifa, Israel
Inspired by Hadran’s first Siyum ha Shas L’Nashim two years ago, I began daf yomi right after for the next cycle. As to this extraordinary journey together with Hadran..as TS Eliot wrote “We must not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we began and to know the place for the first time.
Jerusalem, Israel
Palo Alto, CA, United States
I LOVE learning the Daf. I started with Shabbat. I join the morning Zoom with Reb Michelle and it totally grounds my day. When Corona hit us in Israel, I decided that I would use the Daf to keep myself sane, especially during the days when we could not venture out more than 300 m from our home. Now my husband and I have so much new material to talk about! It really is the best part of my day!
Hashmonaim, Israel
In my Shana bet at Migdal Oz I attended the Hadran siyum hash”as. Witnessing so many women so passionate about their Torah learning and connection to God, I knew I had to begin with the coming cycle. My wedding (June 24) was two weeks before the siyum of mesechet yoma so I went a little ahead and was able to make a speech and siyum at my kiseh kallah on my wedding day!
Givat Shmuel, Israel
Ontario, Canada
After experiences over the years of asking to join gemara shiurim for men and either being refused by the maggid shiur or being the only women there, sometimes behind a mechitza, I found out about Hadran sometime during the tail end of Masechet Shabbat, I think. Life has been much better since then.
London, United Kingdom
I read Ilana Kurshan’s “If All the Seas Were Ink” which inspired me. Then the Women’s Siyum in Jerusalem in 2020 convinced me, I knew I had to join! I have loved it- it’s been a constant in my life daily, many of the sugiyot connect to our lives. My family and friends all are so supportive. It’s incredible being part of this community and love how diverse it is! I am so excited to learn more!
Jerusalem, Israel
Yevamot 76
מִמּוּלָאֵי, אָמְרִיתוּ מִילֵּי מוּלְיָתָא? בִּמְקוֹמָהּ — מְבַשְּׁלָה, שֶׁלֹּא בִּמְקוֹמָהּ — לָא מְבַשְּׁלָה.
from truncated [mimula’ei] people, as Rav Beivai’s family traced their lineage to the house of Eli, all of whose descendants were destined to be short-lived (see I Samuel 2:31), you speak truncated [mulayata] and unsound matters. When the semen passes through its proper place, it fertilizes; but if it does not pass through its proper place, it does not fertilize. Since he cannot father children, he is like one whose testicles have been crushed, and therefore he may not enter into the congregation.
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: נִיקַּב וְנִסְתַּם, כֹּל שֶׁאִילּוּ נִקְרֵי וְנִקְרָע — פְּסוּל. וְאִי לָאו — כָּשֵׁר. הָוֵי בֵּהּ רָבָא: הֵיכָא? אִילֵּימָא לְמַטָּה מֵעֲטָרָה — אֲפִילּוּ נִכְרַת נָמֵי, אֶלָּא בַּעֲטָרָה עַצְמָהּ. אִיתְּמַר נָמֵי, אָמַר רַב מָרִי בַּר מָר אָמַר מָר עוּקְבָא אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: נִיקַּב בַּעֲטָרָה עַצְמָהּ וְנִסְתַּם, כֹּל שֶׁאִילּוּ נִקְרֵי וְנִקְרָע פָּסוּל, וְאִי לָאו — כָּשֵׁר.
Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: If a man’s member had been punctured and it later healed and the hole closed up with flesh, in any case where, if he would emit semen, it would tear open again, he is unfit to enter into the congregation; but if not, he is fit. Rava discussed this ruling and raised a question: Where is this perforation? If we say it is below the corona, at the end of the man’s member, why should this perforation render him unfit? Even if the member was entirely severed, he would also be fit. Rather, the hole is in the corona itself, that is, at the point where the corona meets the rest of the member. It was also stated explicitly that this is the case, as Rav Mari bar Mar said that Mar Ukva said that Shmuel said: If a man’s member had been punctured in the corona itself, and it later healed and the hole closed up with flesh, in any case where if he would emit semen it would tear open again, he is unfit; but if not, he is fit.
שְׁלַח לֵיהּ רָבָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבָּה לְרַב יוֹסֵף: יְלַמְּדֵנוּ רַבֵּינוּ, הֵיכִי עָבְדִינַן? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַיְיתִינַן נַהֲמָא חַמִּימָא דִּשְׂעָרֵי, וּמַנְּחִינַן לֵיהּ אַבֵּי פוֹקְרֵי, וּמִקְּרֵי, וְחָזֵינַן לֵיהּ.
With regard to this issue, Rava, son of Rabba, sent the following question to Rav Yosef: Let our teacher teach us, what should we do to verify whether or not the perforation was adequately closed? Rav Yosef said to him: We bring warm barley bread and place it upon his anus [bei pukrei], and owing to the heat he emits semen, and we observe what happens and see whether or not the perforation remains closed.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: אַטּוּ כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא יַעֲקֹב אָבִינוּ הֲוַאי, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ ״כֹּחִי וְרֵאשִׁית אוֹנִי״, שֶׁלֹּא רָאָה קֶרִי מִיָּמָיו!
Abaye said: Is that to say that everyone is like our Patriarch Jacob, with regard to whom it is written: “Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might and the first fruits of my strength” (Genesis 49:3), implying that Jacob never experienced an emission of semen in all his days, so that his eldest son Reuben was conceived from his first drop of seed, i.e., “the first fruits of my strength.” The implication is that there is certainly no need for such measures in order to bring a man to ejaculate.
אֶלָּא, אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: מְעַבְּרִינַן קַמֵּיהּ בִּגְדֵי צִבְעוֹנִין. אָמַר רָבָא: אַטּוּ כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא בַּרְזִילַּי הַגִּלְעָדִי הוּא?! אֶלָּא מְחַוַּורְתָּא כִּדְשַׁנִּין מֵעִיקָּרָא.
Rather, Abaye said that a different method is used: We pass before him colorful garments of a woman, and thereby bring him to arousal, so that he will experience an emission. Rava said: Is that to say that everyone is like Barzilai the Gileadite, traditionally known for his licentious character? Not all men are brought to excitement when they merely see such clothes. Rather, the Gemara rejects this proposal and states that it is clear as we initially answered, that we follow the former procedure even though not all men require it.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: נִיקַּב — פָּסוּל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא שׁוֹתֵת. נִסְתַּם — כָּשֵׁר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מוֹלִיד. וְזֶהוּ פְּסוּל שֶׁחוֹזֵר לְהֶכְשֵׁירוֹ. ״זֶהוּ״ לְמַעוֹטֵי מַאי? לְמַעוֹטֵי קְרוּם שֶׁעָלָה מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה בָּרֵיאָה, דְּאֵינוֹ קְרוּם.
The Sages taught in a baraita: If a man’s member was punctured, he is unfit to enter into the congregation of Israel because his semen is discharged gently and does not fertilize; if the perforation later closed up with flesh, he is fit, because now he can father children. And this is an instance of one who is unfit who returns to his previous state of fitness. The Gemara asks: What does the word this come to exclude? The Gemara explains that it comes to exclude a case involving an entirely different matter, that of a membrane that formed on the lung of an animal in the wake of a wound, which is not considered a proper membrane, as it is likely to rupture. If a puncture in the lung became covered with such a membrane the animal does not regain its former kosher status.
שְׁלַח לֵיהּ רַב אִידִי בַּר אָבִין לְאַבָּיֵי: הֵיכִי עָבְדִינַן? מַיְיתִינַן שְׂעָרְתָּא וּמְסָרְטִינַן לֵיהּ, וּמַיְיתִינַן תַּרְבָּא וְשָׁיְיפִינַן, וּמַיְיתִינַן שׁוּמְשָׁנָא גַּמְלָא וּמְנַכְּתִינַן לֵיהּ, וּפָסְקִינַן לֵיהּ לְרֵישֵׁיהּ. וְדַוְקָא שְׂעָרְתָּא, אֲבָל פַּרְזְלָא — מִזְרָף זָרֵיף. וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי קָטָן, אֲבָל גָּדוֹל — אִיקַּפּוֹלֵי מִיקַּפַּל.
With regard to this issue, Rav Idi bar Avin sent the following question to Abaye: What should we do to expedite the healing of such a perforation? Abaye answered: We bring a sharp-edged grain of barley and lacerate the area around the hole with it. We then bring fat and rub it on the spot, and afterward we bring a large ant [shumshena] and let it bite inside the hole. This leads to bleeding and the formation of a scab, which eventually heals as new flesh grows there. We also cut off the ant’s head so that it should remain in place until the wound is fully healed. The Gemara comments: And this procedure must be done specifically with a grain of barley, but an iron tool would cause inflammation [zareif]. The Gemara adds: And this applies only to a small perforation, but a large one will eventually peel off and reopen.
אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא: הַמֵּטִיל מַיִם מִשְּׁתֵּי מְקוֹמוֹת, פָּסוּל. אָמַר רָבָא: לֵית הִלְכְתָא לָא כִּבְרָא וְלָא כְּאַבָּא, בְּרָא — הָא דַּאֲמַרַן. אַבָּא — דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא: נָשִׁים הַמְסוֹלְלוֹת זוֹ בָּזוֹ, פְּסוּלוֹת לַכְּהוּנָּה.
Rabba bar Rav Huna said: One who passes water from two places, so that he appears to have a hole or some other blemish in his member, is unfit to enter into the congregation of Israel, as is a man with crushed testicles. Rava said: With regard to these matters, the halakha is in accordance neither with the opinion of the son nor with that of the father. The son, this refers to that opinion of Rabba bar Rav Huna, which we just stated. As for the ruling of the father, this is referring to that which Rav Huna said: Women who rub against one another motivated by sexual desire are unfit to marry into the priesthood, as such conduct renders a woman a zona, whom a priest is prohibited from marrying. It was about this that Rava said that the halakha is not in accordance with Rav Huna’s opinion.
וַאֲפִילּוּ לְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר, דְּאָמַר: פָּנוּי הַבָּא עַל הַפְּנוּיָה שֶׁלֹּא לְשֵׁם אִישׁוּת עֲשָׂאָהּ זוֹנָה — הָנֵי מִילֵּי אִישׁ, אֲבָל אִשָּׁה פְּרִיצוּתָא בְּעָלְמָא.
And even according to the opinion of Rabbi Elazar, who said that an unmarried man who has intercourse with an unmarried woman not for the sake of marriage renders her a zona, a woman who has had sexual relations with a man forbidden to her by the Torah, this applies only to intercourse with a man, but lewd behavior with another woman is mere licentiousness that does not render her a zona, and therefore she is still permitted to marry into the priesthood.
מַתְנִי׳ פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה מוּתָּרִין בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת, וְאֵינָן אֲסוּרִין אֶלָּא מִלָּבֹא בַּקָּהָל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לֹא יָבֹא פְצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה בִּקְהַל ה׳״.
MISHNA: A man with crushed testicles or with other wounds to his genitals and one whose penis has been severed are permitted to marry a female convert or an emancipated maidservant, and they are prohibited only from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, as it is stated: “A man wounded with crushed testicles or a severed penis shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:2).
גְּמָ׳ בְּעוֹ מִינֵּיהּ מֵרַב שֵׁשֶׁת: פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא כֹּהֵן מַהוּ, בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת? בִּקְדוּשְׁתֵּיהּ קָאֵי וַאֲסִיר, אוֹ דִלְמָא לָאו בִּקְדוּשְׁתֵּיהּ קָאֵי וּשְׁרֵי?
GEMARA: They raised a dilemma before Rav Sheshet: What is the halakha governing a priest with crushed testicles with respect to a female convert or an emancipated maidservant? The Gemara clarifies the two sides of this dilemma: Does he retain his state of sanctity like any other priest and is therefore prohibited from marrying either one of these women, or perhaps he does not retain his state of sanctity and therefore is permitted to marry a convert, like an ordinary Israelite with crushed testicles?
אֲמַר לְהוּ רַב שֵׁשֶׁת, תְּנֵיתוּהָ: פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא יִשְׂרָאֵל — מוּתָּר בִּנְתִינָה. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ בִּקְדוּשְׁתֵּיהּ קָאֵי, אִקְרִי כָּאן ״לֹא תִתְחַתֵּן בָּם״.
Rav Sheshet said to them: You already learned the answer to this question in the following baraita: It is permitted for an ordinary Israelite with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite woman. Now, if it enters your mind that he retains his sanctity as a Jew, one should apply here the prohibition stated with regard to Canaanites: “You shall not marry them” (Deuteronomy 7:3). Apparently, then, one whose testicles have been crushed loses his former sanctity, and the same should apply to a priest.
אָמַר רָבָא: אַטּוּ הָתָם מִשּׁוּם קְדוּשָּׁה וְלָאו קְדוּשָּׁה הוּא? דִּלְמָא מוֹלֵיד בֵּן, וְאָזֵיל פָּלַח לַעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי — בְּגוֹיוּתָן, כִּי מִגַּיְירִי (בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל) [מִישְׁרָא] שְׁרוּ, וְרַבָּנַן הוּא דִּגְזַרוּ בְּהוּ. וְכִי גְּזַרוּ בְּהוּ רַבָּנַן — בְּהָנָךְ דִּבְנֵי אוֹלוֹדֵי, אֲבָל הַאי דְּלָאו בַּר אוֹלוֹדֵי — לָא גְּזַרוּ בֵּיהּ רַבָּנַן.
Rava said: This is no proof, as is that to say that the prohibition there against marrying Canaanites is due to sanctity or lack of sanctity? Rather, the reason for the prohibition is that perhaps one will father a child from his Canaanite wife and that child will later go off and engage in idolatrous worship. Now, this concern applies only when they are still gentiles, but when they convert, as did the Gibeonites, they are permitted to Jews. And it is the Sages who decreed that Gibeonites are forbidden like mamzerim even after their conversion. And when the Sages decreed that one may not marry them, the decree was limited to those who are capable of having children, but with regard to this one, a man with crushed testicles who is incapable of having children, the Sages did not issue a decree.
אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה, מַמְזֵר, דְּבַר אוֹלוֹדֵי, הָכִי נָמֵי דַּאֲסִיר? וְהָא תְּנַן: מַמְזֵרִים וּנְתִינִים מוּתָּרִים לָבֹא זֶה בָּזֶה! אֶלָּא: כִּי גְּזוּר רַבָּנַן — בִּכְשֵׁרִים. בִּפְסוּלִים לָא גְּזוּר רַבָּנַן.
The Gemara raises an objection against Rava: However, if that is so, then with regard to a mamzer, who is capable of having children, so too one would say that he is prohibited from marrying a Gibeonite. But didn’t we learn otherwise in a mishna (Kiddushin 69a): Mamzerim and Gibeonites are permitted to marry one another. Rather, retract this explanation and replace it with the following: When the Sages decreed that one may not marry a Gibeonite, they limited their decree to those who are fit, so as to prevent them from mingling with Gibeonites; but with regard to those who are unfit to enter into the congregation, the Sages did not issue a decree.
הֲדַר אָמַר רָבָא: לָאו מִילְּתָא הִיא, בְּגוֹיוּתָן — לֵית לְהוּ חַתְנוּת, נִתְגַּיְּירוּ — אִית לְהוּ חַתְנוּת.
Rava then reconsidered and said that what he had previously argued, that the prohibition against marrying them applies only when they are gentiles, is not correct. The prohibition cannot be referring to gentiles, as when they are gentiles there can be no valid marriage with them at all. It is only after they have converted that there can be valid marriage with them, and therefore the prohibition against entering into marriage with them applies. Nevertheless, it is permitted for a man with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite woman.
מֵתִיב רַב יוֹסֵף: ״וַיִּתְחַתֵּן שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת בַּת פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם״! גַּיּיוֹרֵי גַּיְּירַהּ. וְהָא לֹא קִבְּלוּ גֵּרִים לֹא בִּימֵי דָוִד וְלֹא בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה! מִידֵּי הוּא טַעְמָא — אֶלָּא לְשׁוּלְחַן מְלָכִים,
Rav Yosef raised an objection from the verse that states: “And Solomon married the daughter of Pharaoh, king of Egypt” (I Kings 3:1), which indicates that there can, in fact, be valid marriage even with gentiles. The Gemara answers: Before Solomon took Pharaoh’s daughter as his wife, he converted her. The Gemara asks: But isn’t it so that they did not accept converts, neither in the days of David nor in the days of Solomon? The Gemara answers: But isn’t the reason that they did not accept converts during those periods only due to concern that the converts were not acting for the sake of Heaven but in fact desired the power of the table of kings, David and Solomon?
הָא לָא צְרִיכָא לֵיהּ.
But this one, Pharaoh’s daughter, did not require such things, as she herself was the daughter of royalty, and therefore there would have been no reason to doubt the sincerity of her conversion.
[וְתִיפּוֹק לֵיהּ] דְּהָא מִצְרִית רִאשׁוֹנָה הִיא! וְכִי תֵּימָא: הָנָךְ אָזְלִי לְעָלְמָא וְהָנֵי אַחֲרִינֵי נִינְהוּ,
The Gemara asks: But let him derive that Pharaoh’s daughter was forbidden to Solomon for a different reason, as she was a first-generation Egyptian convert. Even if she converted, she would still have been an Egyptian convert of the first generation, and as such neither she nor her children would have been permitted to marry a Jew by birth (Deuteronomy 23:8–9). And if you would say that those whom the Torah rendered forbidden have already left Egypt and are now living elsewhere in the world, and those currently living in Egypt are others, there is a difficulty.
וְהָא תַּנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה: מִנְיָמִין גֵּר מִצְרִי הָיָה לִי חָבֵר מִתַּלְמִידֵי רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, אָמַר: אֲנִי מִצְרִי רִאשׁוֹן, וְנָשָׂאתִי מִצְרִית רִאשׁוֹנָה. אַשִּׂיא לִבְנִי מִצְרִית שְׁנִיָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהֵא בֶּן בְּנִי רָאוּי לָבֹא בַּקָּהָל!
As, isn’t it taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda said: Minyamin, an Egyptian convert, was a friend of mine from among the students of Rabbi Akiva, and he said: After I converted I was a first-generation Egyptian convert, and so I married another first-generation Egyptian convert. I will marry off my son, who is a second-generation Egyptian convert, to another second-generation Egyptian convert, so that my grandson will be fit to enter into the congregation. This indicates that first- and second-generation converts of Egyptian extraction were prohibited from entering into the congregation even during the period of the Mishna.
אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: אֲנַן מִשְּׁלֹמֹה לֵיקוּ וְנֹתֵיב? שְׁלֹמֹה לָא נְסֵיב מִידֵּי, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ: ״מִן הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר ה׳ אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא תָבוֹאוּ בָּהֶם וְהֵם לֹא יָבוֹאוּ בָכֶם אָכֵן יַטּוּ אֶת לְבַבְכֶם אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶם, בָּהֶם דָּבַק שְׁלֹמֹה לְאַהֲבָה״. אֶלָּא קַשְׁיָא ״וַיִּתְחַתֵּן״!
Rav Pappa said: Shall we stand up and raise an objection from Solomon? Solomon did not marry anyone, as it is written in his regard: “Of the nations concerning which the Lord said to the children of Israel, You shall not go among them, neither shall they come among you; for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods; Solomon cleaved to these in love” (I Kings 11:2). Solomon cleaved to these women in love, but was not legally married to them. As Solomon had other forbidden wives, the case of Pharaoh’s daughter presents no special difficulty. In fact, none of these marriages were valid at all. But the phrase “and Solomon married” (I Kings 3:1) that appears in connection with Pharaoh’s daughter is difficult, as it indicates that this marriage was in fact valid.
מִתּוֹךְ אַהֲבָה יְתֵירָה שֶׁאֲהֵבָהּ, מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִילּוּ נִתְחַתֵּן בָּהּ.
The Gemara answers: Due to the extraordinary love that he had for her, the verse relates to him as if he had married her through a legally valid marriage, even though this was not the case.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרַב אָשֵׁי, וְהָא אֲנַן תְּנַן: פְּצוּעַ דַּכָּא וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה מוּתָּרִים בְּגִיּוֹרֶת וּמְשׁוּחְרֶרֶת. הָא בִּנְתִינָה — אֲסִירִי!
Ravina said to Rav Ashi: But didn’t we learn in the mishna that a man with crushed testicles and one whose penis has been severed are permitted to marry a female convert and an emancipated maidservant? That indicates that it is only these women whom they are permitted to marry, but they are prohibited from marrying a Gibeonite woman. This appears to contradict the baraita that permits a man with crushed testicles to marry a Gibeonite.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְלִיטַעְמָיךְ, אֵימָא סֵיפָא: וְאֵינָן אֲסוּרִין אֶלָּא מִלָּבֹא בַּקָּהָל. הָא בִּנְתִינָה שָׁרוּ! אֶלָּא מֵהָא לֵיכָּא לְמִשְׁמַע מִינַּהּ.
Rav Ashi said to Ravina: And according to your line of reasoning, say the latter clause of the mishna as follows: And they are prohibited only from entering into the congregation, and infer just the opposite, that it is only a woman who was born Jewish whom they are prohibited from marrying, but they are permitted to marry a Gibeonite woman, as she is not part of the congregation of the Lord. Rather, no inference is to be learned from this mishna, as the possible inferences are contradictory, and one must therefore rely on the halakha that was expressly taught.
מַתְנִי׳ עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי — אֲסוּרִים, וְאִיסּוּרָן אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם. אֲבָל נְקֵבוֹתֵיהֶם — מוּתָּרוֹת מִיָּד.
MISHNA: Ammonite and Moabite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation and marrying a woman who was born Jewish, and their prohibition is eternal, for all generations. However, their female counterparts, even the convert herself, are permitted immediately.
מִצְרִי וַאֲדוֹמִי אֵינָם אֲסוּרִים אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשָׁה דּוֹרוֹת, אֶחָד זְכָרִים וְאֶחָד נְקֵבוֹת. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, קַל וָחוֹמֶר הַדְּבָרִים: וּמָה אִם בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאָסַר אֶת הַזְּכָרִים אִיסּוּר עוֹלָם — הִתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד, מָקוֹם שֶׁלָּא אָסַר אֶת הַזְּכָרִים אֶלָּא עַד שְׁלֹשָׁה דּוֹרוֹת — אֵינוֹ דִּין שֶׁנַּתִּיר אֶת הַנְּקֵבוֹת מִיָּד?
Egyptian and Edomite converts are prohibited from entering into the congregation only for three generations, both males and females. Rabbi Shimon renders permitted Egyptian and Edomite females immediately. Rabbi Shimon said: The matter may be derived by way of an a fortiori inference: If in a place where the Torah rendered prohibited the males with an eternal prohibition, i.e., Ammonites and Moabites, it rendered permitted the females immediately, then in a place where it rendered prohibited the males for only three generations, i.e., Egyptians and Edomites, is it not right that we should render permitted the females immediately?
אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אִם הֲלָכָה — נְקַבֵּל, וְאִם לַדִּין — יֵשׁ תְּשׁוּבָה. אָמַר לָהֶם: לֹא כִּי, הֲלָכָה אֲנִי אוֹמֵר.
Rabbi Shimon’s colleagues said to him: If you are reporting a halakha that you received from your teachers, we will accept it from you. But if you merely wish to prove your case with an a fortiori inference based on your own reasoning, there is a refutation of your argument. Rabbi Shimon said to them: That is not so. I disagree with your claim that the a fortiori inference can be refuted, but in any case I am stating a halakha handed down to me by my teachers.
גְּמָ׳ מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״וְכִרְאוֹת שָׁאוּל אֶת דָּוִד יוֹצֵא לִקְרַאת הַפְּלִשְׁתִּי אָמַר אֶל אַבְנֵר שַׂר הַצָּבָא בֶּן מִי זֶה הַנַּעַר אַבְנֵר וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְנֵר חֵי נַפְשְׁךָ הַמֶּלֶךְ אִם יָדָעְתִּי״. וְלָא יְדַע לֵיהּ? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וַיֶּאֱהָבֵהוּ מְאֹד וַיְהִי לוֹ נוֹשֵׂא כֵּלִים״! אֶלָּא אַאֲבוּהּ קָא מְשַׁאֵיל.
GEMARA: The Gemara asks: From where are these matters derived that female Ammonites and Moabites are permitted immediately? Rabbi Yoḥanan said: As the verse states: “And when Saul saw David go forth against the Philistine, he said to Abner, the captain of the host: Abner, whose son is this youth? And Abner said: As your soul lives, O king, I cannot tell” (I Samuel 17:55). This verse is puzzling: Did Saul really not recognize him? But isn’t it previously written: “And David came to Saul, and stood before him; and he loved him greatly; and he became his armor-bearer” (I Samuel 16:21)? Rather, it must be that he was asking about David’s father.
וְאָבִיו לָא יְדַע לֵיהּ? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וְהָאִישׁ בִּימֵי שָׁאוּל זָקֵן בָּא בַאֲנָשִׁים״, וְאָמַר רַב, וְאִיתֵּימָא רַבִּי אַבָּא: זֶה יִשַׁי אֲבִי דָוִד, שֶׁנִּכְנַס בְּאוּכְלוּסָא וְיָצָא בְּאוּכְלוּסָא!
The Gemara is still puzzled by this verse: And did Saul not recognize David’s father? But isn’t it written with regard to Jesse, David’s father: “And the man in the days of Saul was old, and came among men” (I Samuel 17:12), and Rav, and some say Rabbi Abba, said: This is referring to Jesse, father of David, who always entered with multitudes [ukhlusa] and left with multitudes. As he was clearly a man of importance, everyone must have known who he was.
הָכִי קָאָמַר שָׁאוּל: אִי מִפֶּרֶץ אָתֵי, אִי מִזֶּרַח אָתֵי? אִי מִפֶּרֶץ אָתֵי — מַלְכָּא הָוֵי, שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ פּוֹרֵץ לַעֲשׂוֹת דֶּרֶךְ וְאֵין מְמַחִין בְּיָדוֹ. אִי מִזֶּרַח אָתֵי — חֲשִׁיבָא בְּעָלְמָא הָוֵי.
Rather, this is what Saul was saying, in his attempt to clarify David’s lineage: Does he come from the descendants of Perez, or does he come from the descendants of Zerah? What is the significance of this question? If he comes from Perez he will be king, as a king may breach [poretz] a way for himself and no one can stop him. And if he comes from Zerah he will be merely a man of importance, but not a king.
מַאי טַעְמָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ שַׁאֵל עֲלֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיַּלְבֵּשׁ שָׁאוּל אֶת דָּוִד מַדָּיו״, כְּמִדָּתוֹ. וּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ בְּשָׁאוּל: ״מִשִּׁכְמוֹ וָמַעְלָה גָּבוֹהַּ מִכׇּל הָעָם״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דּוֹאֵג הָאֲדוֹמִי: עַד שֶׁאַתָּה מְשַׁאֵיל עָלָיו אִם הָגוּן הוּא לַמַּלְכוּת אִם לָאו, שְׁאַל עָלָיו אִם רָאוּי לָבֹא בַּקָּהָל אִם לָאו. מַאי טַעְמָא? דְּקָאָתֵי מֵרוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה.
The Gemara continues with its explanation: For what reason did Saul say to Abner that he should inquire about David? As it is written: “And Saul clad David with his apparel [maddav]” (I Samuel 17:38), which indicates that the clothes were of David’s size [kemiddato]. And it is written with regard to Saul: “From his shoulders and upward he was higher than any of the people” (I Samuel 9:2). Upon seeing that his clothes fit David, Saul began to fear that it might be David who was destined for the throne, and he therefore inquired into his background. At that point, Doeg the Edomite said to Saul: Before you inquire as to whether or not he is fit for kingship, inquire as to whether or not he is even fit to enter into the congregation. What is the reason for such doubts? It is that he descends from Ruth the Moabite, and Moabites are permanently barred from entering the congregation.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבְנֵר, תְּנֵינָא: ״עַמּוֹנִי״, וְלֹא עַמּוֹנִית. ״מוֹאָבִי״, וְלֹא מוֹאָבִית. אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה: ״מַמְזֵר״, וְלֹא מַמְזֶרֶת? ״מַמְזֵר״ כְּתִיב — מוּם זָר.
Abner said to him: We already learned that there is no room for such concern. As the verse states: “An Ammonite or a Moabite shall not enter into the congregation of the Lord” (Deuteronomy 23:4), teaching that an Ammonite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not an Ammonite woman; and similarly, a Moabite man is barred from entering into the congregation, but not a Moabite woman. Doeg said to him: However, if that is so, say that the verse that renders it prohibited for a mamzer to enter the congregation renders prohibited only a male mamzer, but not a female mamzer. Abner replied: It is written: “A mamzer,” which should be understood not as a noun but as an adjective, denoting a strange blemish [mum zar], one who is defective due to a forbidden relationship, and this applies to males and females alike.
״מִצְרִי״, וְלֹא מִצְרִית! שָׁאנֵי הָכָא, דִּמְפָרֵשׁ טַעְמָא דִקְרָא: ״עַל אֲשֶׁר לֹא קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם״ — דַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל אִישׁ לְקַדֵּם, וְלֹא דַּרְכָּהּ שֶׁל אִשָּׁה לְקַדֵּם. הָיָה לָהֶם לְקַדֵּם אֲנָשִׁים לִקְרַאת אֲנָשִׁים וְנָשִׁים לִקְרַאת נָשִׁים! אִישְׁתִּיק.
Doeg retorted: If so, say that it is prohibited for only an Egyptian man to enter into the congregation, but not an Egyptian woman. Abner answered: Here it is different, as the reason for the prohibition recorded in this verse with regard to Ammonites is explicit: “Because they did not meet you with bread and with water on the way, when you came forth out of Egypt” (Deuteronomy 23:5). Since it is the way of a man to go forth to meet guests but it is not the way of a woman to go forth, females were not included in this prohibition. Doeg countered: Still, the men should have gone forth to meet the men, and the women to meet the women. Abner was silent, as he did not know how to respond to this objection.
מִיָּד: ״וַיֹּאמֶר הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁאַל אַתָּה בֶּן מִי זֶה הָעָלֶם״. הָתָם קָרֵי לֵיהּ ״נַעַר״, הָכָא קָרֵי לֵיהּ ״עֶלֶם״? הָכִי קָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הֲלָכָה נִתְעַלְּמָה מִמְּךָ — צֵא וּשְׁאַל בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ. שָׁאַל, אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: ״עַמּוֹנִי״, וְלֹא עַמּוֹנִית. ״מוֹאָבִי״, וְלֹא מוֹאָבִית.
Immediately: “And the king said, inquire you whose son is this lad” (I Samuel 17:56). The Gemara comments: There, in the previous verse, Saul calls him youth [na’ar], and here he calls him lad [elem]. This change in the wording hints at the following discussion. Saul said to Doeg as follows: The halakha is hidden [nitalma] from you, and you are ignorant of the law. Go and inquire about the matter in the study hall. He went to the study hall and asked. They said to him: The halakha is: An Ammonite man is forbidden, but not an Ammonite woman; a Moabite man is forbidden, but not a Moabite woman.
