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Din & Daf

Din & Daf: Does Bet Din Have to Justify its Decisions to the Litigants?

01.15.2025 | ט״ו בטבת תשפ״ה

Din & Daf: Conceptual Analysis of Halakha Through Case Study with Dr. Elana Stein Hain

What inspired more trust in the institution of bet din – being able to understand the reasoning of the psak bet din, or specifically keeping explanations for experts only? In this shiur, we will examine this question on the basis of this week’s daf and how rishonim and poskim have ruled on the issue.

Sanhedrin 31b

Dr. Elana Stein Hain – dinanddaf@hadran.org.il 

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מאיזה טעם דנתוני

 

  • משנה סנהדרין ג:ז

גָּמְרוּ אֶת הַדָּבָר, הָיוּ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתָן. הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבַּדַּיָּנִים אוֹמֵר, אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי אַתָּה זַכַּאי, אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי אַתָּה חַיָּב. וּמִנַּיִן לִכְשֶׁיֵּצֵא אֶחָד מִן הַדַּיָּנִים לֹא יֹאמַר אֲנִי מְזַכֶּה וַחֲבֵרַי מְחַיְּבִין אֲבָל מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה שֶׁחֲבֵרַי רַבּוּ עָלָי, עַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר לֹא תֵלֵךְ רָכִיל בְּעַמֶּךָ (ויקרא יט), וְאוֹמֵר הוֹלֵךְ רָכִיל מְגַלֶּה סּוֹד (משלי יא):

After the judges finish the matter and reach a decision, they bring in the litigants. The greatest of the judges says: So-and-so, you are exempt from paying; or: So-and-so, you are liable to pay. And from where is it derived that when the judge leaves the courtroom he may not say: I deemed you exempt and my colleagues deemed you liable, but what can I do, as my colleagues outnumbered me and consequently you were deemed liable? About this it is stated: “You shall not go as a talebearer among your people” (Leviticus 19:16), and it says: “One who goes about as a talebearer reveals secrets, but one who is of a faithful spirit conceals a matter” (Proverbs 11:13).

  • סנהדרין לא:

אָמַר רַב סָפְרָא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: שְׁנֵים שֶׁנִּתְעַצְּמוּ בַּדִּין, אֶחָד אוֹמֵר: ״נִדּוֹן כָּאן״, וְאֶחָד אוֹמֵר: ״נֵלֵךְ לִמְקוֹם הַוַּועַד״ – כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ וְדָן בְּעִירוֹ. וְאִם הוּצְרַךְ דָּבָר לִשְׁאוֹל – כּוֹתְבִין וְשׁוֹלְחִין.

It was also stated that Rav Safra says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: With regard to two who were struggling in judgment, one of whom says: Let us go to court here, and one of whom says: Let us go to the place of the Assembly, the latter litigant is compelled to appear and be judged in a court that presides in his own city. And if the local court needs to ask a higher court about a certain matter, the judges write to the Assembly, and the higher court sends its response.

 

וְאִם אָמַר: ״כִּתְבוּ וּתְנוּ לִי מֵאֵיזֶה טַעַם דַּנְתּוּנִי״ – כּוֹתְבִין וְנוֹתְנִין לוֹ.

And if one of the litigants says to a court: Write for what reason you judged me in this manner and give it to me, as I do not trust your decision without explanation, the judges write it and give it to him.

  • רמב”ם הל’ סנהדרין ו:ו

שְׁנַיִם שֶׁנִּתְעַצְּמוּ בַּדִּין אֶחָד אוֹמֵר נָדוּן כָּאן וְאֶחָד אוֹמֵר נַעֲלֶה לְבֵית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁמָּא יִטְעוּ אֵלּוּ הַדַּיָּנִין וְיוֹצִיאוּ מָמוֹן שֶׁלֹּא כַּדִּין כּוֹפִין אוֹתוֹ וְדָן בְּעִירוֹ. וְאִם אָמַר כִּתְבוּ וּתְנוּ לִי מֵאֵי זֶה טַעַם דַּנְתּוּנִי שֶׁמָּא טְעִיתֶם כּוֹתְבִים וְנוֹתְנִין לוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מוֹצִיאִין מִמֶּנּוּ. וְאִם הֻצְרַךְ לִשְׁאל דָּבָר מִבֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבִּירוּשָׁלַיִם כּוֹתְבִים וְשׁוֹלְחִין וְשׁוֹאֲלִין וְדָנִין לָהֶם בְּעִירָם כְּפִי מַה שֶּׁיָּבוֹא בִּכְתַב בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל:

When two people are involved in a dispute concerning a judgment, one states: “Let us have the matter judged here,” and the other says, “Let us ascend to the Supreme Court, lest these judges err and expropriate money contrary to the law,” we compel the latter litigant to have the matter adjudicated locally.

If he asks the judges: “Write down the rationale why you have rendered this judgment against me and give it to me, lest you have erred,” they must write down their rationales and give him the transcript. Afterwards, they expropriate what he owes. If the local judges feel the need to ask for clarification regarding a matter from the Supreme Court in Jerusalem, they should write down their question and send it. After their inquiry, the judgment should be rendered in the local court on the basis of the answer written to them by the Supreme Court.

  • נודע ביהודה מהדורה תנינא חושן משפט א’

כל שלא באו שני הבעלי דינים לפניו מעצמם לדון אלא ששלח לאחד מהם שמש להזמינו מקרי דן בכפיה

If the two litigants did not come of their own volition to this court, but rather one was subpoenaed, it’s called a forced adjudication.

  • בית יוסף טור חו”מ יד:ד

ודעת הרשב”א בתשובה כר”ת שכתב על ראובן שתבע מהדיינים לכתוב לו מאי זה טעם דנוהו שכך קנו מידו על תנאי זה אם לא היו דבריהם תנאי אפשר שלא יתחייב ב”ד לכתוב מאיזה טעם דנוהו שלא נאמרו הדברים אלא במי שכפוהו בית דין שבעירו

And the Rashba agrees with Rabbeinu Tam, as he wrote about Reuven who asked the judges to write their reasoning, that they had made a kinyan on this condition; and if they had not made such a condition, perhaps they would not have had to write the reasoning, for these things were only said about one who was forced to adjudicate at the local bet din. 

  • חידושי הרמב”ן ב”מ סט: ד”ה כגון

ומי שכפאו לדון בעירו נמי אין כותבין לו למה חייבוהו אלא כותבין “כך וכך טענו, כך וכך השיבו זה וחייבו אותו בכך וכך ותלמידי חכמים שבמקום הועד הם ידעו אם בדין נתחייב זה אם לא, אבל לא לכתוב טעמי הדין.

And one who was forced to adjudicate in their town, they also do not write why they obligated him to pay, but instead they write: “Litigant A claimed so and so; Litigant B answered so and so, and they obligated him to pay such and such,” and the scholars in the place of assembly will know if they obligated him rightfully or not; but they should not actually write the reasons for their judgment.

  • שו”ת ריב”ש רעא

מקום הועד, שהוא מקום חכמים גדולים יותר מעירו

The place of assembly, which is a place of greater scholars than those in his town. 

  • בית יוסף חושן משפט יד:ד

 ונראה מדברי הרמב”ם דאפילו בשנתעצמו לא אמרו שכותבין ונותנים אלא כשדן אותן ב”ד קטן משום דחיישינן שמא טעו אבל אם דן אותם ב”ד הגדול אין כותבין ונותנין לו דלא חיישינן בהו לטעותא דאם באנו לחוש לכך אין לדבר סוף ונתבאר בדברי הרמב”ם בפרק הנזכר בזמן הזה מקום שיש בו חכמים גדולים ומומחים לרבים דין ב”ד הגדול יש להם.

And it seems from the Rambam that even when they disagree about where to adjudicate, they do not write out the reasoning unless the adjudicated in a minor bet din because we are concerned that maybe they erred. But if it was the Supreme Court, they need not write their reasoning because we are not concerned about a mistake. For if we started worrying about this, there is no end to it. And it is explicit in the words of the Rambam in the aforementioned chapter that today if there are expert judges, they are considered like the Supreme Court. 

  • בבא מציעא סט.-:

הָנְהוּ תְּרֵי כּוּתָאֵי דַּעֲבוּד עִסְקָא בַּהֲדֵי הֲדָדֵי. אֲזַל חַד מִנַּיְיהוּ פְּלַיג זוּזֵי בְּלָא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּחַבְרֵיהּ. אֲתוֹ לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב פָּפָּא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאי נָפְקָא מִינַּהּ? הָכִי אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: זוּזֵי כְּמַאן דִּפְלִיגִי דָּמוּ.

The Gemara relates: There were these two Samaritans who entered into a joint venture with each other. One of them went and divided the money without the knowledge of the other. They came for judgment before Rav Pappa. Rav Pappa said to the plaintiff: What difference is there, meaning: What did you lose? This is what Rav Naḥman said: Money is considered as though it were already divided. It is not viewed as a single sum.

 

לְשָׁנָה זְבוּן חַמְרָא בַּהֲדֵי הֲדָדֵי. קָם אִידַּךְ פְּלַיג לֵיהּ בְּלָא דַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּחַבְרֵיהּ, אֲתוֹ לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב פָּפָּא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַאן פְּלַג לָךְ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: קָא חָזֵינָא דְּבָתַר דִּידִי קָא אָתֵי מָר! אֲמַר רַב פָּפָּא:

The next year these same two purchased wine together, and the other one arose and divided the wine without the knowledge of the other. And again, they came for judgment before Rav Pappa. Rav Pappa said to the defendant: Who divided it for you? You did not act properly since you did not get your partner’s permission to divide the wine. The Samaritan said to him: I see that the Master pursues me in order to harass me, since last year, when we came with what appears to be essentially the same case, you gave a different ruling in favor of the other. Rav Pappa said:

69b

כְּהַאי גַּוְנָא וַדַּאי צְרִיךְ לְאוֹדוֹעֵיהּ: זוּזֵי, מִי שָׁקֵיל טָבֵי וְשָׁבֵיק חַסִּרֵי?

In a case like this it is certainly necessary to inform the litigant of the reasons for the decision. Although a judge is not always obligated to explain the reasons for his decision to the litigants, in a case like this, where there is room for suspicion, he must. Rav Pappa explained: Last year, when the other individual divided money, did he take the good coins and leave the deficient ones?

 

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: חַמְרָא, כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא יָדְעִי דְּאִיכָּא דִּבְסִים וְאִיכָּא דְּלָא בְּסִים.

The Samaritan said to him: No, he simply divided the money without any particular consideration, and that was acceptable, as there is no difference between one coin and another. Rav Pappa said to him: With regard to wine, everyone knows that there is wine that is sweet and there is wine that is not sweet, so it is not equitable to simply divide the barrels evenly. Therefore, I ruled that you were not entitled to divide the wine without your partner’s knowledge.

  • תוספות ב”מ סט:

כי האי גוונא ודאי צריך לאודועיה – משמע דוקא הכא לפי שהיה לו פתחון פה לחשדו קאמר דצריך לאודועיה משום והייתם נקיים מה’ ומישראל (במדבר ל״ב:כ״ב) אבל בעלמא לא והא דאמר בסוף זה בורר (סנהדרין דף לא: ושם ד”ה ואם) שנים שנתעצמו לדין שכופין אותו ודן בעירו ואם אמר כתבוני מאיזה טעם דנתוני כותבין ונותנין : לו אר”ת מכח ההיא דהכא דוקא התם דלא רצה לדון אלא על ידי כפייה אבל אם מדעתו דנו אותו אין כותבין ונותנין לו 

  • שולחן ערוך חושן משפט יד:ד

י”א שאם רואה הדיין שבעל דין חושדו שנוטה הדין כנגדו צריך להודיעו מאיזה טעם דנו אפי’ אם לא שאל:

  • שו”ת מהר”ם מרוטנברג תתקיז

ומן הדין לא היינו צריך לכתוב מאיזה טעם פסקנו כך אחרי שנתרצו שניהם לבוא הנה לפנינו לדין, אך מפני “והייתם נקיים מה’ ומישראל” כתבנו להם מאיזה טעם פסקנו כך

  • שו”ת מהר”ח אור זרוע יג

מכל מקום נכון הוא לכל ירא שמים לכתוב מאיזה טעם דן.

  • בבא מציעא פג.

רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָן תְּבַרוּ לֵיהּ הָנְהוּ שָׁקוֹלָאֵי חָבִיתָא דְחַמְרָא, שְׁקַל לִגְלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲתוֹ אֲמַרוּ לְרַב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הַב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, ״לְמַעַן תֵּלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ טוֹבִים״. יְהַיב לְהוּ גְּלִימַיְיהוּ. אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: עַנְיֵי אֲנַן, וְטָרְחִינַן כּוּלֵּהּ יוֹמָא, וְכָפֵינַן, וְלֵית לַן מִידֵּי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: זִיל הַב אַגְרַיְיהוּ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ דִּינָא הָכִי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִין, ״וְאׇרְחוֹת צַדִּיקִים תִּשְׁמֹר״.

The Gemara relates an incident involving Rabba bar bar Ḥanan: Certain porters broke his barrel of wine after he had hired them to transport the barrels. He took their cloaks as payment for the lost wine. They came and told Rav. Rav said to Rabba bar bar Ḥanan: Give them their cloaks. Rabba bar bar Ḥanan said to him: Is this the halakha? Rav said to him: Yes, as it is written: “That you may walk in the way of good men” (Proverbs 2:20). Rabba bar bar Ḥanan gave them their cloaks. The porters said to Rav: We are poor people and we toiled all day and we are hungry and we have nothing. Rav said to Rabba bar bar Ḥanan: Go and give them their wages. Rabba bar bar Ḥanan said to him: Is this the halakha? Rav said to him: Yes, as it is written: “And keep the paths of the righteous” (Proverbs 2:20).

 

For Further Research:

The Obligation to State Reasons for Legal Decisions in Jewish Law / חובת ההנמקה במשפט העברי

Author(s): שוחטמן אליאב and Eliav Shochetman

 


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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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