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Din & Daf

Din & Daf: Heter Iska – How does it work?

05.09.2024 | א׳ באייר תשפ״ד

Din & Daf: Conceptual Analysis of Halakha Through Case Study with Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain – dinanddaf@hadran.org.il

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What are the principles upon which the heter iska is built? How do we understand the role of legal circumvention in upholding Jewish law and life?

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The mechanisms!

  1. Business partnership rather than a full loan.
  2. Recipient gets paid for their work investing the money.
  3. Recipient can pay in lieu of taking oath about the profits.

For different types of heter iska forms, see See: https://www.jlaw.com/Forms/

For more on Chazal’s legal circuvmentions, check out my new book, Circumventing the Law. It’s available here at 30% off with discount code PENN-ESHAIN30

Sources:

  • בבא מציעא סח:-סט.

בְּנֵי רַב עִילִישׁ נְפַק עֲלַיְיהוּ הָהוּא שְׁטָרָא דַּהֲוָה כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ ״פַּלְגָא בַּאֲגַר, פַּלְגָא בְּהֶפְסֵד״. אָמַר רָבָא: רַב עִילִישׁ גַּבְרָא רַבָּה הוּא, וְאִיסּוּרָא לְאִינָשֵׁי לָא הָוֵי סָפֵי מָה נַפְשָׁךְ. אִי פַּלְגָא בַּאֲגַר – תְּרֵי תִּילְתֵי בְּהֶפְסֵד.

The Gemara relates: A business document emerged concerning the sons of Rav Ilish, as it was a venture entered into by their late father, in which it was written that Rav Ilish and his partner will share one-half of the profit and one-half of the loss. Rava said: Rav Ilish was a great man, and therefore he would not feed people with something forbidden. Consequently, no matter what, there must have been some mistake with regard to this document. If the actual condition stated that one party would receive one-half of the profit, the other party must have agreed to accept upon himself two-thirds of the loss,

 

אִי פַּלְגָא בְּהֶפְסֵד – תְּרֵי תִּילְתֵי בַּאֲגַר.

or it must have been that the other party accepted one-half of the loss and that Rav Ilish was entitled to two-thirds of the profit. Either way, the disparity in the terms served as payment to Rav Ilish for his effort, removing any concern about violation of the prohibition of interest.

 

  • בבא מציעא קד:

אָמְרִי נְהַרְדָּעֵי הַאי עִיסְקָא פַּלְגָא מִלְוָה וּפַלְגָא פִּקָּדוֹן עֲבוּד רַבָּנַן מִילְּתָא דְּנִיחָא לֵיהּ לְלֹוֶה וְנִיחָא לֵיהּ לְמַלְוֶה

A common type of business venture was one where the capital or merchandise was supplied by one person and managed by another, who would receive a share, commonly half of the profits, for his efforts. This arrangement can also be viewed as one where the investor is lending half of the invested capital or merchandise to the manager, with the manager agreeing to supervise the venture in exchange for receiving the loan. In order to avoid violating the prohibition of interest, the investor agrees to accept a greater share of the possible loss, e.g., two-thirds, than of the profits, e.g., one-half. (The Sages of Neharde’a said: With regard to its halakhic status, this joint venture is considered a half-loan and half-deposit, as the Sages formulated an enactment that would be satisfactory for the borrower, i.e., the manager, and equally satisfactory for the lender, i.e., the investor.

 

  • שולחן ערוך יורה דעה קסז:א

באיזה אופן מותר להלות מעות בתנאי שיתעסק בו לריוח. ובו סעיף אחד:

מלוה אדם לחבירו מנה על תנאי שיתעסק בו לריוח המלוה עד שיהא שני מנים ויהיה באחריות המלוה עד אותו זמן ולכשיהיו שני מנים יחזרו שני המנים למלוה ומשם ואילך יהיה כל הריוח ללוה ובלבד שיתן שכר עמלו עד שיהיו ב’ מנים ואם התנה עמו מתחילה אפילו בכל שהוא שהתנה לתת לו בשכר עמלו סגי: הגה והוא הדין איפכא שמלוה לו תחילה לצורך הלוה ואחר כך יעסוק בו לצורך המלוה ונותן לו (בית יוסף):

 

In what way is it permissible to commit lend money on the condition that one will use it to make a profit.

A lends 100 zuz to B on the condition that B engages in it for the lender until there are 200 zuz and it will be the responsibility of the A until that time. And when there are 200 zuz the 200 zuz will become a loan, and from then on all the profit will belong to the borrower (B) provided that A pays the wages of B’slabor until there are 200 zuz. And if A made a condition with B from the beginning that any amount of money could be the wages of B’s labor this is sufficient. Rama: and likewise, in the opposite order – A might lend the money first as a loan for B’s needs, and then afterwards, B might invest the money on A’s behalf for A’s needs. 

 

  • ביאור הגר”א על שולחן ערוך יורה דעה קס״ז:א׳

מלוה כו’. …נ”ל דאינו מותר אלא בנותן לו בעיסקא אבל בהלואה אסור…ומה מהני שנותן לו שכר עמלו הא אפילו חצר דלא קיימא לאגרא וגברא דלא עביד למיגר אסור לדור בחצרו…כ”ש שמתנה עמו שיעסוק בפקדונו בשביל הלואתו אף שנותן לו שכר…:

It seems to me that it is only permitted if [the lender] gives it to [the borrower] as an iska, but, if as a loan, it is prohibited…And how does it help that [the lender] pays [the borrower] for his labor? Even in the case of a courtyard that is not being offered for rent, and a person who would not rent it, it is prohibited for [a lender] to dwell in [a borrower’s] courtyard…All the more so when he stipulates with him that [the borrower] will use [the lender’s] deposit for his loan, even if [the lender] gives [the borrower] payment…

 

  • Beth Din of America Heteir Iska 

Introduction

Jewish Religious Law strictly prohibits the paying or receiving of interest on loans made between Jews. However, when monies are advanced in the course of a business transaction, an agreement may be entered into, whereby the provider and receiver of these funds are considered equal partners. This partnership is based upon the stipulation that, upon request, every loss must be attested to by two trustworthy witnesses, and all profits verified by oath. All consequent profits and losses are then equally shared. However, in order to avoid these very stringent requirements, the provider of the funds, under this “Shtar Isko”, agrees to waive his share of the profits in lieu of receiving a fixed percentage of the money advanced. This percentage is then considered profit, rather than interest on a loan. This agreement becomes effective when the receiver of the funds executes a form as set below.

The Agreement

I, the undersigned, have received from __________________________________, the sum of ____________ repayable over ______ years for the purpose of transacting business in connection with __________________________________ in which profits and losses are to be equally shared. However, the said ____________________________ has agreed that in lieu of such sharing of profits and losses, which would require substantiation of all losses by two trustworthy witnesses, and verification of all profits by oath, he shall accept my payment of an annual percentage of ______% of the said sum of ____________ and waive all other profits which may be earned from the advanced funds. I have received a token payment of $1.00 from the said _________________________ for my efforts in connection with this undertaking, and have signed herewith the receipt of the said $____________. SIGNED THIS ______ day of _______________ at _______________________________. _____________________________________ Recipient’s Signature

  • שו”ת אגרות משה יורה דעה חלק ב סימן סב

בענין מארטגיידז /משכנתא/ הנהוג בבתים איך עושים שלא יהיה באיסור ריבית כ”ג תמוז תשכ”א. מע”כ ידידי הנכבד מו”ה ר’ פסח קופערמאן שליט”א. 

In the matter of mortgages/mortgage/ which is customary regarding houses, how do you make it not be violate the prohibition of usury? 23 Tamuz 5771. My dear friend, R. Pesach Cooperman, may he live and be well..

 הנה ודאי ענין מארטגיידז שעושין במדינתנו הוא הלואה ויש בזה איסור ריבית וצריך לעשות באופן שלא יהיה ריבית ויש בזה שני דרכים. 

Of course, the type of mortgages that we do in our country is a loan and there is a ban on interest, and it should be done in such a way that there will be no interest. And there are two ways to do this.

(א) הוא לעשות בהיתר עיסקא ושידעו שני הצדדים ענין העיסקא ולא רק באמירה וכתיבה בעלמא שזה אינו לחש וסגולה המועילים. אלא שהוא שותפות בהעסקים שיעשה מקבל הכסף בהסך שלוקח כגון בלקח עשרת אלפים מהנותן הוי חמשה אלפים הלואה מנותן המעות להמקבל וחמשה נשארו של הנותן שנחשב בשם פקדון ונמצא שיש בהעסק מעות של שניהם מחצה למחצה ממילא יש להיות בין ריוח בין הפסד בשוה מחצה לזה ומחצה לזה.

(1) It is to do this with a heter iska, and that both parties know about the business and not just by saying and writing, for this is not a beneficial spell or magic! Rather, it is a partnership in the business that the recipient of the money (B) will do with the sum that he takes, such as in taking ten thousand from the giver (A), five thousand is a loan from the giver (A) that is transferred to the recipient (B), and five thousand remain for the giver (A), which is considered as a deposit. And thus in the transaction each of them has half, and they split the profits and losses. 

ושמו בין שניהם כפי ידיעתם שיכולין להרויח בהעסק של סך העשרה האלפים שהניחו בעיסקא למשל י”ח פראצענט /אחוז/ ונמצא שהוא בעד חלק הנותן ט’ פראצענט שהוא מחצה הריוח, ואם שמו בפחות יצטרכו להעמיד ריוח הנותן מחצה כפי שישומו שיהיה ריוח בכל העסק. ואם אח”כ יארע שלא יהיה כל כך ריוח או ח”ו הפסד אזי צריך הנותן ליקח רק מחצה מריוח שהיה ומחצה מהפסד אם היה

And they appraise, based on their knowledge, what profit they could make with an investment of ten thousand that they placed in this business – e.g., 18 percent /percent/ that means 9 percent which is half of the margin for the sum belonging to the giver (A).  And if they apprise it at less profit, then half of that will be for the giver (A). And if it happens that there is not so much margin or, God forbid, a loss, then the giver (A) should take only half of the margin that was and half of the loss if there was. 

. אבל כיון שהנותן אינו יודע כי הלא המקבל לבדו מתעסק בהם ואינו מחוייב להאמינו לכן הותנה שאם יאמר המקבל שלא היה הריוח כפי שומתם וכ”ש כשיאמר שהיה הפסד שיצטרך לישבע בשבועה חמורה בנקיטת ס”ת ויכול להתנות עוד חומרות בהשבועה שיהיה דוקא בביהכ”נ בשעת הקריאה בפני רבים ושיאמר גם בלשון קללה על נפשו אם אינו אומר אמת. ובנוסחאות כתוב שאם יאמר שהיה הפסד יצטרך להביא עדים דוקא אבל במדינה זו בעוה”ר שחשודים כמה אנשים להעיד שלא כדין כמו מאומד ועל פי מה שמאמינים להבע”ד שלכן טוב להתנות שיהיה נאמנותו בשבועה חמורה גם על הפסד ומאחר שלא ירצה להשבע יהיה מחוייב לשלם להנותן את חלק הריוח שהתנו. זהו ענין היתר עיסקא שהנהיגו והיתרו הוא שהרי אם ירצה יכול לישבע כשיהיה הפסד או ריוח פחות…

But because the giver (A) doesn’t know, because after all the recipient (B) is the one doing the investing, and the giver (A) doesn’t have to believe the recipient (B), therefore it would be stipulated that if the recipient (B) says that the profit was less than what they set, and even more so if B says there was a loss, B would have to swear a severe oath on a sefer Torah and could stipulate more seriousness in the oath that he would be in the synagogue during the reading in front of many and that B would also say in the language of a curse on their soul if Bis not telling the truth. And in some renditions it is written that if B says that there was a loss, B will have to bring witnesses, but in this country, in our great iniquity, some people are suspected of testifying illegally, as estimated, and according to what they believe, it is better to condition that B take a severe oath, even for a loss. And since B will not want to swear, B will be obligated to pay to give A the profit that they set. This is the issue of heter iska that they introduced and it is allowed because if B wishes to, B can take an oath when there is a loss or less profit…

(ב) לעשות באופן שליכא הלואה כלל אלא לפי סך המעות שיש לנותן המארטגיידז בין שהוא המוכר עצמו בין שהוא אחר הוא קנין שלו בהבית ממש כגון אם הבית שוה עשרים אלף והמארטגיידז הוא עשרה אלפים יש להנותן חצי הבית ולהלוקח חצי הבית והלוקח שוכר את החצי של בעל המארטגיידז בהסך שיחשבו כמה עולה הפראצענטן לשנה ושוכר ממנו על סך שנים שהתנו וזמן פרעון השכירות הוא כפי החשבון בכל חדש, כגון שהפראצענטן שיש לו ליטול הוא שמנה וחצי עולה זה בעד עשרת אלפים לשנה תת”נ יכתבו שמשלם לו שכירות לשנה תת”נ דאלאר וכשהתנו הרבה שנים יכתבו הסך זה לכל שנה או לצרף כמה הם בעד כל השנים. וצריך לכתוב שהותנה שאינו יכול למכור חלקו בהבית לאחר וגם איך שמוכרח למכור חלקו להלוקח שיש לו החצי אחר הזמן שהתנו במקח הזה אף אם יתייקר. ואם נעשה באופן שבכל שנה צריך הלוקח לשלם גם חלק מהקרן שיהיה החוב נקטן בכל שנה, יכול גם תנאי זה לעשות באופן זה שיכתבו שהותנה שהלוקח צריך בכל שנה ליקח מבעל המארטגיידז מחלקו שבבית חלק כך וכך וממילא יצטרך לשלם לו פחות מסך השכירות שהיה בעד כל החצי כפי החשבון. וזה ודאי עצה טובה היא וגם הלאיערס מסתמא ירצו לעשות זה. ואם לא ירצו הלאיערס לעשות כן אלא באופן מארטגיידז שהוא בריבית יכתבו בשטר השכירות שהעיקר הוא שטר זה ושטר שע”י הלאיערס הוא רק לבטחונות כשלא ירצה לשלם השכירות…

2) Do it in away that there is no aspect of a loan at all,. Rather, according to the sum that the mortgage provider (A) has, whether A is the seller or a third party, is A’s ownership of property in the house itself. For example, if the house is worth twenty thousand and the mortgage is ten thousand, half of the house belongs to the giver (of the mortgage) (A) and half of the house belongs to the buyer (B). And the buyer (B) rents the half of house owned by the provider of the mortgage (A) according to the total the percentage per year and B rent from A for the total number of years that they stipulated. And the time for paying off the rent is as calculated in each month. For instance, if the percentage that A has to take is eight and a half for ten thousand per year is 850, they will write that B pays A rent $850 each year. And when they stipulated many years, they will write the total for each year or how much over the years.. And it should be written that it was stipulated that A cannot sell their share in the house to someone else, and also that A must sell their share to the borrower who has half after the time stipulated in this mortgage even if the house becomes more expensive…

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating Talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity  which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. Elana has also started TEXTing; a podcast where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.


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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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