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Din & Daf: Inherited Oaths- The Legacy of Har Sinai (P. 1) מושבע ועומד מהר סיני

05.22.2025 | כ״ד באייר תשפ״ה

Din & Daf: Conceptual Analysis of Halakha Through Case Study with Dr. Elana Stein Hain

The Gemara mentions the concept of a person being already under oath to keep the mitzvot from Har Sinai. This leads to any oath one makes to keep or not to keep mitzvot to be considered a futile oath. But where does this concept of מושבע ועומד מהר סיני come from, and what deeper meaning does it offer about the permanence of the covenant between God and Israel?

Shevuot 22b

Dr. Elana Stein Hain – dinanddaf@hadran.org.il 

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מושבע ועומד מהר סיני  – What does this mean? Week 1 – Shevuot 22b

 

  • שבועות כב:

תָּא שְׁמַע: ״שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁלֹּא אוֹכַל״, וְאָכַל נְבֵילוֹת וּטְרֵיפוֹת, שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים – חַיָּיב. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר. וְהָוֵינַן בַּהּ: אַמַּאי חַיָּיב? מוּשְׁבָּע וְעוֹמֵד מֵהַר סִינַי הוּא! רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן דְּאָמְרִי: בְּכוֹלֵל דְּבָרִים הַמּוּתָּרִין עִם דְּבָרִים הָאֲסוּרִין.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear proof from a mishna (22b): With regard to one who said: On my oath I will not eat, and then ate the meat of unslaughtered carcasses or tereifot, repugnant creatures or creeping animals, he is liable. And Rabbi Shimon deems him exempt. And we discussed it: Why is he liable for violating his oath when he eats non-kosher food? He is already under oath from Mount Sinai not to eat forbidden food, and an oath cannot take effect to prohibit that which is already forbidden. Rav and Shmuel and Rabbi Yoḥanan all say that this is a case where he incorporates into the oath that he will not eat some permitted items, along with the statement concerning the forbidden items. Since the oath takes effect with regard to the permitted items, it extends also to the forbidden ones.

 

  • שבועות כה.

כֵּיצַד? אָמַר ״שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁאֶתֵּן לִפְלוֹנִי״ וְשֶׁלֹּא אֶתֵּן״. מַאי ״אֶתֵּן״? אִילֵּימָא צְדָקָה לְעָנִי, מוּשְׁבָּע וְעוֹמֵד מֵהַר סִינַי הוּא – שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״נָתוֹן תִּתֵּן לוֹ״!

  • The mishna teaches: How so? Examples are if one said: On my oath I will give so-and-so some item, or: On my oath I will not give it to him. What is the case of an oath in which he says: I will give? If we say that he takes an oath that he will give charity to a poor person, that is not an oath that takes effect, since he is under oath from Mount Sinai to give charity, as it is stated with regard to a poor person: “You shall give him” (Deuteronomy 15:10).

 

  • במדבר רבה ט

וְהִשְׁבִּיעַ אֹתָהּ הַכֹּהֵן (במדבר ה, יט), זֶה שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁהִשְׁבִּיעָם שֶׁיְּקַיְמוּ אֶת הַתּוֹרָה, כְּמָה דְתֵימָא (שמות כד, ח): הִנֵּה דַּם הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר כָּרַת ה’ וגו’, וְאֵין בְּרִית בְּלֹא שְׁבוּעָה

And the priest administer an oath to her (Numbers 5:19), this is the oath that they swore to keep the Torah, as it is written (Exodus 24:8): “Behold, it is the blood of the covenant which the Lord has made, etc., – and there is no covenant without an oath.”

 

  • שמות כד:ח

וַיִּקַּ֤ח מֹשֶׁה֙ אֶת־הַדָּ֔ם וַיִּזְרֹ֖ק עַל־הָעָ֑ם וַיֹּ֗אמֶר הִנֵּ֤ה דַֽם־הַבְּרִית֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר כָּרַ֤ת יְ-הֹוָה֙ עִמָּכֶ֔ם עַ֥ל כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִ֖ים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃

Moses took the blood and dashed it on the people and said, “This is the blood of the covenant that the Lord now makes with you concerning all these commands.”

 

  • מרדכי, תחילת פרק שני שבועות

המושבע ועומד מהר סיני הרי הוא בכלל “ארור אשר לא יקים את דברי התורה הזאת”

The one who is sworn from Mount Sinai is counted among “Cursed who does not establish the words of this Torah”

  • דברים כז:יב-יד, כו

יב אֵ֠לֶּה יַֽעַמְד֞וּ לְבָרֵ֤ךְ אֶת־הָעָם֙ עַל־הַ֣ר גְּרִזִ֔ים בְּעׇבְרְכֶ֖ם אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּ֑ן שִׁמְעוֹן֙ וְלֵוִ֣י וִֽיהוּדָ֔ה וְיִשָּׂשכָ֖ר וְיוֹסֵ֥ף וּבִנְיָמִֽן׃

After you have crossed the Jordan, the following shall stand on Mount Gerizim when the blessing for the people is spoken: Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Joseph, and Benjamin.

 

יג וְאֵ֛לֶּה יַֽעַמְד֥וּ עַל־הַקְּלָלָ֖ה בְּהַ֣ר עֵיבָ֑ל רְאוּבֵן֙ גָּ֣ד וְאָשֵׁ֔ר וּזְבוּלֻ֖ן דָּ֥ן וְנַפְתָּלִֽי:

And for the curse, the following shall stand on Mount Ebal: Reuben, Gad, Asher, Zebulun, Dan, and Naphtali.

 

יד וְעָנ֣וּ הַלְוִיִּ֗ם וְאָ֥מְר֛וּ אֶל־כׇּל־אִ֥ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל ק֥וֹל רָֽם׃ {ס}…

The Levites shall then proclaim in a loud voice to all the people of Israel:…

 

כו אָר֗וּר אֲשֶׁ֧ר לֹא־יָקִ֛ים אֶת־דִּבְרֵ֥י הַתּוֹרָֽה־הַזֹּ֖את לַעֲשׂ֣וֹת אוֹתָ֑ם וְאָמַ֥ר כׇּל־הָעָ֖ם אָמֵֽן׃ {פ}

Cursed be whoever will not uphold the terms of this Teaching and observe them.—And all the people shall say, Amen.

 

  • דברים כח:סט

אֵ֩לֶּה֩ דִבְרֵ֨י הַבְּרִ֜ית אֲֽשֶׁר־צִוָּ֧ה יְ-הֹוָ֣ה אֶת־מֹשֶׁ֗ה לִכְרֹ֛ת אֶת־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֑ב מִלְּבַ֣ד הַבְּרִ֔ית אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַ֥ת אִתָּ֖ם בְּחֹרֵֽב׃ {פ}

These are the terms of the covenant which the Lord commanded Moses to conclude with the Israelites in the land of Moab, in addition to the covenant which was made with them at Horeb.

 

  • תוספתא סוטה ז:ג-ה (מצוטטת בשבועות לח:-לט.)

…משביעי’ אותו בשבועה האמורה בתורה, שנ’ ואשביעך בה’ א-להי השמים וא-להי הארץ (בראשית כד:ג). אומ’ לו הוי יודע שלא על תנאי שבלבך אנו משביעים אותך, אלא על תנאי שבלבבנו, וכן מצינו כשהשביע משה את ישראל בערבות מואב אמ’ להם לא על תנאי שבלבבכם אני משביע אתכם, אלא על תנאי שבלבי,  שנ’ ולא אתכם לבדכם וגו’. כי את אשר ישנו פה וגו’.

אין לו אלא אתם, מניין לדורות הבאים אחריכם, ולגרים שנתוספו עליכם, שנ’ ולא אתכם לבדכם, אלא ואת אשר איננו פה עמנו היום.

אין לי אלא מצות שנצטוו ישראל על הר סיני, מניין לרבות מקרא מגלה, ת”ל קיימו וקבלו וגו’ ולא יעבר.

 

…They administer to the person the oath stated in the Torah, as it says, ‘I will make you swear by the Lord, God of heaven and God of earth’ (Gen. 24:3).

They say: Know that it is not according to your own heart’s terms we administer the oath, but according to the terms in the heart of the court we administer the oath. And so we find when Moshe administered the oath to Israel in the plains of Moav, he said to them: It is not according to your own heart’s terms do I administer this oath, but according to the terms in my heart, as it is said: ‘And not with you alone’ etc. (Deut. 29:13). ‘But with those who stand here with us’ (Deut. 29:14). 

He knows only you, how do we know that the future generations and the converts

who will join? As it says, aid: ‘Not with you only… and also those who are not here with us this day’ (ibid).

I know only the commandments Israel was commanded on Mount Sinai, how do we know to include reading Megillah? [Scripture] teaches, saying: ‘They established and they accepted etc. so it should not fail’ (Esther 9:27).

 

  • דברים כט:ט-יד

 

ט אַתֶּ֨ם נִצָּבִ֤ים הַיּוֹם֙ כֻּלְּכֶ֔ם לִפְנֵ֖י יְ-הֹוָ֣ה אֱ-לֹהֵיכֶ֑ם רָאשֵׁיכֶ֣ם שִׁבְטֵיכֶ֗ם זִקְנֵיכֶם֙ וְשֹׁ֣טְרֵיכֶ֔ם כֹּ֖ל אִ֥ישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

You stand this day, all of you, before your God the Lord—your tribal heads, your elders, and your officials, every householder in Israel,

 

י טַפְּכֶ֣ם נְשֵׁיכֶ֔ם וְגֵ֣רְךָ֔ אֲשֶׁ֖ר בְּקֶ֣רֶב מַחֲנֶ֑יךָ מֵחֹטֵ֣ב עֵצֶ֔יךָ עַ֖ד שֹׁאֵ֥ב מֵימֶֽיךָ׃

your children, your wives, even the stranger within your camp, from woodchopper to waterdrawer—

יא לְעׇבְרְךָ֗ בִּבְרִ֛ית יְ-הֹוָ֥ה אֱ-לֹהֶ֖יךָ וּבְאָלָת֑וֹ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְ-הֹוָ֣ה אֱ-לֹהֶ֔יךָ כֹּרֵ֥ת עִמְּךָ֖ הַיּֽוֹם׃

to enter into the covenant of your God the Lord, which your God the Lord is concluding with you this day, with its sanctions;

 

יב לְמַ֣עַן הָקִֽים־אֹתְךָ֩ הַיּ֨וֹם ׀ ל֜וֹ לְעָ֗ם וְה֤וּא יִֽהְיֶה־לְּךָ֙ לֵֽא-לֹהִ֔ים כַּאֲשֶׁ֖ר דִּבֶּר־לָ֑ךְ וְכַאֲשֶׁ֤ר נִשְׁבַּע֙ לַאֲבֹתֶ֔יךָ לְאַבְרָהָ֥ם לְיִצְחָ֖ק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹֽב׃

in order to establish you this day as God’s people and in order to be your God, as promised you and as sworn to your fathers Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.

 

יג וְלֹ֥א אִתְּכֶ֖ם לְבַדְּכֶ֑ם אָנֹכִ֗י כֹּרֵת֙ אֶת־הַבְּרִ֣ית הַזֹּ֔את וְאֶת־הָאָלָ֖ה הַזֹּֽאת׃

I make this covenant, with its sanctions, not with you alone,

 

יד כִּי֩ אֶת־אֲשֶׁ֨ר יֶשְׁנ֜וֹ פֹּ֗ה עִמָּ֙נוּ֙ עֹמֵ֣ד הַיּ֔וֹם לִפְנֵ֖י יְ-הֹוָ֣ה אֱ-לֹהֵ֑ינוּ וְאֵ֨ת אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵינֶ֛נּוּ פֹּ֖ה עִמָּ֥נוּ הַיּֽוֹם׃

but both with those who are standing here with us this day before our God the Lord and with those who are not with us here this day.

 

  • פירוש המלבי”ם כט:יד

…והמפרשים האריכו בהבנת הדבר איככה יוכלו האבות לקבל חוב על זרעם…עפ”י כמה טעמים 

…And the commentators have wrote much in trying to understand the matter, how could the ancestors accept a debt for their descendants? …There are several explanations:

 

א)…כל הנשמות העתידות להיות בגופי בנ”י היו במעמד ברית הר חורב ובברית ערבות מואב, וקבלו להיות שומרים התורה, ואף שאין הנשמה יכולה לקיים התורה מבלעדי הגוף אבל הלא אבות הגופים שהיו אז קבלו והתחייבו עליהם… 

a)…all the souls that would be in the bodies of the Israelites were at the covenant of Mount Horeb and the covenant of the plains of Moab, and those souls accepted to be keepers of the Torah. And although the soul cannot keep the Torah apart from the body, did not the ancestors of the bodies that were then accept and undertake upon them…

 

ב) החקירה אם יכולים לקבל גם לבניהם אחריהם הוא רק על דבר שהוא חוב להם, אבל על דבר שהוא לו לזכות וטובה בודאי יכולים לקבל עליהם ולזכותם…

  1. b) The question of whether they can also accept for their children after them is only for something that is a debt to them, but for something that is a merit and a good to them, they can certainly accept upon them and for their merit…

 

ג) כי השי”ת בורא כל המציאות וממציא כל הנפשות ובידו נפש כל חי ואם יסלק השגחחו רגע אחד תהיה כל הבריאה אפס ואין, אם הוא יצוה דבר, היתכן שיוצרך לזה הסכמת המצווה?

  1. c) Because the Lord creates all of reality and invents all souls, and in God’s hand is the soul of every living thing, and if God removes Divine Providence for a moment, all of creation will be null and void, and if God commands something, is it possible that the creator needs to consent to it?

 

  • אסתר ט:כז

קִיְּמ֣וּ (וקבל) [וְקִבְּל֣וּ] הַיְּהוּדִים֩ ׀ עֲלֵיהֶ֨ם ׀ וְעַל־זַרְעָ֜ם וְעַ֨ל כׇּל־הַנִּלְוִ֤ים עֲלֵיהֶם֙ וְלֹ֣א יַעֲב֔וֹר לִהְי֣וֹת עֹשִׂ֗ים אֵ֣ת שְׁנֵ֤י הַיָּמִים֙ הָאֵ֔לֶּה כִּכְתָבָ֖ם וְכִזְמַנָּ֑ם בְּכׇל־שָׁנָ֖ה וְשָׁנָֽה׃

The Jews undertook and irrevocably obligated themselves and their descendants, and all who might join them, to observe these two days in the manner prescribed and at the proper time each year.

 

  • שבועות כט.-כט:

תָּא שְׁמַע: וְכֵן מָצִינוּ כְּשֶׁהִשְׁבִּיעַ מֹשֶׁה אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, אָמַר לָהֶן: ״דְּעוּ שֶׁלֹּא עַל דַּעְתְּכֶם אֲנִי מַשְׁבִּיעַ אֶתְכֶם, אֶלָּא עַל דַּעַת הַמָּקוֹם וְעַל דַּעְתִּי״. וְאַמַּאי? לֵימָא לְהוּ: ״קַיִּימוּ מַאי דַּאֲמַר אֱ-לוֹהַּ״!…

Come and hear a baraita: And so we found that when Moses administered an oath to Israel that they would keep the Torah (see Deuteronomy 29:9–12), he said to them: Know that I am not administering this oath according to your understanding but according to the understanding of the Omnipresent and according to my understanding. And why not let him simply say to them: Keep that which God said?…

 

אֶלָּא כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלָא תִּהְוֵי הֲפָרָה לִשְׁבוּעֲתַיְיהוּ.

Rather, Moses administered the oath in this manner so that there would not be any possibility of the nullification of their oath. 

 

  • בבלי מכות כג:

גופ’ א”ר יהוש’ בן לוי שלש’ דב’ עשו ב”ד של מט’ והסכי’ ב”ד של מעל’ על ידם אלו הן מקר’ מגל’ והבא’ מעש’ ושאל’ שלו’ בשם מקר’ מגל’ דכ’ קיימו וקבלו היהודי’ קיימו למעל’ מה שקבלו למט’.

The previous subject: R. Yehoshua b. Levi said: In three instances the earthly court ruled and the heavenly court agreed to it on their account. And they are: Reading the Megillah, bringing tithes and greeting one’s fellow with God’s name. Reading the Megillah: as it is written, “and the Jews established and accepted (Esther 9:27)” – they established above what was accepted below.”

 

 

 


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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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