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Din & Daf

Din & Daf: Redeeming Captives- Obligation, Evolution and Dilemmas

07.03.2024 | כ״ז בסיון תשפ״ד

Din & Daf: Conceptual Analysis of Halakha Through Case Study with Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Bava Batra 3b, Bava Batra 8

In this session, we examine several sources within the Bavli about the mitzvah of redeeming captives that conflict with each other, impacting decisions about what “cost” or sacrifice is appropriate to expend on saving hostages. Given the resonance of this topic with today’s Israeli reality, we also set the stage for 20th-century Israeli discussions about this issue.

Dr. Elana Stein Hain – dinanddaf@hadran.org.il

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“Why is the world accepting that 240 human beings from almost 30 countries have been stolen and buried alive?”

-Rachel Goldberg, Nov. 14, 2023

  • Pidyon Shevuyim: A Central Public Mitzvah

  • בבא בתרא ח.-:

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַבָּה בַּר מָרִי: מְנַָא הָא מִילְּתָא דַאֲמוּר רַבָּנַן דְּפִדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִם מִצְוָה רַבָּה הִיא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהָיָה כִּי יֹאמְרוּ אֵלֶיךָ אָנָה נֵצֵא, וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵיהֶם כֹּה אָמַר ה׳, אֲשֶׁר לַמָּוֶת – לַמָּוֶת, וַאֲשֶׁר לַחֶרֶב – לַחֶרֶב, וַאֲשֶׁר לָרָעָב – לָרָעָב, וַאֲשֶׁר לַשְּׁבִי – לַשֶּׁבִי״. וְאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כׇּל הַמְאוּחָר בְּפָסוּק זֶה קָשֶׁה מֵחֲבֵירוֹ. 

Rava said to Rabba bar Mari: Concerning this matter that the Sages stated, that redeeming captives is a great mitzvah, from where is it derived? Rabba bar Mari said to him: As it is written: “And it shall come to pass, when they say to you: To where shall we depart? Then you shall tell them: So says the Lord: Such as are for death, to death; and such as are for the sword, to the sword; and such as are for famine, to famine; and such as are for captivity, to captivity” (Jeremiah 15:2). And Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Whichever punishment is written later in this verse is more severe than the one before it. 

חֶרֶב קָשָׁה מִמָּוֶת – אִי בָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא, וְאִי בָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא. אִי בָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא – הַאי קָא מִינַּוַּול, וְהַאי לָא קָא מִינַּוַּול. וְאִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא – ״יָקָר בְּעֵינֵי ה׳ הַמָּוְתָה לַחֲסִידָיו״. 

The sword is worse than death. If you wish, say that this is learned from a verse; if you wish, say instead that it is derived by way of logical reasoning. If you wish, say that this is derived by way of logical reasoning: This punishment, i.e., death by sword, mutilates the body, but that punishment, i.e., natural death, does not mutilate it. And if you wish, say that the fact that the sword is worse than death is learned from a verse: “Precious in the sight of the Lord is the death of God’s pious ones” (Psalms 116:15). 

רָעָב קָשֶׁה מֵחֶרֶב – אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא סְבָרָא: הַאי קָא מִצְטַעַר, וְהַאי לָא קָא מִצְטַעַר. אִיבָּעֵית אֵימָא קְרָא: ״טוֹבִים הָיוּ חַלְלֵי חֶרֶב מֵחַלְלֵי רָעָב״. שֶׁבִי [קָשֶׁה מִכּוּלָּם] – דְּכוּלְּהוּ אִיתַנְהוּ בֵּיהּ. 

Famine is worse than the sword. If you wish, say that this is derived by way of logical reasoning: This one, who dies of famine, suffers greatly before departing from this world, but that one, who dies by the sword, does not suffer. If you wish, say instead that the fact that famine is worse than the sword is learned from a verse: “More fortunate were the victims of the sword than the victims of famine” (Lamentations 4:9). And captivity is worse than all of them, as it includes all of them, i.e., famine, the sword, and death. 

  • בבא בתרא ג:

אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: לֹא לִיסְתּוֹר אִינִישׁ בֵּי כְנִישְׁתָּא, עַד דְּבָנֵי בֵּי כְנִישְׁתָּא אַחֲרִיתִי. אִיכָּא דְאָמְרִי: מִשּׁוּם פְּשִׁיעוּתָא, וְאִיכָּא דְאָמְרִי: מִשּׁוּם צַלּוֹיֵי… 

Rav Ḥisda says: A person may not demolish a synagogue before building another synagogue to take its place. There are those who say that the reason for this ruling is due to potential negligence, lest they fail to build a new structure after the old one has been razed. And there are those who say that the reason for this ruling is due to the disruption of prayer, for in the meantime there will be nowhere to pray… 

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבִינָא לְרַב אָשֵׁי: גְּבוּ זוּזֵי וּמַחֲתִי, מַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: דִּילְמָא מִיתְרְמֵי לְהוּ פִּדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִים, וְיָהֲבִי לְהוּ. 

Ravina said to Rav Ashi: What is the ruling if money for the construction of a new synagogue has already been collected and it rests before us for that purpose? Is it then permitted to demolish the old synagogue before building the new one? Rav Ashi said to him: Even if the money has been collected there is still concern that perhaps an opportunity for redeeming captives will present itself, and they will hand over the money for that urgent requirement, and the community will be left without a synagogue. 

שְׁרִיגִי לִיבְנֵי, וְהָדְרִי הוּדְרֵי, וּמַחֲתִי כְּשׁוּרֵי, מַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: זִמְנִין דְּמִתְרְמֵי לְהוּ פִּדְיוֹן שְׁבוּיִים, מְזַבְּנִי וְיָהֲבִי לְהוּ. אִי הָכִי, אֲפִילּוּ בָּנוּ נָמֵי! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: דִּירְתֵיהּ דְּאִינָשֵׁי לָא מְזַבְּנִי. 

Ravina continues: What is the ruling if the bricks to be used for the construction of the new synagogue are piled up, the boards are prepared, and the beams are ready? Is it permitted to demolish the old synagogue before building the new one? Rav Ashi said to him: Even so, sometimes an opportunity for redeeming captives will present itself, and they will sell the building materials and hand over the proceeds for this purpose. Ravina raises an objection: If so, that is, if you are concerned that they will sell the materials to redeem captives, then even in a case where they already built the synagogue there should be a concern that they might come to sell the structure for that purpose, and therefore one should never be permitted to destroy an old synagogue. Rav Ashi said to him: People do not sell their residences. 

  • רמב”ם הל’ מתנות עניים ח:י

פדיון שבויים קודם לפרנסת עניים ולכסותן,ואין לך מצוה גדולה כפדיון שבויים,שהשבוי הרי הוא בכלל הרעבים והצמאים והערומים, ועומד בסכנת נפשות. והמעלים עיניו מפדיונו, הרי זה עובר על “לא תאמץ את לבבך ולא תקפוץ את ידך” (דברים טו, ז), ועל “לא תעמֹד על דם רעֶך” (ויקרא יט, טז), ועל “לא יִרדנו בפרך לעיניך” (שם כה, נג), ובטל מצות “פתֹח תפתח את ידך לו” (דברים טו, ח), ומצות “וחי אחיך עמָך” (ויקרא כה, לו), “ואהבת לרעך כמוך” (שם יט, יח), ו”הצל לקוחים למות” (משלי כד, יא) והרבה דברים כאלו.ואין לך מצוה רבה כפדיון שבויים.

Redeeming captives proceeds supporting the poor with food and clothing. And there is no mitzvah as great as redeeming captives, for a captive is among the hungry, thirsty and naked, and is in mortal danger. And one who averts their eyes from redeeming the captive violates: “do not harden your heart and shut your hand (against your needy kinsfolk) (Deut. 15:7),” “do not stand by the blood of your fellow (Lev. 19:16),” “and “he shall not rule ruthlessly over him in your sight (Lev. 25:53),” and one who does not redeem a captive has nullified the mitzvah of, “you shall surely open your hand to him (Deut. 15:8),” and the mitzvah of let him live by your side as your kinsman (Lev. 25:36),” “and you shall love your neighbor as yourself (Lev. 19:18), “rescue those taken off to death (Proverbs 24:11),” and many others like this. And there is no mitzvah as great as redeeming captives. 

  • שולחן ערוך יורה דעה רנב:ג

כל רגע שמאחר לפדות השבויים, היכא דאפשר להקדים,הוי כאילו שופך דמים 

Every moment that one delays redeeming captives where they can do so earlier, it is as though they are shedding blood. 

 

  • Redeeming Captives at What Cost? Talmudic and Medieval Discussions

  • גיטין מה. 

מַתְנִי׳ אֵין פּוֹדִין אֶת הַשְּׁבוּיִין יָתֵר עַל כְּדֵי דְּמֵיהֶן, מִפְּנֵי תִּיקּוּן הָעוֹלָם… 

Mishnah: The captives are not redeemed for more than their actual monetary value, for the betterment of the world… 

גְּמָ׳ אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: הַאי ״מִפְּנֵי תִּיקּוּן הָעוֹלָם״ – מִשּׁוּם דּוּחְקָא דְצִבּוּרָא הוּא, אוֹ דִילְמָא מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא לִגְרְבוּ וְלַיְיתוֹ טְפֵי? 

Gemara: A dilemma was raised before the Sages: With regard to this expression: For the betterment of the world, is it due to the financial pressure of the community? Is the concern that the increase in price will lead to the community assuming financial pressures it will not be able to manage? Or perhaps it is because the result of this will be that they will not seize and bring additional captives, as they will see that it is not worthwhile for them to take Jews captive? 

  • רש”י שם ד”ה או דילמא

או דילמא:…ונפקא מינה אם יש לו אב עשיר או קרוב שרוצה לפדותו בדמים הרבה ולא יפילהו על הצבור

Or perhaps:… And the practical difference between these two explanations is a case where someone has a wealthy parent or family member who wants to redeem them for an excessive amount and will not foist that upon the community.

  • תוספות כתובות נב. ד”ה והיו מבקשין

דאפילו לטעמא דלא ליגרו וליתו טפי לא תקינו ] שלא יוכל לפדות אדם את עצמו יותר מכדי דמיו, שהרי “עור בעד עור וכל אשר לאיש יתן בעד נפשו” (איוב ב, ד) והכא אשתו כגופו.

Even based on the reasoning that we do not wish for them to take more captives, the sages did not decree that an individual is not permitted to save themselves by paying an excessive amount, as the verse states: ““Skin for skin – a person will give all that they have to save their own life (Job 2:4).” And in this case, his wife is as himself. 

  • גיטין נח. 

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן חֲנַנְיָה שֶׁהָלַךְ לִכְרַךְ גָּדוֹל שֶׁבְּרוֹמִי, אָמְרוּ לוֹ: תִּינוֹק אֶחָד יֵשׁ בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִים, יְפֵה עֵינַיִם וְטוֹב רוֹאִי וּקְווּצּוֹתָיו סְדוּרוֹת לוֹ תַּלְתַּלִּים. הָלַךְ וְעָמַד עַל פֶּתַח בֵּית הָאֲסוּרִים, אָמַר: ״מִי נָתַן לִמְשִׁיסָּה יַעֲקֹב וְיִשְׂרָאֵל לְבוֹזְזִים״? עָנָה אוֹתוֹ תִּינוֹק וְאָמַר: ״הֲלֹא ה׳ זוּ חָטָאנוּ לוֹ וְלֹא אָבוּ בִדְרָכָיו הָלוֹךְ וְלֹא שָׁמְעוּ בְּתוֹרָתוֹ״. 

There was an incident involving Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya who once went to the great city of Rome, where they said to him: There is a child in prison with beautiful eyes and an attractive appearance, and his curly hair is arranged in locks. Rabbi Yehoshua went and stood by the entrance to the prison. He said: “Who gave Jacob for a spoil, and Israel to the robbers?” (Isaiah 42:24). That child answered by reciting the continuation of the verse: “Did not the Lord, He against Whom we have sinned, and in Whose ways they would not walk, neither were they obedient to His law?” 

אָמַר: מוּבְטְחַנִי בּוֹ שֶׁמּוֹרֶה הוֹרָאָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, הָעֲבוֹדָה! שֶׁאֵינִי זָז מִכָּאן עַד שֶׁאֶפְדֶּנּוּ בְּכׇל מָמוֹן שֶׁפּוֹסְקִין עָלָיו. אָמְרוּ: לֹא זָז מִשָּׁם עַד שֶׁפְּדָאוֹ בְּמָמוֹן הַרְבֵּה, וְלֹא הָיוּ יָמִים מוּעָטִין עַד שֶׁהוֹרָה הוֹרָאָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. וּמַנּוּ? רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן אֱלִישָׁע. 

Rabbi Yehoshua said: I am certain that, if given the opportunity, this child will issue halakhic rulings in Israel, as he is already exceedingly wise. He said: I take an oath by the Temple service that I will not move from here until I ransom him for whatever sum of money they set for him. They said that he did not move from there until he ransomed him for a great sum of money, and not even a few days had passed when this child then issued halakhic rulings in Israel. And who was this child? This was Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha. 

  • תוספות גיטין נח. ד”ה כל ממון 

כל ממון שפוסקין עליו – כי איכא סכנת נפשות פודין שבויין יותר על כדי דמיהן…אי נמי משום דמופלג בחכמה היה:

Where there is mortal danger, we redeem captives even for more than they are worth…or perhaps it was because he was a genius…

  • רמב”ן גיטין מה.

וי”ל דהתם בשעת חרבן הבי’ וליכא משום דאיגרי בהו טפי שהרי כולם בשבי הלכו א”נ ר’ יהושע דעבד לגרמיה הוא דעבד ות”ק דפליג עליה דרשב”ג היינו ר’ יהושע ולא ס”ל כוותיה.
וי”א דכל היכא דאיכא חששא דמיתה פודין אותן בכל ממון שיכולין לפדותן ולא מסתבר דכל שבי כולה איתנהו ביה

And we answer that in that case it was a time of destruction, and there’s no concern of getting more captives, because they were all taken captives. Or perhaps R. Yehoshua did this of his own accord, and he disagrees with R. Shimon son of Gamliel.

And some say that whenever there is a mortal danger, we redeem for any amount of money, but this is illogical because there is always mortal danger in a situation of captivity.

  • Redeeming Captives at What Cost? Contemporary Israeli Discussions

  • “The Jibril Agreement,” Wikipedia Entry

The Jibril Agreement (Arabic: اتفاقية جبريل, romanized: Ittifāqīyat Jibrīl) or “Jibril Deal” (Hebrew: עסקת ג’יבריל, romanized: Iskat Jibril) was a prisoner exchange deal which took place on May 21, 1985 between the Israeli government, then headed by Shimon Peres, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command (an organization often known as just ‘PFLP-GC’). As part of the agreement, Israel released 1,150 security prisoners held in Israeli prisons in exchange for three Israeli prisoners (Yosef Grof, Nissim Salem, Hezi Shai) captured during the First Lebanon War. This was one of several prisoner exchange agreements carried out between Israel and groups it classified as terrorist organizations around that time.

  • “The Gilad Shalit Prisoner Exchange,” Wikipedia Entry

The Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange (Hebrew: עסקת שליט; Arabic: صفقة شاليط), also known as Wafa al-Ahrar (Arabic: وفاء الأحرار) (“Faithful to the free”),[1] followed a 2011 agreement between Israel and Hamas to release Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit in exchange for 1,027 prisoners — almost all Palestinians and Arab-Israelis, although there were also a Ukrainian,[2] a Jordanian[3] and a Syrian.[4] Two hundred and eighty of these had been sentenced to life in prison for planning and perpetrating various attacks against Israeli targets. 

  • Rabbi Shaul Yisraeli, “Should we concede to pressure and redeem captives?” היש להיענות לסחטנות בפדיון שבויים ובני ערובה?” Torah Sheba’al Peh 17, 69–76 

כיון שאלה [חיילנו] יצאו למלחמה בשליחות המדינה ומטעמה, להגנת העם היושב בציון, הרי קיימת ועומדת התחייבות בלתי כתובה, אבל מובנת מאליה, שכל טצדקי [=אמצעים] שיש בידי המדינה עליה לעשות (בגבולות סבירים שאינן פוגעים בבטחונה הכללי) כדי לפדותם במקרה שיפלו בשבי. וכשם שקיימת התחייבות במקרה של היפגעם חס ושלום במלחמה, הן לא נופל מזה החיוב לנקוט כל פעולה שהיא לשם הוצאתם מן השבי, “דכולהו איתנהו בה״.

וכיון שמה שהמדינה יכולה לעשות בזה הוא מכוח החיוב שקבלה על עצמה תמורת השירות שלהם, הרי אין זה אלא כאילו הם פודים את עצמם, שבזה כמבואר לעיל לא קיימת שום הגבלה, ולא שייך בזה התקנה ש”אין פודין את השבויים יותר על דמיהם”. 

Since they [our soldiers] went to war as agents of the state and in service of its ends—protecting the Jewish people who dwell in Zion—there is an unwritten but self-evident commitment on the part of the state to use all available means (within reasonable limits which do not impinge upon general security) to redeem them in an instance where they are taken captive. Just as the state has such a commitment in an instance where they are injured in war, Heaven forbid, it can be no less committed to take every available course of action to get them out of captivity—“as it includes all of them.”

Since the state takes on these obligations in exchange for the services of the solders, it is as if they were redeeming themselves. As is made clear above, in such a situation there are no restrictions, and the rule that “We do not redeem captives for more than their worth” does not apply.

  • Rabbi Hayyim David HaLevi, Responsa Aseh Lekha Rav, 7:53 

כאמור, פסק הלכה הנ”ל הבנוי על הסוגיא בגיטין הנ”ל, ופסיקתם של גדולי ראשונים ואחרונים, הוא ברור ונכון. ואעפי”כ נראה לענ”ד אחרי המחי”ר שאין מכל הנ”ל ראיה מכרעת לנדון דידן. שכן בכל הנ”ל מדובר בקבוצות של ליסטים שודדים שכל מטרתם היא לסחוט כספים רבים ככל האפשר תמורת פדיון השבויים, או מכירתם לעבדים. ולכן פשוט וברור שכל כניעה לסחטנותם תגדיל תיאבונם ותרבה רדיפתם לשבות דוקא יהודים, המרבים במחיר הפדיון. 

As I have said, this ruling built upon the passage in Gittin mentioned above, and the rulings of the greatest earlier and later decisors is clear and correct. And yet, it seems in my humble opinion that none of these are decisive proofs for our situation. For all those situations concern bandit thieves whose goal is to extract money by trading captives or selling people into slavery. Therefore, it is clear that any capitulation to their extortion will increase their appetite and cause them to further chase specifically Jews who are willing to pay more for the redemption. 

ואילו אנו נתונים במצב מלחמה קשה וממושך עם כלל העם הפלשתיני, שמתוכו יצאו קבוצות הלוחמות באכזריות בעם היהודי בארצו, והרקע הוא מדיני – לאומי, שכל זמן שלא ימצא לו פתרון, מלחמה זו תוסיף להחריף. קבוצות טרור אלה עושות ככל אשר לאל ידן לפגוע קשות בעם היהודי בכל מדת אפשרויותיהם. ואין ספק שלו יכלו למסור נפשם לתפוס שבויים יהודים היו עושים זאת מידי יום ביומו כדי לשחרר את שבוייהם ואסיריהם שבידי ישראל, ואולי אף כדי להשיג הישגים מדיניים נוספים. 

But we are in a difficult and ongoing war with the Palestinians, among whom there are bands who go out and fight cruelly with the Jewish people in its nation, and the context is political-national. So long as there is no resolution, this war will continue to get more severe. These bands of terrorists do whatever is in their power to severely harm the Jewish nation with every possible measure. And there is no doubt that if they could capture Jewish captives every day, they would do so in order to release their captives and prisoners that are in the hands of Israel, and perhaps also to achieve other political goals. 

  • Rabbi Shlomo Goren, “Redeeming Captives in Exchange for Freeing Terrorists” פדיון שבויים תמורת שחרור מחבלים Torat Hamedinah (1996), 424–436

 שחרור שלשת השבויים היהודים, חיילי צה”ל, משבי של אחד מארגוני הטרור הקיצוניים ביותר, תמורת שחרורם של 1150 רוצחים מסוכנים נודעים לשמצה, מקרב ארגוני המחבלים השונים, עורר סערה גדולה בארץ ובתפוצות, מכיון שבזה הגברנו את כוחם המספרי ויוקרתם של הטרוריסטים…

Freeing the three Jewish captives, IDF soldiers, from captivity in the hands of one of the most extreme terror organizations, in exchange for freeing 1150 dangerous murderers from various terror organizations has raise a great tumult in Israel and the diaspora, because in so doing, we strengthened the numbers and value of the terrorists…

הכפלנו ושילשנו את הסכנה הנשקפת לאזרחי ישראל מצד ארגוני המחבלים משלוש סיבות עקריות דהלהלן:

א) הגברת כוחם המספרי והאיכותי של המרצחים…ש…יוסיפו להילחם בנו…

ב) הגדלנו את כוח הסחיטה של ארגוני המחבלים…

ג) לא קיים כעת במדינה שום עונש אשר ירתיע את המרצחים מלבצע את זממם נגד מדינת ישראל…מכיון שהמרצחים יודעים מראש שתוך זמן קצר ישחררו אותם…

We have doubled and tripled the anticipated danger to Israeli citizens from terror organizations in three main ways:

  1. strengthening the numbers and value of the murderers…who will continue to fight against us…
  2. we have increased the ability or the terror organizations to extort us…
  3. there is now no punishment that will deter murdered from carrying our their plots against the State of Israel…because the murderers know ahead of time that within a short time, they will release them…

******************************************************************************

 אולם על אף כל האמור לעיל ייתכן שבמקרה של שבויי מלחמה של חיילים שנשבו תוך מילוי שליחות של המדינה ששלחה אותם למשימות המלחמה מוטלת חובה קדושה לעשות הכל לשחרורם, ואין עליהם כלל המיבגלות של המשנה “אין פודין את ההשבויים יתר על כדי דמיהם” משום שחיילינו נפלו בשבי במילוי שליחות המדינה…

But notwithstanding all that was said above, it seems that in the case of soldiers taken captive in war while carrying out the mission of the state that send them, there is a holy obligation to do everything to free them, and the limitation of the mishnah, “we do not redeem captives for more than there market value” does not apply because our soldiers were captured while carrying out the mission on which the state sent them…

  • Rav Ovadia Yosef, Responsa Yabia Omer Choshen Mishpat 6 

וא”כ אף בנ”ד י”ל שאפי’ את”ל דחשיב בכה”ג כיותר מכדי דמיהן, מטעם דלא לגרו ולייתו טפי, מ”מ כשיש סכנה ממשית בדבר, כבנ”ד, לא חיישינן להאי טעמא דדילמא מגרו בהו ומייתו טפי, ובלא”ה הם עושים כל מה שביכלתם לחטוף ולהרוג ולרצוח כדי לשבש מהלך החיים הרגילים במדינת ישראל, יה”ר שחרבם תבוא בלבם וקשתותם תשברנה. ואעיקרא אין לנו להוסיף ולהכניס גם נידוננו בטעם הגמ’ דלא לגרבו ולייתו טפי שנאמר על תקנה מסויימת, (כי בנ”ד לא חשיב כל כך כיותר על כדי דמיהן), ומכיון דהויא רק תקנה, וקודם שתיקנו כן בודאי שהיו פודין ביותר מכדי דמיהן, אמרינן דבכה”ג שהוא ספק אם תיקנו בכלל, אוקמא אדינא.

And if so even in our case, we may say that even if this constitutes paying more than their “worth” (which is a concern) so that they will not kidnap more people, nonetheless when there is a real danger, as in our case, we do not worry about this reason that perhaps they will kidnap more people. And even without this incentive, they do whatever they can to kidnap and murder to upend regular life in the State of Israel – may their swords enter their hears and their bows break. And on the principle we should not add and bring in based on the reasoning of the Gemara that they should not kidnap others which was said about a specific decree (for in our case, it is not considered so much as paying above their worth), and because it is only a decree and before they decreed it they certainly would redeem for more than the worth of the captives, we say that in this case where there is uncertainty over whether they made the decree at all, we establish the ruling based on the original law.

 

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating Talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity  which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. Elana has also started TEXTing; a podcast where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.


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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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