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Din & Daf

Din & Daf: Yerusha (Inheritance) for Daughters

10.10.2024 | ח׳ בתשרי תשפ״ה

Din & Daf: Conceptual Analysis of Halakha Through Case Study with Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Bava Batra perek יש נוחלין
שטר חצי זכר

Despite the fact that daughters, both Biblically and rabbinically, do not receive inheritance (but only support) alongside their brothers, today women do receive a share in their deceased parents’ estate. How does this work, and why is it permissible?

Dr. Elana Stein Hain – dinanddaf@hadran.org.il 

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  • משנה בבא בתרא ח:ה 

הָאוֹמֵר אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי בְנִי בְּכוֹר לֹא יִטֹּל פִּי שְׁנַיִם, אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי בְנִי לֹא יִירַשׁ עִם אֶחָיו, לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם, שֶׁהִתְנָה עַל מַה שֶּׁכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה. הַמְחַלֵּק נְכָסָיו לְבָנָיו עַל פִּיו, רִבָּה לְאֶחָד וּמִעֵט לְאֶחָד וְהִשְׁוָה לָהֶן אֶת הַבְּכוֹר, דְּבָרָיו קַיָּמִין. וְאִם אָמַר מִשּׁוּם יְרֻשָּׁה, לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם…הַכּוֹתֵב אֶת נְכָסָיו לַאֲחֵרִים וְהִנִּיחַ אֶת בָּנָיו – מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה עָשׂוּי, אֶלָּא אֵין רוּחַ חֲכָמִים נוֹחָה הֵימֶנּוּ. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אִם לֹא הָיוּ בָּנָיו נוֹהֲגִים כַּשּׁוּרָה – זָכוּר לַטּוֹב.

 

In a case of one who says: So-and-so, my firstborn son, will not take a double portion of my estate; or one who says: So-and-so, my son, will not inherit my estate among his brothers, he has said nothing, as he has stipulated counter to that which is written in the Torah. With regard to one on his deathbed who apportions his property orally, granting it to his sons as a gift, and he increased the portion given to one of his sons and reduced the portion given to one son, or equated the portion of the firstborn to the portions of the other sons, his statement stands. But if he said that they will receive the property not as a gift but as inheritance, he has said nothing…

 

With regard to one who wrote a document granting his property to others as a gift and left his sons with nothing, what he did is done, i.e., it takes effect; but the Sages are displeased with him. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: If he did so because his sons were not acting properly, he is remembered positively.

 

ההלכה נחלקת לשלשה מצבים:

א) הקונה והמקנה קיימים והדבר הנקנה אינו בעולם או לא ברשותו,

ב) המקנה והדבר הנקנה בעולם, והקונה אינו קיים,

ג) הקונה והמקנה והדבר הנקנה בעולם, אבל קיום הקנין מותנה בדבר שלא בא לעולם.

 

דוגמה של עיסקאות בדבר שלא בא לעולם:

מוכר פירות דקל לפני שנסתיים גידולם (גיטין מ”ב:).

אומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי לאחר שאתגייר, לאחר שתתגיירי, לאחר שימות בעלך, אינה מקודשת, שהם דברים שלא באו לעולם, כיוון שעכשיו אין בידו לקדשה.

 

אביי אמר: רבי אליעזר בן יעקב ורבי ורבי מאיר, כולי סבירי להו: אדם מקנה דבר שלא בא לעולם (קדושין ס”ב. יבמות ע”ב).

  • רמ”א שולחן ערוך חושן משפט רפ”א:ז

נ”ל דמה שנוהגין עכשיו לכתוב שטר חוב לבתו ולהתנות שאם יתן לבתו חלק חצי זכר יפטור מן החוב צריך ליתן לה בכל אשר לו דעיקר הוא החוב ולכן צריך לקיים תנאו או ישלמו החוב וכן המנהג.

It seems to me in the case of our current custom of writing a debt contract for his daughter and conditioning that if he gives half a portion of the inheritance of a son, he will be exempt from the debt, he must give her from all that is his, for the debt is principal, and therefore he must fulfill the condition or pay the debt. And so is the custom.

  • קצות החושן לג:ג

 ומעשה בשטר שלם זכר…

  • בבא בתרא קלג:

דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל לְרַב יְהוּדָה: שִׁינָּנָא, לָא תְּיהַוֵּי בֵּי עַבּוֹרֵי אַחְסָנְתָּא; וַאֲפִילּוּ מִבְּרָא בִּישָׁא לִבְרָא טָבָא, וְכׇל שֶׁכֵּן מִבְּרָא לְבַרְתָּא.

As Shmuel said to Rav Yehuda: Shinnana, do not be in a house where inheritance is transferred away from its rightful heir, even if it is transferred from a wicked son to a good son, and all the more so if it is transferred from a son to a daughter. Evidently, the Rabbis hold that inheritance should not be transferred in any case.

  • גשר החיים חלק א’ פרק א’ אות ח’

היות שמנהג העולם הוא להשאיר גם לבנות, והוא גם חוק המדינה – מי שעיניו בראשו מהדר להשאיר בצוואתו גם לבת בלשון מתנה, חדא שמנהג קובע הלכה, שנית כדי שלא תיטול חלקה מכח הממשלה, ושגם באים עי”ז לריב ומחלוקת. ומי שלא השאיר כלל צוואה יהדרו הבנים להשתוות ולתת מחלקם לבנות מהטעם הנז”ל. וכן מכל שכן שיש לעשות כן בנוגע לאשתו

Since the way of the world is to give inheritance to daughters too, and it is also the law of the land, someone with common sense should leave in his will to his daughter in the language of a gift as well. First because (sometimes/often) the societal custom determines the law, second so that she doesn’t use the force of the secular government to get her share, and also because it will cause strife among the siblings. And a person who did not leave a will, their sons should give from their portion to the daughters for the reasons listed above. And how much more so must someone do this regarding his wife.

To learn more about this topic, see here.

 

 


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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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