If a person is told that they must sign this document as a false witness or else they will be killed, they should not sign. The Gemara tries to use this to explain Rabbi Meir’s opinion in the braita that if witnesses verify their signatures but say they were forced, we do not believe them as that is a statement that is self-incriminating. But it is rejected as the law is that one does not need to give one’s life if forced to sign a false document. One only needs to give one’s life for three things – murder, idol worship and forbidden sexual relations. Rabbi Meir’s opinion is explained in a different manner. If one says that the document is a document of trust, he is not believed. Is this said about the creditor, the borrower or the witnesses who are claiming it is a document of trust? Three different sages explain this is three different manners. What is a document of trust? A creditor should never leave a document of a loan that was already paid back in their house as it could allow the creditor to try to collect the loan twice. One should not have in one’s house a document of trust or a pasim document as these documents are false documents and could enable one to collect money that isn’t theirs. What is a pasim document? If witnesses who are signed on the document say it was a document of trust or they issue a declaration that the document was signed under duress, are they believed? If they say the document is valid, but was given upon a condition that was never met, do we believe them? What if one of the witnesses signed on the document says it was given upon and condition and the other says it was not?
This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
This week’s learning is dedicated of the safety of our nation, the soldiers and citizens of Israel, and for the liberation of the Iranian people. May we soon see the realization of “ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה וששון ויקר”.
This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
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This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
This week’s learning is dedicated of the safety of our nation, the soldiers and citizens of Israel, and for the liberation of the Iranian people. May we soon see the realization of “ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה וששון ויקר”.
This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
Ketubot 19
חֲזָקָה אֵין הָעֵדִים חוֹתְמִין עַל הַשְּׁטָר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נַעֲשָׂה בְּגָדוֹל. אֶלָּא אֲנוּסִין, מַאי טַעְמָא?
There is a presumption that witnesses sign on the document only if the transaction was made when both parties to the transaction are adults. A corollary of that presumption is that each party would sign only adult witnesses to the document. However, if their testimony was that they were compelled to sign the document, what is the reason that Rabbi Meir rules that their testimony is not accepted?
אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא, קָסָבַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: עֵדִים שֶׁאָמְרוּ לָהֶם ״חִתְמוּ שֶׁקֶר וְאַל תֵּהָרְגוּ״ — יֵהָרְגוּ וְאַל יַחְתְּמוּ שֶׁקֶר.
Rav Ḥisda said that Rabbi Meir maintains: Witnesses that others said to them: Sign a document containing a falsehood and you will not be killed, should allow themselves to be killed and they should not sign a document containing a falsehood. Therefore, even when they testify that they were compelled to sign the document due to a threat to their lives, they are incriminating themselves.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא: הַשְׁתָּא אִילּוּ אָתוּ לְקַמַּן לְאִמְּלוֹכֵי, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: זִילוּ חֲתוּמוּ וְלָא תִּתְקַטְּלוּן, דְּאָמַר מָר: אֵין לְךָ דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹמֵד בִּפְנֵי פִּיקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ אֶלָּא עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְגִלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים בִּלְבָד. הַשְׁתָּא דַּחֲתַמוּ, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: אַמַּאי חָתְמִיתוּ?
Rava said to him: Now, if the witnesses came before us to consult with the Sages, we say to them: Go sign the document and you should not be killed, as the Master said: You have no matter that stands before saving a life, other than idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and murder. Now that they signed, do we say to them: Why did you sign? Only in those three cases, when faced with a choice between violating the prohibition and being killed, must one be killed rather than violate the prohibition. Signing a false document does not fall into that category. Why then, according to Rabbi Meir, is their testimony that they were compelled to sign the document not accepted?
אֶלָּא: טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר כִּדְרַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב. דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מוֹדֶה בִּשְׁטָר שֶׁכְּתָבוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַיְּימוֹ.
Rather, the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir is in accordance with the statement that Rav Huna said that Rav said, as Rav Huna said that Rav said: In the case of a borrower who admits with regard to a document that he wrote it, the lender need not ratify the document in court. Once the borrower admits that he wrote the document, he cannot then claim that it is forged or that the debt was repaid. Similarly, once the witnesses testify that they signed the document, it is a credible document that they cannot then invalidate (Tosafot).
גּוּפָא. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מוֹדֶה בִּשְׁטָר שֶׁכְּתָבוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַיְּימוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן: גַּנּוֹבָא גַּנּוֹבֵי לְמָה לָךְ. אִי סְבִירָא לָךְ כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר, אֵימָא הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר.
§ With regard to the matter itself, Rav Huna said that Rav said: In the case of a borrower who admits with regard to a document that he wrote it, the lender need not ratify the document in court. Rav Naḥman said to Rav Huna: Why do you need to conceal the reason for your opinion like a thief? If you hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, say: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. Do not state your opinion in a manner that obscures its connection to a tannaitic dispute.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וּמָר הֵיכִי סְבִירָא לֵיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כִּי אָתוּ לְקַמַּן לְדִינָא, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: ״זִילוּ קַיִּימוּ שְׁטָרַיְיכוּ וְחוּתוּ לְדִינָא״.
Rav Huna said to him: And what does the Master hold in a case where the borrower admits that he wrote the document? Rav Naḥman said to him: When lenders come before us for judgment, we say to them: Go and ratify your documents and descend and stand before us for judgment. If a lender relies solely on the confession of the borrower, the borrower could claim that although he wrote the document, he then repaid the loan. However, if the document was ratified by the court based on the testimony of the witnesses who signed it, the borrower’s claim that he repaid the loan is not accepted.
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: הָאוֹמֵר ״שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה הוּא זֶה״ — אֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן.
§ Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: One who says with regard to a document: This is a document of trust, is not deemed credible. If one claims that the document is a valid document but that no loan actually took place, and instead the borrower trusted the lender and gave him the document in order to borrow money in the future, or as security, he is not deemed credible.
דְּקָאָמַר מַאן? אִילֵימָא דְּקָאָמַר לֹוֶה — פְּשִׁיטָא, כָּל כְּמִינֵּיהּ?! וְאֶלָּא דְּקָאָמַר מַלְוֶה — תָּבוֹא עָלָיו בְּרָכָה. אֶלָּא דְּקָאָמְרִי עֵדִים. אִי דִּכְתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר — פְּשִׁיטָא דְּלָא מְהֵימְנִי. וְאִי דְּאֵין כְּתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר — אַמַּאי לָא מְהֵימְנִי?
The Gemara asks: In the case to which Rav’s statement is referring, who is saying that the document was a document of trust? If you say that it is the borrower who is saying so, it is obvious that he is not deemed credible. Is it within the power of the borrower to establish that the document is not genuine? But rather, say it is the lender who is saying that it is a document of trust. In that case, not only is he deemed credible, but let a blessing come upon him for admitting that a debt may not be collected with this document. Rather, say it is the witnesses who are saying that it is a document of trust. If so, the question arises: If it is a case where their handwriting emerges from another place, it is obvious that they are not deemed credible, as the document is ratified. And if it is a case where their handwriting does not emerge from another place, and the witnesses themselves testify that it is their signatures on the document, but that it was a document of trust, why are they not deemed credible? This is a clear case of: The mouth that prohibited is the mouth that permitted.
(סִימָן בָּאֵ״שׁ) אָמַר רָבָא: לְעוֹלָם דְּקָאָמַר לֹוֶה, וְכִדְרַב הוּנָא. דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מוֹדֶה בִּשְׁטָר שֶׁכְּתָבוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַיְּימוֹ.
The Gemara provides a mnemonic for the names of the amora’im who seek to explain Rav’s statement and resolve the problem: Beit, the second letter in the name of Rava; alef, the first letter in Abaye; and shin, the second letter in the name of Rav Ashi. Rava said: Actually, it is the borrower who is saying it, and it can be explained in accordance with the statement of Rav Huna, as Rav Huna said that Rav said: In the case of a borrower who admits with regard to a document that he wrote it, the lender need not ratify the document in court. In this case, the borrower admits that he wrote the document and had witnesses sign the document. Rav Yehuda teaches the novel halakha that although the borrower later contends that it was a document of trust, once he admits that he wrote the document, that contention is not accepted.
אַבָּיֵי אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם דְּאָמַר מַלְוֶה, וּכְגוֹן שֶׁחָב לַאֲחֵרִים, וְכִדְרַבִּי נָתָן.
Abaye said: Actually, it is the lender who said it, and it is in a case where he causes loss to others by invalidating the document and relinquishing his debt. If the lender owes money to others and lacks funds to repay his debt, then his invalidation of the document creates a situation where his creditor is unable to collect the debt. This is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Natan.
דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן לַנּוֹשֶׁה בַּחֲבֵירוֹ מָנֶה, וַחֲבֵירוֹ בַּחֲבֵירוֹ — מִנַּיִן שֶׁמּוֹצִיאִין מִזֶּה וְנוֹתְנִין לָזֶה — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ״.
As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Natan says: From where is it derived that in a case where a creditor seeks to collect a debt of one hundred dinars from another, and the other person seeks to collect a debt from another, from where is it derived that one takes money from this second debtor and gives it to the first creditor without the money passing through the debtor of the first, who is the creditor of the third? It is derived as the verse states: “And he shall give to the one to whom he is guilty” (Numbers 5:7). One pays the person to whom the money is owed, even if he did not borrow the money directly from him. When the debtor of the first who is the creditor of the third invalidates the document, he causes a loss to his own creditor.
רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם דְּקָאָמְרִי עֵדִים. וּדְאֵין כְּתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר. וּדְקָאָמְרַתְּ אַמַּאי לָא מְהֵימְנִי — כִּדְרַב כָּהֲנָא. דְּאָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: אָסוּר לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיְּשַׁהֶה שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״.
Rav Ashi said: Actually, it is the witnesses who are saying it, and it is a case where their handwriting does not emerge from another place. And with regard to that which you are saying: Why are they not deemed credible, it is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Kahana, as Rav Kahana said: It is prohibited for a person to keep a document of trust in his house, as it is stated: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents” (Job 11:14). This false document is likely to engender injustice when the lender seeks to collect payment with it.
וְאָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי: שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ מִדְּרַב כָּהֲנָא, עֵדִים שֶׁאָמְרוּ ״אֲמָנָה הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ״ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין. מַאי טַעְמָא? כֵּיוָן דְּעַוְלָה הוּא — אַעַוְלָה לָא חָתְמִי.
And Rav Sheshet, son of Rav Idi, says: Conclude from the statement of Rav Kahana that witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement of trust, and the document we signed was a document of trust, are not deemed credible. What is the reason? Since that document is an injustice, they would not sign a document of injustice. Their contention that they signed the document would incriminate them and is therefore not accepted.
אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: אָסוּר לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיְּשַׁהֶה שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״. בְּמַעְרְבָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב אָמְרִי: ״אִם אָוֶן בְּיָדְךָ הַרְחִיקֵהוּ״ — זֶה שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה וּשְׁטַר פַּסִּים. ״וְאַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״ — זֶה שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is prohibited for a person to keep a repaid document within his house, due to the fact that the verse states: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents” (Job 11:14). Even if he does not use the document to collect payment, the concern is that it might fall into the hands of one who will use it illegally to collect payment. In the West, in Eretz Yisrael, they say in the name of Rav: With regard to the first half of the verse: “If iniquity be in your hand, put it far away” (Job 11:14), this is referring to a document of trust and a document of security [passim]. With regard to the second half of the verse: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents,” this is referring to a repaid document.
מַאן דְּאָמַר שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ, כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה. וּמַאן דְּאָמַר שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה — אֲבָל שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ לָא, דְּזִמְנִין דִּמְשַׁהֵי לֵיהּ אַפְּשִׁיטֵי דְסָפְרָא.
They note: With regard to the one who said that a repaid document is the injustice referred to in the verse, all the more so a document of trust is an injustice and may not be kept, as a document of trust is fundamentally false. And with regard to the one who said that a document of trust is the injustice referred to in the verse, however, with regard to a repaid document, perhaps it is permitted to keep it, as, at times people keep it and do not return it to the borrower. This is because in those cases it serves as security for the coins of the scribe, whose fee has not yet been paid by the borrower, who is legally responsible to pay the scribe for writing the document.
אִתְּמַר: סֵפֶר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מוּגָּהּ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי: עַד שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם מוּתָּר לְשַׁהוֹתוֹ, מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ אָסוּר לְשַׁהוֹתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״.
On a similar note it is stated, with regard to keeping items with potential to lead to transgression: With regard to a Torah scroll that is not proofread and therefore contains errors, Rabbi Ami says: It is permitted to keep it without emending the mistakes for up to thirty days, and from that time onward it is prohibited to keep it, as it is stated: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents” (Job 11:14).
אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: עֵדִים שֶׁאָמְרוּ אֲמָנָה הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין. מוֹדָעָא הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין. מָר בַּר רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: אֲמָנָה הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין, מוֹדָעָא הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — נֶאֱמָנִין. מַאי טַעְמָא? הַאי — נִיתַּן לִיכָּתֵב. וְהַאי — לֹא נִיתַּן לִיכָּתֵב.
§ Rav Naḥman said that witnesses who say: Our statement was a statement of trust and we signed a document of trust, are not deemed credible. Similarly, witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement accompanied by a declaration by the person who is rendered a debtor by this document that he was coerced into the agreement, thereby invalidating the document, are not deemed credible. Mar bar Rav Ashi said that witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement of trust, are not deemed credible, but witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement accompanied by a declaration, are deemed credible. What is the reason for the difference between the cases? This document, which was accompanied by a declaration, may be written, as it is written under duress. And this document of trust may not be written, as it is fundamentally unjust.
בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רָבָא מֵרַב נַחְמָן: תְּנַאי הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ, מַהוּ? מוֹדָעָא וַאֲמָנָה, הַיְינוּ טַעְמָא — דְּקָא עָקְרִי לֵיהּ לִשְׁטָרָא, וְהַאי נָמֵי קָא עָקַר לִשְׁטָרָא. אוֹ דִלְמָא: תְּנַאי מִילְּתָא אַחֲרִיתִי הִיא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כִּי אָתוּ לְקַמַּן לְדִינָא, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: זִילוּ קַיִּימוּ תְּנָאַיְיכוּ וְחוּתוּ לְדִינָא.
Rava raised a dilemma before Rav Naḥman: In a case where the witnesses say: Our statement was a conditional statement, i.e., they verify their signatures, but add that the transaction was contingent upon fulfillment of an unwritten condition, what is the ruling? Perhaps it is similar to the cases of a statement accompanied by a declaration and a statement of trust. In those latter cases, this is the reason that their statement is rejected, as in doing so they undermine the document, and in this case too, he undermines the document. Or perhaps a condition is a different matter, as it does not necessarily undermine the document. Rav Naḥman said to him: When people come before us for judgment in this latter case, we say to them: Go and fulfill your conditions, and then descend before us for judgment.
עֵד אוֹמֵר ״תְּנַאי״, וְעֵד אוֹמֵר ״אֵינוֹ תְּנַאי״. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: תַּרְוַיְיהוּ בִּשְׁטָרָא מְעַלְּיָא קָא מַסְהֲדִי, וְהַאי דְּקָאָמַר: ״תְּנַאי״ — הָוֵה לֵיהּ חַד, וְאֵין דְּבָרָיו שֶׁל אֶחָד בִּמְקוֹם שְׁנַיִם.
The Gemara asks: What is the ruling in a case where one witness says: There is a condition attached to the transaction and one witness says: There is no condition? Rav Pappa says: Both are testifying that it is a valid document, and that witness who says: There was a condition attached, is only one witness whose testimony challenges that validity. And the statement of one witness has no validity in a place where there are two witnesses.
מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: אִי הָכִי, אֲפִילּוּ תַּרְוַיְיהוּ נָמֵי? אֶלָּא אָמְרִינַן: הָנֵי לְמִיעְקַר סָהֲדוּתַיְיהוּ קָאָתוּ, הַאי נָמֵי לְמִיעְקַר סָהֲדוּתֵיהּ קָאָתֵי: וְהִלְכְתָא כְּרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ.
Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, strongly objects to this: If it is so that testifying that there is a condition is considered to undermine the document, then even if both of the witnesses testify that there was a condition, their testimony should also not be accepted. Once they testified that the document is valid, they cannot give additional testimony that contradicts their original testimony. Rather, we say: These two witnesses are coming to undermine their testimony that the document is valid. These are not two separate testimonies, one that the document is valid and one with regard to the condition. Rather, the second testimony revokes the first. Similarly, this single witness is coming to undermine his testimony as well. Therefore, there is only one witness testifying that the document is valid. The Gemara concludes: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, and the testimony of even one witness who says that there was a condition attached to the transaction is accepted.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁנַיִם חֲתוּמִין עַל הַשְּׁטָר וּמֵתוּ, וּבָאוּ שְׁנַיִם מִן הַשּׁוּק וְאָמְרוּ: יָדַעְנוּ שֶׁכְּתַב יָדָם הוּא, אֲבָל אֲנוּסִים הָיוּ, קְטַנִּים הָיוּ, פְּסוּלֵי עֵדוּת הָיוּ — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ נֶאֱמָנִים. וְאִם יֵשׁ עֵדִים שֶׁכְּתַב יָדָם הוּא זֶה, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה כְּתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר מִשְּׁטָר שֶׁקָּרָא עָלָיו עַרְעָר וְהוּחְזַק בְּבֵית דִּין — אֵין אֵלּוּ נֶאֱמָנִין.
§ The Sages taught: If two witnesses were signatories on a document and they died, and two strangers from the marketplace came and said: We know that this is their handwriting, but they were coerced into signing the document, or if they said that they were minors when they signed the document, or if they said that they were disqualified witnesses when they signed the document, these strangers are deemed credible, as the mouth that prohibited and ratified the document is the mouth that permitted and undermined the document. However, if there are other witnesses who testify that it is their handwriting, or if their handwriting emerges from another place, from a document that one challenged and that was deemed valid in court, these witnesses from the marketplace are not deemed credible and their testimony does not undermine the validity of the document.
וּמַגְבֵּינַן בֵּיהּ כְּבִשְׁטָרָא מְעַלְּיָא? וְאַמַּאי? תְּרֵי וּתְרֵי נִינְהוּ!
The Gemara asks: And if the testimony of these witnesses is not accepted, is that to say that we collect debts with that document as one would collect debts with a valid document? And why would that be the case? Aren’t the two signatories whose signatures were ratified and the two witnesses from the marketplace whose testimony invalidates the document contradictory witnesses? Therefore, the document cannot be used to collect payment.
אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת, זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת: הַכְחָשָׁה — תְּחִלַּת הֲזָמָה הִיא,
Rav Sheshet said: That is to say that contradiction of their testimony is the first stage in rendering them false, conspiring witnesses, in the sense that certain restrictions that apply to the latter apply to the former as well.
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Ketubot 19
חֲזָקָה אֵין הָעֵדִים חוֹתְמִין עַל הַשְּׁטָר אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נַעֲשָׂה בְּגָדוֹל. אֶלָּא אֲנוּסִין, מַאי טַעְמָא?
There is a presumption that witnesses sign on the document only if the transaction was made when both parties to the transaction are adults. A corollary of that presumption is that each party would sign only adult witnesses to the document. However, if their testimony was that they were compelled to sign the document, what is the reason that Rabbi Meir rules that their testimony is not accepted?
אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא, קָסָבַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: עֵדִים שֶׁאָמְרוּ לָהֶם ״חִתְמוּ שֶׁקֶר וְאַל תֵּהָרְגוּ״ — יֵהָרְגוּ וְאַל יַחְתְּמוּ שֶׁקֶר.
Rav Ḥisda said that Rabbi Meir maintains: Witnesses that others said to them: Sign a document containing a falsehood and you will not be killed, should allow themselves to be killed and they should not sign a document containing a falsehood. Therefore, even when they testify that they were compelled to sign the document due to a threat to their lives, they are incriminating themselves.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא: הַשְׁתָּא אִילּוּ אָתוּ לְקַמַּן לְאִמְּלוֹכֵי, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: זִילוּ חֲתוּמוּ וְלָא תִּתְקַטְּלוּן, דְּאָמַר מָר: אֵין לְךָ דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹמֵד בִּפְנֵי פִּיקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ אֶלָּא עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, וְגִלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים בִּלְבָד. הַשְׁתָּא דַּחֲתַמוּ, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: אַמַּאי חָתְמִיתוּ?
Rava said to him: Now, if the witnesses came before us to consult with the Sages, we say to them: Go sign the document and you should not be killed, as the Master said: You have no matter that stands before saving a life, other than idol worship, forbidden sexual relations, and murder. Now that they signed, do we say to them: Why did you sign? Only in those three cases, when faced with a choice between violating the prohibition and being killed, must one be killed rather than violate the prohibition. Signing a false document does not fall into that category. Why then, according to Rabbi Meir, is their testimony that they were compelled to sign the document not accepted?
אֶלָּא: טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר כִּדְרַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב. דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מוֹדֶה בִּשְׁטָר שֶׁכְּתָבוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַיְּימוֹ.
Rather, the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir is in accordance with the statement that Rav Huna said that Rav said, as Rav Huna said that Rav said: In the case of a borrower who admits with regard to a document that he wrote it, the lender need not ratify the document in court. Once the borrower admits that he wrote the document, he cannot then claim that it is forged or that the debt was repaid. Similarly, once the witnesses testify that they signed the document, it is a credible document that they cannot then invalidate (Tosafot).
גּוּפָא. אָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מוֹדֶה בִּשְׁטָר שֶׁכְּתָבוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַיְּימוֹ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן: גַּנּוֹבָא גַּנּוֹבֵי לְמָה לָךְ. אִי סְבִירָא לָךְ כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר, אֵימָא הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר.
§ With regard to the matter itself, Rav Huna said that Rav said: In the case of a borrower who admits with regard to a document that he wrote it, the lender need not ratify the document in court. Rav Naḥman said to Rav Huna: Why do you need to conceal the reason for your opinion like a thief? If you hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, say: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir. Do not state your opinion in a manner that obscures its connection to a tannaitic dispute.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וּמָר הֵיכִי סְבִירָא לֵיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כִּי אָתוּ לְקַמַּן לְדִינָא, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: ״זִילוּ קַיִּימוּ שְׁטָרַיְיכוּ וְחוּתוּ לְדִינָא״.
Rav Huna said to him: And what does the Master hold in a case where the borrower admits that he wrote the document? Rav Naḥman said to him: When lenders come before us for judgment, we say to them: Go and ratify your documents and descend and stand before us for judgment. If a lender relies solely on the confession of the borrower, the borrower could claim that although he wrote the document, he then repaid the loan. However, if the document was ratified by the court based on the testimony of the witnesses who signed it, the borrower’s claim that he repaid the loan is not accepted.
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: הָאוֹמֵר ״שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה הוּא זֶה״ — אֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן.
§ Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: One who says with regard to a document: This is a document of trust, is not deemed credible. If one claims that the document is a valid document but that no loan actually took place, and instead the borrower trusted the lender and gave him the document in order to borrow money in the future, or as security, he is not deemed credible.
דְּקָאָמַר מַאן? אִילֵימָא דְּקָאָמַר לֹוֶה — פְּשִׁיטָא, כָּל כְּמִינֵּיהּ?! וְאֶלָּא דְּקָאָמַר מַלְוֶה — תָּבוֹא עָלָיו בְּרָכָה. אֶלָּא דְּקָאָמְרִי עֵדִים. אִי דִּכְתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר — פְּשִׁיטָא דְּלָא מְהֵימְנִי. וְאִי דְּאֵין כְּתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר — אַמַּאי לָא מְהֵימְנִי?
The Gemara asks: In the case to which Rav’s statement is referring, who is saying that the document was a document of trust? If you say that it is the borrower who is saying so, it is obvious that he is not deemed credible. Is it within the power of the borrower to establish that the document is not genuine? But rather, say it is the lender who is saying that it is a document of trust. In that case, not only is he deemed credible, but let a blessing come upon him for admitting that a debt may not be collected with this document. Rather, say it is the witnesses who are saying that it is a document of trust. If so, the question arises: If it is a case where their handwriting emerges from another place, it is obvious that they are not deemed credible, as the document is ratified. And if it is a case where their handwriting does not emerge from another place, and the witnesses themselves testify that it is their signatures on the document, but that it was a document of trust, why are they not deemed credible? This is a clear case of: The mouth that prohibited is the mouth that permitted.
(סִימָן בָּאֵ״שׁ) אָמַר רָבָא: לְעוֹלָם דְּקָאָמַר לֹוֶה, וְכִדְרַב הוּנָא. דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: מוֹדֶה בִּשְׁטָר שֶׁכְּתָבוֹ — אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַיְּימוֹ.
The Gemara provides a mnemonic for the names of the amora’im who seek to explain Rav’s statement and resolve the problem: Beit, the second letter in the name of Rava; alef, the first letter in Abaye; and shin, the second letter in the name of Rav Ashi. Rava said: Actually, it is the borrower who is saying it, and it can be explained in accordance with the statement of Rav Huna, as Rav Huna said that Rav said: In the case of a borrower who admits with regard to a document that he wrote it, the lender need not ratify the document in court. In this case, the borrower admits that he wrote the document and had witnesses sign the document. Rav Yehuda teaches the novel halakha that although the borrower later contends that it was a document of trust, once he admits that he wrote the document, that contention is not accepted.
אַבָּיֵי אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם דְּאָמַר מַלְוֶה, וּכְגוֹן שֶׁחָב לַאֲחֵרִים, וְכִדְרַבִּי נָתָן.
Abaye said: Actually, it is the lender who said it, and it is in a case where he causes loss to others by invalidating the document and relinquishing his debt. If the lender owes money to others and lacks funds to repay his debt, then his invalidation of the document creates a situation where his creditor is unable to collect the debt. This is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Natan.
דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן לַנּוֹשֶׁה בַּחֲבֵירוֹ מָנֶה, וַחֲבֵירוֹ בַּחֲבֵירוֹ — מִנַּיִן שֶׁמּוֹצִיאִין מִזֶּה וְנוֹתְנִין לָזֶה — תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְנָתַן לַאֲשֶׁר אָשַׁם לוֹ״.
As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Natan says: From where is it derived that in a case where a creditor seeks to collect a debt of one hundred dinars from another, and the other person seeks to collect a debt from another, from where is it derived that one takes money from this second debtor and gives it to the first creditor without the money passing through the debtor of the first, who is the creditor of the third? It is derived as the verse states: “And he shall give to the one to whom he is guilty” (Numbers 5:7). One pays the person to whom the money is owed, even if he did not borrow the money directly from him. When the debtor of the first who is the creditor of the third invalidates the document, he causes a loss to his own creditor.
רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: לְעוֹלָם דְּקָאָמְרִי עֵדִים. וּדְאֵין כְּתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר. וּדְקָאָמְרַתְּ אַמַּאי לָא מְהֵימְנִי — כִּדְרַב כָּהֲנָא. דְּאָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: אָסוּר לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיְּשַׁהֶה שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״.
Rav Ashi said: Actually, it is the witnesses who are saying it, and it is a case where their handwriting does not emerge from another place. And with regard to that which you are saying: Why are they not deemed credible, it is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Kahana, as Rav Kahana said: It is prohibited for a person to keep a document of trust in his house, as it is stated: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents” (Job 11:14). This false document is likely to engender injustice when the lender seeks to collect payment with it.
וְאָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי: שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ מִדְּרַב כָּהֲנָא, עֵדִים שֶׁאָמְרוּ ״אֲמָנָה הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ״ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין. מַאי טַעְמָא? כֵּיוָן דְּעַוְלָה הוּא — אַעַוְלָה לָא חָתְמִי.
And Rav Sheshet, son of Rav Idi, says: Conclude from the statement of Rav Kahana that witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement of trust, and the document we signed was a document of trust, are not deemed credible. What is the reason? Since that document is an injustice, they would not sign a document of injustice. Their contention that they signed the document would incriminate them and is therefore not accepted.
אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: אָסוּר לוֹ לָאָדָם שֶׁיְּשַׁהֶה שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״. בְּמַעְרְבָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב אָמְרִי: ״אִם אָוֶן בְּיָדְךָ הַרְחִיקֵהוּ״ — זֶה שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה וּשְׁטַר פַּסִּים. ״וְאַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״ — זֶה שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: It is prohibited for a person to keep a repaid document within his house, due to the fact that the verse states: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents” (Job 11:14). Even if he does not use the document to collect payment, the concern is that it might fall into the hands of one who will use it illegally to collect payment. In the West, in Eretz Yisrael, they say in the name of Rav: With regard to the first half of the verse: “If iniquity be in your hand, put it far away” (Job 11:14), this is referring to a document of trust and a document of security [passim]. With regard to the second half of the verse: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents,” this is referring to a repaid document.
מַאן דְּאָמַר שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ, כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה. וּמַאן דְּאָמַר שְׁטַר אֲמָנָה — אֲבָל שְׁטָר פָּרוּעַ לָא, דְּזִמְנִין דִּמְשַׁהֵי לֵיהּ אַפְּשִׁיטֵי דְסָפְרָא.
They note: With regard to the one who said that a repaid document is the injustice referred to in the verse, all the more so a document of trust is an injustice and may not be kept, as a document of trust is fundamentally false. And with regard to the one who said that a document of trust is the injustice referred to in the verse, however, with regard to a repaid document, perhaps it is permitted to keep it, as, at times people keep it and do not return it to the borrower. This is because in those cases it serves as security for the coins of the scribe, whose fee has not yet been paid by the borrower, who is legally responsible to pay the scribe for writing the document.
אִתְּמַר: סֵפֶר שֶׁאֵינוֹ מוּגָּהּ, אָמַר רַבִּי אַמֵּי: עַד שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם מוּתָּר לְשַׁהוֹתוֹ, מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ אָסוּר לְשַׁהוֹתוֹ, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַל תַּשְׁכֵּן בְּאֹהָלֶיךָ עַוְלָה״.
On a similar note it is stated, with regard to keeping items with potential to lead to transgression: With regard to a Torah scroll that is not proofread and therefore contains errors, Rabbi Ami says: It is permitted to keep it without emending the mistakes for up to thirty days, and from that time onward it is prohibited to keep it, as it is stated: “And let not injustice dwell in your tents” (Job 11:14).
אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: עֵדִים שֶׁאָמְרוּ אֲמָנָה הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין. מוֹדָעָא הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין. מָר בַּר רַב אָשֵׁי אָמַר: אֲמָנָה הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — אֵין נֶאֱמָנִין, מוֹדָעָא הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ — נֶאֱמָנִין. מַאי טַעְמָא? הַאי — נִיתַּן לִיכָּתֵב. וְהַאי — לֹא נִיתַּן לִיכָּתֵב.
§ Rav Naḥman said that witnesses who say: Our statement was a statement of trust and we signed a document of trust, are not deemed credible. Similarly, witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement accompanied by a declaration by the person who is rendered a debtor by this document that he was coerced into the agreement, thereby invalidating the document, are not deemed credible. Mar bar Rav Ashi said that witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement of trust, are not deemed credible, but witnesses who said: Our statement was a statement accompanied by a declaration, are deemed credible. What is the reason for the difference between the cases? This document, which was accompanied by a declaration, may be written, as it is written under duress. And this document of trust may not be written, as it is fundamentally unjust.
בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רָבָא מֵרַב נַחְמָן: תְּנַאי הָיוּ דְּבָרֵינוּ, מַהוּ? מוֹדָעָא וַאֲמָנָה, הַיְינוּ טַעְמָא — דְּקָא עָקְרִי לֵיהּ לִשְׁטָרָא, וְהַאי נָמֵי קָא עָקַר לִשְׁטָרָא. אוֹ דִלְמָא: תְּנַאי מִילְּתָא אַחֲרִיתִי הִיא? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כִּי אָתוּ לְקַמַּן לְדִינָא, אָמְרִינַן לְהוּ: זִילוּ קַיִּימוּ תְּנָאַיְיכוּ וְחוּתוּ לְדִינָא.
Rava raised a dilemma before Rav Naḥman: In a case where the witnesses say: Our statement was a conditional statement, i.e., they verify their signatures, but add that the transaction was contingent upon fulfillment of an unwritten condition, what is the ruling? Perhaps it is similar to the cases of a statement accompanied by a declaration and a statement of trust. In those latter cases, this is the reason that their statement is rejected, as in doing so they undermine the document, and in this case too, he undermines the document. Or perhaps a condition is a different matter, as it does not necessarily undermine the document. Rav Naḥman said to him: When people come before us for judgment in this latter case, we say to them: Go and fulfill your conditions, and then descend before us for judgment.
עֵד אוֹמֵר ״תְּנַאי״, וְעֵד אוֹמֵר ״אֵינוֹ תְּנַאי״. אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: תַּרְוַיְיהוּ בִּשְׁטָרָא מְעַלְּיָא קָא מַסְהֲדִי, וְהַאי דְּקָאָמַר: ״תְּנַאי״ — הָוֵה לֵיהּ חַד, וְאֵין דְּבָרָיו שֶׁל אֶחָד בִּמְקוֹם שְׁנַיִם.
The Gemara asks: What is the ruling in a case where one witness says: There is a condition attached to the transaction and one witness says: There is no condition? Rav Pappa says: Both are testifying that it is a valid document, and that witness who says: There was a condition attached, is only one witness whose testimony challenges that validity. And the statement of one witness has no validity in a place where there are two witnesses.
מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: אִי הָכִי, אֲפִילּוּ תַּרְוַיְיהוּ נָמֵי? אֶלָּא אָמְרִינַן: הָנֵי לְמִיעְקַר סָהֲדוּתַיְיהוּ קָאָתוּ, הַאי נָמֵי לְמִיעְקַר סָהֲדוּתֵיהּ קָאָתֵי: וְהִלְכְתָא כְּרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ.
Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, strongly objects to this: If it is so that testifying that there is a condition is considered to undermine the document, then even if both of the witnesses testify that there was a condition, their testimony should also not be accepted. Once they testified that the document is valid, they cannot give additional testimony that contradicts their original testimony. Rather, we say: These two witnesses are coming to undermine their testimony that the document is valid. These are not two separate testimonies, one that the document is valid and one with regard to the condition. Rather, the second testimony revokes the first. Similarly, this single witness is coming to undermine his testimony as well. Therefore, there is only one witness testifying that the document is valid. The Gemara concludes: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, and the testimony of even one witness who says that there was a condition attached to the transaction is accepted.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁנַיִם חֲתוּמִין עַל הַשְּׁטָר וּמֵתוּ, וּבָאוּ שְׁנַיִם מִן הַשּׁוּק וְאָמְרוּ: יָדַעְנוּ שֶׁכְּתַב יָדָם הוּא, אֲבָל אֲנוּסִים הָיוּ, קְטַנִּים הָיוּ, פְּסוּלֵי עֵדוּת הָיוּ — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ נֶאֱמָנִים. וְאִם יֵשׁ עֵדִים שֶׁכְּתַב יָדָם הוּא זֶה, אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה כְּתַב יָדָם יוֹצֵא מִמָּקוֹם אַחֵר מִשְּׁטָר שֶׁקָּרָא עָלָיו עַרְעָר וְהוּחְזַק בְּבֵית דִּין — אֵין אֵלּוּ נֶאֱמָנִין.
§ The Sages taught: If two witnesses were signatories on a document and they died, and two strangers from the marketplace came and said: We know that this is their handwriting, but they were coerced into signing the document, or if they said that they were minors when they signed the document, or if they said that they were disqualified witnesses when they signed the document, these strangers are deemed credible, as the mouth that prohibited and ratified the document is the mouth that permitted and undermined the document. However, if there are other witnesses who testify that it is their handwriting, or if their handwriting emerges from another place, from a document that one challenged and that was deemed valid in court, these witnesses from the marketplace are not deemed credible and their testimony does not undermine the validity of the document.
וּמַגְבֵּינַן בֵּיהּ כְּבִשְׁטָרָא מְעַלְּיָא? וְאַמַּאי? תְּרֵי וּתְרֵי נִינְהוּ!
The Gemara asks: And if the testimony of these witnesses is not accepted, is that to say that we collect debts with that document as one would collect debts with a valid document? And why would that be the case? Aren’t the two signatories whose signatures were ratified and the two witnesses from the marketplace whose testimony invalidates the document contradictory witnesses? Therefore, the document cannot be used to collect payment.
אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת, זֹאת אוֹמֶרֶת: הַכְחָשָׁה — תְּחִלַּת הֲזָמָה הִיא,
Rav Sheshet said: That is to say that contradiction of their testimony is the first stage in rendering them false, conspiring witnesses, in the sense that certain restrictions that apply to the latter apply to the former as well.
