Kiddushin 62

חרב תאכלו אמר רבא מילחא גללניתא נהמא דשערי אקושא ובצלי דאמר מר פת פורני חריבה במלח ובצלים קשים לגוף כחרבות

“You shall be devoured by the sword” (Isaiah 1:20)? Rava says: This verse should be interpreted as if it states: You shall devour the sword, i.e., you shall eat food that harms the body like a sword, e.g., coarse grains [gelalenita] of salt, hard barley bread, and onions. As the Master said: Dried bakery [purnei] bread eaten with salt and onions harms the body like swords.

בשלמא לרבי חנינא בן גמליאל היינו דכתיב אם לא שכב איש אתך ואם לא שטית טמאה תחת אישך הנקי אלא לרבי מאיר חנקי מיבעי ליה אמר רבי תנחום הנקי כתיב

The Gemara asks: Granted, according to the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel, this is the reason that it is written with regard to a sota: “If no man has lain with you, and if you have not gone aside to uncleanness, being under your husband, you shall be free [hinnaki]” (Numbers 5:19), without specifying the negative side of this condition. But according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, the verse should have stated: And if a man has lain with you, you should choke [ḥinnaki] and die. According to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, the verse should have clarified the other side of the condition and its ensuing punishment. Rabbi Tanḥum said: Indeed, a truncated form of hinnaki without the letter yod is written. This indicates that the word should be interpreted in two ways, as both hinnaki and ḥinnaki.

בשלמא לרבי מאיר היינו דכתיב הנקי אלא לרבי חנינא בן גמליאל למה לי אצטריך סלקא דעתך אמינא אם לא שכב איש הנקי ואם שכב לא הנקי ולא חנקי אלא איסורא בעלמא קא משמע לן

The Gemara continues: Granted, according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, this is the reason that it is written hinnaki without the yod, to allude to the other side of the condition. But according to the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel, why do I need this word to be written in this way? The Gemara answers: It is necessary, as it might enter your mind to say: If no man has lain with you, you shall be free, and if he has lain with you, you should neither be free nor choke; rather, it is merely a prohibition that does not warrant a severe punishment. The unusual form of the term hinnaki teaches us that this is not the case.

בשלמא לרבי מאיר היינו דכתיב הוא יתחטא בו ביום השלישי וביום השביעי יטהר ואם לא יתחטא וגו׳ אלא לרבי חנינא בן גמליאל למה לי

Granted, according to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, this is the reason that it is written, with regard to one being purified with the water of purification from contact with a corpse: “He shall purify himself with it on the third day and on the seventh day, and he shall be pure; but if he does not purify himself on the third day and on the seventh day he shall not be pure” (Numbers 19:11–12). But according to the opinion of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel, why do I need this double formulation?

אצטריך סלקא דעתך אמינא מצות הזאה בשלישי ובשביעי והיכא דעבד בחד מינייהו עבד קא משמע לן

The Gemara answers: It is necessary, as it might enter your mind to say: The mitzva of sprinkling the water of purification must be performed on the third and seventh days ab initio, but if he performed it on one of them alone, the ritual is considered performed and he is purified after the fact. The verse therefore teaches us that this is not the case.

והזה הטהר על הטמא ביום השלישי וביום השביעי למה לי אצטריך סלקא דעתך אמינא שלישי למעוטי שני שביעי למעוטי ששי דקא ממעט בימי טהרה אבל היכא דעבד בשלישי ובשמיני דקא מפיש בימי טהרה אימא שפיר דמי קא משמע לן

The Gemara asks about a later verse in the same chapter: “And the pure shall sprinkle on the impure on the third day and on the seventh day” (Numbers 19:19). Why do I need this repetition of the command? This was already stated earlier. The Gemara answers: It is necessary, as it might enter your mind to say that the third day excludes the second, i.e., he cannot receive the sprinkling of the water of purification before the third day, and similarly the seventh excludes the sixth day, because he thereby decreases the days of purity before the sprinkling. But if he performed the sprinkling on the third and on the eighth days, in which case he increases and adds to the days of purity, you might say that this is proper. The verse therefore teaches us that there must be a fixed interval of four days between each sprinkling ritual.

וחטאו ביום השביעי למה לי אצטריך סלקא דעתך אמינא הני מילי לקדשים אבל לתרומה בחד נמי סגיא קא משמע לן

The Gemara further analyzes this verse: Why do I need the phrase: “And on the seventh day he shall purify him” (Numbers 19:19)? The Gemara answers: It is necessary, as it might enter your mind to say: This matter, i.e., the requirement to receive the sprinkling twice, applies only for eating and touching consecrated meat; but for partaking of teruma one sprinkling is also sufficient. The verse therefore teaches us that this is not the case.

מתני׳ המקדש את האשה ואמר כסבור הייתי שהיא כהנת והרי היא לויה לויה והרי היא כהנת עניה והרי היא עשירה עשירה והרי היא עניה הרי זו מקודשת מפני שלא הטעתו

MISHNA: With regard to one who betroths a woman and later says: When I betrothed her I thought that she was the daughter of a priest, and it turned out that she is the daughter of a Levite, or if he claims that he thought she was the daughter of a Levite and she is actually the daughter of a priest, or if he claims that he thought she was poor and she is wealthy; or wealthy and she is poor, in all of these cases she is betrothed, because she did not mislead him, and no explicit condition was stated with regard to these matters.

האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי לאחר שאתגייר או לאחר שתתגיירי לאחר שאשתחרר או לאחר שתשתחררי לאחר שימות בעליך או לאחר שתמות אחותיך לאחר שיחלוץ ליך יבמיך אינה מקודשת

With regard to one who says to a woman: You are hereby betrothed to me after I convert, or: After you convert, or if he was a Canaanite slave and says: After I am emancipated, or if she was a Canaanite maidservant and he says: After you are emancipated, or if he says to a married woman: After your husband dies, or to his wife’s sister: After your sister dies, or if he says to a woman awaiting levirate marriage or ḥalitza from a brother-in-law [yavam], who in the opinion of this tanna cannot be betrothed by another man: After your yavam performs ḥalitza for you, in all these cases she is not betrothed. Since he cannot betroth her at the present time, his attempt at betrothal is ineffective.

וכן האומר לחבירו אם ילדה אשתך נקבה הרי זו מקודשת לי אינה מקודשת אם היתה אשת חברו מעוברת והוכר עוברה דבריו קיימין ואם ילדה נקבה מקודשת

And similarly, with regard to one who says to another: If your wife gives birth to a female the child is hereby betrothed to me, even if she becomes pregnant, or is pregnant but her pregnancy is not known, if she gives birth to a girl, that child is not betrothed to him. But if he said this when the wife of the other man was pregnant and her fetus was discernible at the time, i.e., her pregnancy was known, his statement is upheld, and therefore if she gives birth to a girl, the child is betrothed to him.

גמ׳ תנן התם אין תורמין מן התלוש על המחובר ואם תרם אין תרומתו תרומה

GEMARA: We learned in a mishna there (Terumot 1:5): One may not separate teruma from produce that has been detached from the ground for, i.e., to render permitted, produce that is attached to the ground. Produce still attached to the ground is not included in the obligation of teruma. And if he separated teruma in this manner, his teruma is not teruma, even after the produce has been detached from the ground.

בעא מיניה רב אסי מרבי יוחנן אמר פירות ערוגה זו תלושים יהיו תרומה על פירות ערוגה זו מחוברים פירות ערוגה זו מחוברים יהיו תרומה על פירות ערוגה זו תלושים לכשיתלשו ונתלשו מהו אמר ליה כל שבידו לאו כמחוסר מעשה דמי

Rav Asi raised a dilemma before Rabbi Yoḥanan: What is the halakha if one said: The detached produce of this garden bed should be teruma for the attached produce of this garden bed; or: The attached produce of this garden bed should be teruma for the detached produce of this garden bed, not now but when they will be detached; and the produce was subsequently detached? Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: Anything that is in one’s power to perform is not considered lacking in its action. Since he could theoretically detach the produce at this very moment, teruma can be separated from it.

איתיביה האומר לאשה הרי את מקודשת לי לאחר שאתגייר לאחר שתתגיירי לאחר שאשתחרר לאחר שתשתחררי לאחר שימות בעליך לאחר שתמות אחותיך לאחר שיחלוץ ליך יבמיך אינה מקודשת

Rav Asi raised an objection to the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan from the mishna. With regard to one who says to a woman: You are hereby betrothed to me after I convert, or: After you convert, or: After I am emancipated, or: After you are emancipated, or: After your husband dies, or: After your sister dies, or: After your yavam performs ḥalitza for you, in all of these cases she is not betrothed.

בשלמא כולהו לאו בידו אלא גר הוי בידו גר נמי לאו בידו דאמר רבי חייא בר אבא אמר רבי יוחנן

Rav Asi explains his objection: Granted, in all of these cases but one it is not in his power to bring about the situation when he will be able to betroth her, but in the case of a convert, the matter is in his power, as he could convert now if he so chooses. According to the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan, any action that could potentially be performed is considered as though it has actually been performed. The Gemara responds: In the case of a convert, it is also not in his power to convert whenever he wants, as Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says:

גר צריך שלשה מאי טעמא משפט כתיב ביה כדין מי יימר דמזדקקו ליה הני תלתא

A convert requires the presence of three Jews for his conversion. What is the reason for this requirement? It is written with regard to a convert: “You shall have one manner of law, for the convert as for the homeborn” (Leviticus 24:22), which indicates that a conversion is considered a judgment that requires three judges. And if he requires three judges, who says that those three will be available to him? Since he cannot convert at a time of his choosing, it is not considered within his power to convert.

מתקיף לה רבי אבא בר ממל אלא מעתה הנותן פרוטה לשפחתו ואמר הרי את מקודשת לי לאחר שאשתחרריך הכי נמי דהוו קידושין הכי השתא התם מעיקרא בהמה השתא דעת אחרת

Rabbi Abba bar Memel objects to this: If that is so, and anything that is in one’s power to perform is not considered lacking in its action, one who gives one peruta to his Canaanite maidservant and says: You are hereby betrothed to me after I emancipate you, so too will you say that it is a betrothal because he has the power to emancipate her? The Gemara rejects this suggestion: How can these cases be compared? There, the Canaanite maidservant initially had the legal status of an animal, i.e., she is not subject to betrothal at all, whereas now she has an independent mind. Once she has been emancipated she has the status of a Jew and is not considered the same person at all. Consequently, the attempted betrothal is certainly considered lacking an action.

ואלא הא דאמר רבי אושעיא הנותן פרוטה לאשתו ואמר לה הרי את מקודשת לי לאחר שאגרשיך אינה מקודשת הכי נמי לרבי יוחנן דהוו קידושין נהי דבידו לגרשה בידו לקדשה

The Gemara asks: But that which Rabbi Oshaya says: With regard to one who gives one peruta to his wife and says to her: You are hereby betrothed to me after I divorce you, she is not betrothed, so too according to the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan will you say that it is a betrothal because he has the power to divorce her? The Gemara answers: Although he has the power to divorce her, does he have the power to betroth her against her will? It is not in his power to effect the betrothal, as once she has divorced him the matter is no longer exclusively dependent upon him.

תפשוט דבעי רב אושעיא הנותן שתי פרוטות לאשה באחת אמר לה התקדשי לי היום ובאחת אמר לה התקדשי לי לאחר שאגרשיך תפשוט מינה דלא הוו קידושין דלמא כי היכי דתפסי קידושין השתא תפסי נמי לאחר כן

The Gemara comments: Being that it is not in his power to effect the betrothal, you can use this logic to resolve the dilemma raised by Rav Oshaya: What is the halakha with regard to one who gives two perutot to a woman, and with one he says to her: Be betrothed to me today, and with the other one he says to her: Be betrothed to me after I divorce you? What is her status after he divorces her? That dilemma was left unanswered, and the Gemara suggests that you can resolve from here that it is not a betrothal. The Gemara explains that this case is different, and Rav Oshaya’s dilemma was actually as follows: Perhaps in that situation, just as the betrothal is effective now, it is also effective afterward. Since she is currently under her own authority and agrees to betroth herself to him, it is possible that she can now consent to a betrothal that will take effect at a later time.

תניא כותיה דרבי יוחנן אין תורמין מן התלוש על המחובר ואם תרם אין תרומתו תרומה כיצד אמר פירות ערוגה זו תלושין יהיו תרומה על פירות ערוגה זו מחוברת פירות ערוגה זו מחוברת יהיו תרומה על פירות ערוגה זו תלושין לא אמר כלום אבל אמר לכשיתלשו ונתלשו דבריו קיימין

The Gemara comments: It is taught in a baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan: One may not separate teruma from the detached for the attached, and if he separated teruma, his teruma is not teruma. How so? If he said: The detached produce of this garden bed will be teruma for the attached produce of this garden bed, or: The attached produce of this garden bed will be teruma for the detached produce of this garden bed, he has not said anything of consequence, as the obligation to separate teruma applies only to detached produce. But if he said that the attached produce will be teruma when they will be detached, and they become detached, his statement is valid, as he has the power to detach them.

יתר על כן אמר רבי אליעזר בן יעקב אפילו אמר פירות ערוגה זו תלושין יהיו תרומה על פירות ערוגה זו מחוברת פירות ערוגה זו מחוברת יהיו תרומה על פירות ערוגה זו תלושין לכשיביאו שליש ויתלשו והביאו שליש ונתלשו דבריו קיימין

Moreover, Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov said that even if one said: The detached produce of this garden bed will be teruma for the attached produce of this garden bed, or: The attached produce of this garden bed will be teruma for the detached produce of this garden bed when they, i.e., the attached produce, will reach one-third of their growth and are detached, although at the time they had yet to ripen which means that the obligations of terumot and tithes do not apply to them, when they will reach one-third of their growth and are detached, his statement is upheld.

אמר רבה לא אמר רבי אליעזר בן יעקב אלא בשחת אבל באגם לא רב יוסף אמר אפילו באגם מאי משמע דהאי אגם לישנא דבוצלנא הוא אמר רבי אלעזר דאמר קרא הלכף כאגמן ראשו

Rabba says: Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says this ruling only with regard to fodder, produce that has grown stalks even if it is not yet ripe. But he did not refer to produce that is still completely soft [agam]. Rav Yosef says: He even referred to soft produce. In relation to this dispute, the Gemara asks: From where may it be inferred that this word agam is a term of growth [butzlana]? The Gemara answers that Rabbi Elazar said that this is as the verse states: “Is it to bow down his head as a bulrush [ke’agmon]” (Isaiah 58:5), i.e., like a soft, drooping plant.

כמאן אזלא הא דתניא האומר לחברו אם ילדה אשתך נקבה מקודשת לי לא אמר כלום ואמר רבי חנינא לא שנו אלא שאין אשתו מעוברת אבל אשתו מעוברת דבריו קיימין כמאן אי כרבה כשהוכר עוברה אי כרב יוסף אף על פי שלא הוכר עוברה

§ The Gemara asks: In accordance with whose opinion is that which is taught in the following baraita: With regard to one who says to another: If your wife gives birth to a female she is betrothed to me, he has not said anything? And Rabbi Ḥanina says: They taught this halakha only in a case where the other’s wife is not pregnant. But if his wife is pregnant his statement is upheld. In accordance with whose opinion is this ruling? The Gemara answers: The baraita can be explained in accordance with everyone’s opinion. If it is in accordance with the opinion of Rabba, it is referring to a situation where her fetus was already noticeable, just as the stalks of fodder are recognizable. If it is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Yosef, the halakha of the baraita applies even if her fetus was not yet noticeable.

ואיכא דאמרי אמר רבה לא אמר רבי אליעזר בן יעקב אלא בשחת דבי כיבשא אבל בשחת דבי שקיא לא רב יוסף אמר אפילו בשחת דבי שקיא

And there are those who say a different version of this dispute. Rabba says: Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says his ruling only with regard to fodder of a non-irrigated field, which is not watered. But he did not speak about fodder of an irrigated field. Since the produce of this field will not grow on its own if it is not watered, it is not considered as if this produce has entered the world. Rav Yosef said: Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov referred even to fodder of an irrigated field, as this produce too is treated as having entered the world when it reaches the stage of fodder.

כמאן אזלא הא דתניא האומר לחבירו אם ילדה אשתך נקבה מקודשת לי לא אמר כלום ואמר רבי חנינא לא שנו אלא שאין אשתו מעוברת אבל אשתו מעוברת דבריו קיימים כמאן כשהוכר עוברה ודברי הכל

The Gemara asks: According to this version of the dispute, in accordance with whose opinion is that which is taught in the following baraita: If one says to another: If your wife gives birth to a female she is betrothed to me, he has not said anything? And Rabbi Ḥanina says: They taught this only when his wife is not pregnant, but if his wife is pregnant his statement is upheld. In accordance with whose opinion is this ruling? The baraita must be referring to a case where her fetus was noticeable, and therefore everyone agrees with this ruling. The baraita is in accordance with the opinions of both Rabba and Rav Yosef, as even Rav Yosef agrees that Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov was referring only to fodder whose stalks were already noticeable.

אמר אביי רבי אליעזר בן יעקב ורבי ורבי מאיר כולהו סבירא להו אדם מקנה דבר שלא בא לעולם רבי אליעזר בן יעקב הא דאמרן רבי דתניא

Abaye says: Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov, and Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, and Rabbi Meir all hold the following principle: A person can transfer an entity that has not yet come into the world. That is, one can perform an act of acquisition for an item that is not yet in existence. The opinion of Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov is referring to that which we just said, that one can separate teruma even for produce not yet included in this mitzva. Where does Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi state a similar opinion? As it is taught in a baraita: