Sanhedrin 91
אֲמַרָה לֵיהּ בְּרַתֵּיה: שִׁבְקֵיהּ, וַאֲנָא מַהְדַּרְנָא לֵיהּ. שְׁנֵי יוֹצְרִים יֵשׁ בְּעִירֵנוּ: אֶחָד יוֹצֵר מִן הַמַּיִם, וְאֶחָד יוֹצֵר מִן הַטִּיט. אֵיזֶה מֵהֶן מְשׁוּבָּח? אָמַר לָהּ: זֶה שֶׁיּוֹצֵר מִן הַמַּיִם. אָמְרָה לוֹ: מִן הַמַּיִם צָר, מִן הַטִּיט לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן?
The daughter of the emperor said to Rabban Gamliel: Leave him, and I will respond to him with a parable. She said: There are two craftsmen in our city; one fashions vessels from water, and one fashions vessels from mortar. Which is more noteworthy? The emperor said to her: It is that craftsman that fashions vessels from water. His daughter said to him: If he fashions a vessel from the water, all the more so is it not clear that he can fashion vessels from mortar? By the same token, if God was able to create the world from water, He is certainly able to resurrect people from dust.
דְּבֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל תָּנָא: קַל וָחוֹמֶר מִכְּלֵי זְכוּכִית, מָה כְּלֵי זְכוּכִית שֶׁעֲמָלָן בְּרוּחַ בָּשָׂר וָדָם – נִשְׁבְּרוּ יֵשׁ לָהֶן תַּקָּנָה, בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁבְּרוּחוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה.
The school of Rabbi Yishmael taught that resurrection of the dead a fortiori from glass vessels: If concerning glass vessels, which are fashioned by the breath of those of flesh and blood, who blow and form the vessels, and yet if they break they can be repaired, as they can be melted and subsequently blown again, then with regard to those of flesh and blood, whose souls are a product of the breath of the Holy One, Blessed be He, all the more so can God restore them to life.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא מִינָא לְרַבִּי אַמֵּי: אָמְרִיתוּ דְּשָׁכְבֵי חָיִי. וְהָא הָווּ עַפְרָא, וְעַפְרָא מִי קָא חָיֵי?! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֶמְשׁוֹל לְךָ מָשָׁל. לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה? לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁאָמַר לַעֲבָדָיו: לְכוּ וּבְנוּ לִי פַּלְטֵרִין גְּדוֹלִים בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מַיִם וְעָפָר. הָלְכוּ וּבָנוּ אוֹתָן. לְיָמִים נָפְלוּ. אָמַר לָהֶם: חִזְרוּ וּבְנוּ אוֹתָן בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָפָר וָמַיִם. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אֵין אָנוּ יְכוֹלִין.
The Gemara relates that a certain heretic said to Rabbi Ami: You say that the dead will live. Aren’t they dust? And does dust come to life? Rabbi Ami said to him: I will tell you a parable. To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a flesh-and-blood king who said to his servants: Go and construct for me a great palace [palterin] in a place where there is no water and earth available. They went and constructed it. Sometime later, the palace collapsed. The king said to them: Return to your labor and construct the palace in a place where there is earth and water available. They said to him: We are unable to do so.
כָּעַס עֲלֵיהֶם, וְאָמַר לָהֶן: בִּמְקוֹם שֶׁאֵין מַיִם וְעָפָר בְּנִיתֶם, עַכְשָׁיו שֶׁיֵּשׁ מַיִם וְעָפָר – עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה! וְאִם אִי אַתָּה מַאֲמִין, צֵא לַבִּקְעָה וּרְאֵה עַכְבָּר שֶׁהַיּוֹם חֶצְיוֹ בָּשָׂר וְחֶצְיוֹ אֲדָמָה, לְמָחָר הִשְׁרִיץ וְנַעֲשָׂה כֻּלּוֹ בָּשָׂר. שֶׁמָּא תֹּאמַר לִזְמַן מְרוּבֶּה? עֲלֵה לָהָר וּרְאֵה שֶׁהַיּוֹם אֵין בּוֹ אֶלָּא חִלָּזוֹן אֶחָד, לְמָחָר יָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים וְנִתְמַלֵּא כּוּלּוֹ חֶלְזוֹנוֹת.
The king became angry at them and said to them: If in a place where there is no water and earth available you constructed a palace, now that there is water and earth available all the more so should you be able to do so. Similarly, concerning man, whom God created ex nihilo, all the more so will God be able to resurrect him from dust. And if you do not believe that a being can be created from dust, go out to the valley and see an akhbar, a creature that today is half flesh and half earth, and tomorrow the being will develop and all of it will become flesh. Lest you say that creation of living creatures is a matter that develops over an extended period, ascend a mountain and see that today there is only one snail there; then ascend tomorrow, after rain will have fallen, and see that it will be entirely filled with snails.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא מִינָא לִגְבִיהָא בֶּן פְּסִיסָא: וַוי לְכוֹן חַיָּיבַיָּא, דְּאָמְרִיתוּן מִיתֵי חָיִין! דְּחָיִין מָיְתִי, דְּמִיתֵי חָיִין? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וַוי לְכוֹן חַיָּיבַיָּא, דְּאָמְרִיתוּן מִיתֵי לָא חָיִין! דְּלָא הֲווֹ חָיִי, דַּהֲווֹ חַיֵּי – לֹא כׇּל שֶׁכֵּן? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: חַיָּיבַיָּא קָרֵית לִי? אִי קָאֵימְנָא, בָּעֵיטְנָא בָּךְ וּפָשֵׁיטְנָא לְעַקְמוּתָךְ מִינָּךְ! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִם אַתָּה עוֹשֶׂה כֵּן, רוֹפֵא אוּמָּן תִּקָּרֵא, וְשָׂכָר הַרְבֵּה תִּטּוֹל.
The Gemara relates that a certain heretic said to Geviha ben Pesisa: Woe unto you, the wicked, as you say: The dead will come to life. The way of the world is that those who are alive die. How can you say that the dead will come to life? Geviha ben Pesisa said to him: Woe unto you, the wicked, as you say: The dead will not come to life. If those who were not in existence come to life, is it not reasonable all the more so that those who were once alive will come to life again? The heretic said to Geviha ben Pesisa angrily: You called me wicked? If I stand, I will kick you and flatten your hump, as Geviha ben Pesisa was a hunchback. Geviha ben Pesisa said to him jocularly: If you do so, you will be called an expert doctor and will take high wages for your services.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה בְּנִיסָן אִיתְנְטִילוּ דֵּימוֹסְנָאֵי מִיהוּדָה וּמִירוּשָׁלַיִם. כְּשֶׁבָּאוּ בְּנֵי אַפְרִיקִיָּא לָדוּן עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן, אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן שֶׁלָּנוּ הִיא, דִּכְתִיב ״אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן לִגְבֻלֹתֶיהָ״, וּכְנַעַן אֲבוּהוֹן דְּהָנְהוּ אִינָשֵׁי הֲוָה.
§ Apropos Geviha ben Pesisa and his cleverness in debate, the Gemara cites additional incidents where he represented the Jewish people in debates. The Sages taught in Megillat Ta’anit: On the twenty-fourth day in Nisan it is a joyous day, since the usurpers [dimusana’ei] were expelled from Judea and Jerusalem. When the people of Afrikiya came to judgment with the Jewish people before the emperor, Alexander of Macedon, they said to him: The land of Canaan is ours, as it is written: “This is the land that shall fall to you as an inheritance, the land of Canaan according to its borders” (Numbers 34:2). And the people of Afrikiya said, referring to themselves: Canaan is the forefather of these people.
אֲמַר לְהוּ גְּבִיהָא בֶּן פְּסִיסָא לַחֲכָמִים: תְּנוּ לִי רְשׁוּת וְאֵלֵךְ וְאָדוּן עִמָּהֶן לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן. אִם יְנַצְּחוּנִי, אִמְרוּ: הֶדְיוֹט שֶׁבָּנוּ נִצַּחְתֶּם, וְאִם אֲנִי אֲנַצֵּחַ אוֹתָם, אִמְרוּ לָהֶם: תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה נִצְּחַתְכֶם. נָתְנוּ לוֹ רְשׁוּת, וְהָלַךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶם.
Geviha ben Pesisa said to the Sages: Give me permission and I will go and deliberate with them before Alexander of Macedon. If they will defeat me, say to them: You have defeated an ordinary person from among us, and until you overcome our Sages, it is no victory. And if I will defeat them, say to them: The Torah of Moses defeated you, and attribute no significance to me. The Sages gave him permission, and he went and deliberated with them.
אָמַר לָהֶם: מֵהֵיכָן אַתֶּם מְבִיאִים רְאָיָיה? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִן הַתּוֹרָה. אָמַר לָהֶן: אַף אֲנִי לֹא אָבִיא לָכֶם רְאָיָיה אֶלָּא מִן הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיֹּאמֶר אָרוּר כְּנָעַן עֶבֶד עֲבָדִים יִהְיֶה לְאֶחָיו״. עֶבֶד שֶׁקָּנָה נְכָסִים – עֶבֶד לְמִי וּנְכָסִים לְמִי? וְלֹא עוֹד, אֶלָּא שֶׁהֲרֵי כַּמָּה שָׁנִים שֶׁלֹּא עֲבַדְתּוּנוּ!
Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: From where are you citing proof that the land of Canaan is yours? They said to him: From the Torah. Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: I too will cite proof to you only from the Torah, as it is stated: “And he said: Cursed will be Canaan; a slave of slaves shall he be to his brethren” (Genesis 9:25). And with regard to a slave who acquired property, the slave belongs to whom and the property belongs to whom? The slave and his property belong to the master. And moreover, it is several years now that you have not served us. Therefore, not only are you not entitled to the land, there are additional debts that must be repaid, as well as a return to enslavement.
אָמַר לָהֶם אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מַלְכָּא: הַחְזִירוּ לוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה! אָמְרוּ לוֹ: תְּנוּ לָנוּ זְמַן שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים. נָתַן לָהֶם זְמַן. בָּדְקוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ תְּשׁוּבָה. מִיָּד בָּרְחוּ, וְהִנִּיחוּ שְׂדוֹתֵיהֶן כְּשֶׁהֵן זְרוּעוֹת, וְכַרְמֵיהֶן כְּשֶׁהֵן נְטוּעוֹת. וְאוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁבִיעִית הָיְתָה.
Alexander the king said to the people of Afrikiya: Provide Geviha ben Pesisa with a response to his claims. They said to Alexander: Give us time; give us three days to consider the matter. The emperor gave them the requested time and they examined the matter and did not find a response to the claims. Immediately, they fled and abandoned their fields when they were sown and their vineyards when they were planted. The Gemara adds: And since that year was a Sabbatical Year, with the accompanying restrictions on agricultural activity, this benefited the Jewish people, as they were able to consume the produce of those fields and vineyards.
שׁוּב פַּעַם אַחַת בָּאוּ בְּנֵי מִצְרַיִם לָדוּן עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַה׳ נָתַן אֶת חֵן הָעָם בְּעֵינֵי מִצְרַיִם וַיַּשְׁאִלוּם״. תְּנוּ לָנוּ כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב שֶׁנְּטַלְתֶּם מִמֶּנּוּ.
The Gemara relates: On another occasion, the people of Egypt came to judgment with the Jewish people before Alexander of Macedon. The Egyptian people said to Alexander: It says in the Torah: “And the Lord gave the people favor in the eyes of Egypt, and they lent them” (Exodus 12:36). Give us the silver and gold that you took from us; you claimed that you were borrowing it and you never returned it.
אָמַר גְּבִיהָא בֶּן פְּסִיסָא לַחֲכָמִים: תְּנוּ לִי רְשׁוּת וְאֵלֵךְ וְאָדוּן עִמָּהֶן לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס. אִם יְנַצְּחוּנִי, אִמְרוּ לָהֶם: הֶדְיוֹט שֶׁבָּנוּ נִצַּחְתֶּם, וְאִם אֲנִי אֲנַצֵּחַ אוֹתָם, אִמְרוּ לָהֶם: תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ נִצְּחַתְכֶם. נָתְנוּ לוֹ רְשׁוּת וְהָלַךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶן.
Geviha ben Pesisa said to the Sages: Give me permission and I will go and deliberate with them before Alexander of Macedon. If they will defeat me, say to them: You have defeated an ordinary person from among us, and until you overcome our Sages, it is no victory. And if I will defeat them, say to them: The Torah of Moses, our teacher, defeated you, and attribute no significance to me. The Sages gave him permission, and he went and deliberated with them.
אָמַר לָהֶן: מֵהֵיכָן אַתֶּם מְבִיאִין רְאָיָיה? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִן הַתּוֹרָה. אָמַר לָהֶן: אַף אֲנִי לֹא אָבִיא לָכֶם רְאָיָיה אֶלָּא מִן הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וּמוֹשַׁב בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר יָשְׁבוּ בְּמִצְרָיִם שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה״. תְּנוּ לָנוּ שְׂכַר עֲבוֹדָה שֶׁל שִׁשִּׁים רִיבּוֹא שֶׁשִּׁיעְבַּדְתֶּם בְּמִצְרַיִם שְׁלֹשִׁים שָׁנָה וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה.
Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: From where are you citing proof that you are entitled to the silver and gold? They said to him: From the Torah. Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: I too will cite proof to you only from the Torah, as it is stated: “And the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years” (Exodus 12:40), during which they were enslaved to Egypt, engaged in hard manual labor. Give us the wages for the work performed by the 600,000 men above the age of twenty (see Exodus 12:37) whom you enslaved in Egypt for four hundred and thirty years.
אָמַר לָהֶן אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן: הַחְזִירוּ לוֹ תְּשׁוּבָה! אָמְרוּ לוֹ: תְּנוּ לָנוּ זְמַן שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים. נָתַן לָהֶם זְמַן. בָּדְקוּ וְלֹא מָצְאוּ תְּשׁוּבָה. מִיָּד הִנִּיחוּ שְׂדוֹתֵיהֶן כְּשֶׁהֵן זְרוּעוֹת, וְכַרְמֵיהֶן כְּשֶׁהֵן נְטוּעוֹת, וּבָרְחוּ. וְאוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁבִיעִית הָיְתָה.
Alexander of Macedon said to the people of Egypt: Provide Geviha ben Pesisa with a response to his claims. They said to him: Give us time; give us three days to consider the matter. The emperor gave them the requested time and they examined the matter and did not find a response to the claims. Immediately, they abandoned their fields when they were sown and their vineyards when they were planted, and fled. The Gemara adds: And that year was a Sabbatical Year.
וְשׁוּב פַּעַם אַחַת בָּאוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וּבְנֵי קְטוּרָה לָדוּן עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן שֶׁלָּנוּ וְשֶׁלָּכֶם, דִּכְתִיב ״וְאֵלֶּה תֹּלְדֹת יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן אַבְרָהָם״ וּכְתִיב ״אֵלֶּה תּוֹלְדֹת יִצְחָק בֶּן אַבְרָהָם״.
The Gemara relates: And on another occasion, the descendants of Ishmael and the descendants of Keturah came to judgment with the Jewish people before Alexander of Macedon. They said to the Jewish people before Alexander: The land of Canaan is both ours and yours, as it is written: “And these are the generations of Ishmael, son of Abraham, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarah’s maidservant, bore unto Abraham” (Genesis 25:12), and it is written: “And these are the generations of Isaac, son of Abraham” (Genesis 25:19). Therefore, the land should be divided between Abraham’s heirs.
אָמַר לָהֶן גְּבִיהָא בֶּן פְּסִיסָא לַחֲכָמִים: תְּנוּ לִי רְשׁוּת וְאֵלֵךְ וְאָדוּן עִמָּהֶם לִפְנֵי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרוֹס מוֹקְדוֹן. אִם יְנַצְּחוּנִי אִמְרוּ: הֶדְיוֹט שֶׁבָּנוּ נִצַּחְתֶּם, וְאִם אֲנִי אֲנַצֵּחַ אוֹתָם אִמְרוּ לָהֶם: תּוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ נִצְּחַתְכֶם. נָתְנוּ לוֹ רְשׁוּת, הָלַךְ וְדָן עִמָּהֶן.
Geviha ben Pesisa said to the Sages: Give me permission and I will go and deliberate with them before Alexander of Macedon. If they will defeat me, say to them: You have defeated an ordinary person from among us, and until you overcome our Sages, it is no victory. And if I will defeat them, say to them: The Torah of Moses, our teacher, defeated you, and attribute no significance to me. The Sages gave him permission, and he went and deliberated with them.
אָמַר לָהֶם: מֵהֵיכָן אַתֶּם מְבִיאִין רְאָיָיה? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִן הַתּוֹרָה. אָמַר לָהֶן: אַף אֲנִי לֹא אָבִיא רְאָיָיה אֶלָּא מִן הַתּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וַיִּתֵּן אַבְרָהָם אֶת כׇּל אֲשֶׁר לוֹ לְיִצְחָק. וְלִבְנֵי הַפִּילַגְשִׁים אֲשֶׁר לְאַבְרָהָם נָתַן אַבְרָהָם מַתָּנֹת״. אָב שֶׁנָּתַן אֲגִטִּין לְבָנָיו בְּחַיָּיו וְשִׁיגֵּר זֶה מֵעַל זֶה, כְּלוּם יֵשׁ לָזֶה עַל זֶה כְּלוּם? מַאי מַתָּנוֹת? אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה בַּר אַבָּא: מְלַמֵּד שֶׁמָּסַר לָהֶם שֵׁם טוּמְאָה.
Geviha ben Pesisa said to the descendants of Ishmael: From where are you citing proof that the land of Canaan belongs to both you and the Jewish people? They said to him: From the Torah. Geviha ben Pesisa said to them: I too will cite proof to you only from the Torah, as it is stated: “And Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac. But to the sons of the concubines that Abraham had, Abraham gave gifts, and he sent them away from his son, while he yet lived, eastward, to the east country” (Genesis 25:5–6). In the case of a father who gave a document of bequest [agatin] to his sons during his lifetime and sent one of the sons away from the other, does the one who was sent away have any claim against the other? The father himself divided his property. The Gemara asks: What were these gifts that Abraham gave to the sons of the concubines? Rabbi Yirmeya bar Abba says: This teaches that Abraham provided them with the name of the supernatural spirit of impurity, enabling them to perform witchcraft.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַנְטוֹנִינוּס לְרַבִּי: גּוּף וּנְשָׁמָה יְכוֹלִין לִפְטוֹר עַצְמָן מִן הַדִּין. כֵּיצַד? גּוּף אוֹמֵר: נְשָׁמָה חָטָאת, שֶׁמִּיּוֹם שֶׁפֵּירְשָׁה מִמֶּנִּי הֲרֵינִי מוּטָּל כְּאֶבֶן דּוּמָם בַּקֶּבֶר. וּנְשָׁמָה אוֹמֶרֶת: גּוּף חָטָא, שֶׁמִּיּוֹם שֶׁפֵּירַשְׁתִּי מִמֶּנּוּ הֲרֵינִי פּוֹרַחַת בָּאֲוִיר כְּצִפּוֹר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֶמְשׁוֹל לְךָ מָשָׁל. לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה? לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ פַּרְדֵּס נָאֶה, וְהָיָה בּוֹ
§ Apropos exchanges with prominent gentile leaders, the Gemara cites an exchange where Antoninos, the Roman emperor, said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: The body and the soul are able to exempt themselves from judgment for their sins. How so? The body says: The soul sinned, as from the day of my death when it departed from me, I am cast like a silent stone in the grave, and do not sin. And the soul says: The body sinned, as from the day that I departed from it, I am flying in the air like a bird, incapable of sin. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: I will tell you a parable. To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a king of flesh and blood who had a fine orchard, and in it there were
בַּכּוּרוֹת נָאוֹת, וְהוֹשִׁיב בּוֹ שְׁנֵי שׁוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד חִיגֵּר וְאֶחָד סוֹמֵא. אָמַר לוֹ חִיגֵּר לַסּוֹמֵא: בַּכּוּרוֹת נָאוֹת אֲנִי רוֹאֶה בַּפַּרְדֵּס. בֹּא וְהַרְכִּיבֵנִי וּנְבִיאֵם לְאׇכְלָם. רָכַב חִיגֵּר עַל גַּבֵּי סוֹמֵא, וֶהֱבִיאוּם וַאֲכָלוּם.
fine first fruits of a fig tree, and he stationed two guards in the orchard, one lame, who was unable to walk, and one blind. Neither was capable of reaching the fruit on the trees in the orchard without the assistance of the other. The lame person said to the blind person: I see fine first fruits of a fig tree in the orchard; come and place me upon your shoulders. I will guide you to the tree, and we will bring the figs to eat them. The lame person rode upon the shoulders of the blind person and they brought the figs and ate them.
לְיָמִים בָּא בַּעַל פַּרְדֵּס. אָמַר לָהֶן: בַּכּוּרוֹת נָאוֹת הֵיכָן הֵן? אָמַר לוֹ חִיגֵּר: כְּלוּם יֵשׁ לִי רַגְלַיִם לְהַלֵּךְ בָּהֶן? אָמַר לוֹ סוֹמֵא: כְּלוּם יֵשׁ לִי עֵינַיִם לִרְאוֹת? מָה עָשָׂה? הִרְכִּיב חִיגֵּר עַל גַּבֵּי סוֹמֵא, וְדָן אוֹתָם כְּאֶחָד.
Sometime later the owner of the orchard came to the orchard. He said to the guards: The fine first fruits of a fig tree that were in the orchard, where are they? The lame person said: Do I have any legs with which I would be able to walk and take the figs? The blind person said: Do I have any eyes with which I would be able to see the way to the figs? What did the owner of the orchard do? He placed the lame person upon the shoulders of the blind person just as they did when they stole the figs, and he judged them as one.
אַף הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מֵבִיא נְשָׁמָה וְזוֹרְקָהּ בַּגּוּף, וְדָן אוֹתָם כְּאֶחָד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יִקְרָא אֶל הַשָּׁמַיִם מֵעָל וְאֶל הָאָרֶץ לָדִין עַמּוֹ״. ״יִקְרָא אֶל הַשָּׁמַיִם מֵעָל״ – זוֹ נְשָׁמָה, ״וְאֶל הָאָרֶץ לָדִין עַמּוֹ״ – זֶה הַגּוּף.
So too, the Holy One, Blessed be He, brings the soul on the day of judgment and casts it back into the body, as they were when they sinned, and He judges them as one, as it is stated: “He calls to the heavens above and to the earth that He may judge His people” (Psalms 50:4). “He calls to the heavens above”; this is the soul, which is heavenly. “And to the earth that He may judge His people”; this is the body, which is earthly.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַנְטוֹנִינוּס לְרַבִּי: מִפְּנֵי מָה חַמָּה יוֹצְאָה בַּמִּזְרָח וְשׁוֹקַעַת בְּמַעֲרָב? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי הֲוָה אִיפְּכָא נָמֵי הָכִי הֲוָה אָמְרַתְּ לִי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ, הָכִי קָאָמֵינָא לָךְ: מִפְּנֵי מָה שׁוֹקַעַת בַּמַּעֲרָב?
The Gemara relates another exchange. Antoninos said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: For what reason does the sun emerge in the east and set in the west? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: If it were the reverse, you would have also said that to me, as the sun must emerge from one direction and set in the other. Antoninos said to him: This is what I am saying to you: For what reason does the sun set in the west and not occasionally deviate and set elsewhere?
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כְּדֵי לִיתֵּן שָׁלוֹם לְקוֹנָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וּצְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם לְךָ מִשְׁתַּחֲוִים״. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְתֵיתֵי עַד פַּלְגָא דְרָקִיעַ, וְתִתֵּן שְׁלָמָא, וְתֵיעוֹל! מִשּׁוּם פּוֹעֲלִים וּמִשּׁוּם עוֹבְרֵי דְרָכִים.
Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: The sun always sets in the west in order to greet its Creator, as it is stated: “And the hosts of heaven worship You” (Nehemiah 9:6). Setting is a form of worship; it is as though the sun is bowing to God. The Divine Presence rests in the west, as is evident from the fact that the Holy of Holies in the Temple, in which the Ark, the resting place of the Divine Presence, is located in the west. Antoninos said to him: If so, let the sun come until the midpoint of the sky, set slightly and greet its Creator, and return and enter its place of origin in the east and set there. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi answered him: The sun sets in the west due to workers and due to travelers, as, if the sun did not proceed from east to west with the light of day gradually waning, they would not know that it is time to return home or to find an inn.
וְאָמַר לוֹ אַנְטוֹנִינוּס לְרַבִּי: נְשָׁמָה מֵאֵימָתַי נִיתְּנָה בָּאָדָם, מִשְּׁעַת פְּקִידָה אוֹ מִשְּׁעַת יְצִירָה? אָמַר לוֹ: מִשְּׁעַת יְצִירָה. אָמַר לוֹ: אֶפְשָׁר חֲתִיכָה שֶׁל בָּשָׂר עוֹמֶדֶת שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים בְּלֹא מֶלַח וְאֵינָהּ מַסְרַחַת? אֶלָּא מִשְּׁעַת פְּקִידָה. אָמַר רַבִּי: דָּבָר זֶה לִמְּדַנִי אַנְטוֹנִינוּס, וּמִקְרָא מְסַיְּיעוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וּפְקֻדָּתְךָ שָׁמְרָה רוּחִי״.
And Antoninos said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: From when is the soul placed in a person? Is it from the moment of conception or from the moment of the formation of the embryo, forty days after conception? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: It is from the moment of the formation of the embryo. Antoninos said to him: That is inconceivable. Is it possible that a piece of meat could stand for even three days without salt as a preservative and would not rot? The embryo could not exist for forty days without a soul. Rather, the soul is placed in man from the moment of conception. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: Antoninos taught me this matter, and there is a verse that supports him, as it is stated: “And Your Providence [pekudatekha] has preserved my spirit” (Job 10:12) indicating that it is from the moment of conception [pekida] that the soul is preserved within a person.
וְאָמַר לוֹ אַנְטוֹנִינוּס לְרַבִּי: מֵאֵימָתַי יֵצֶר הָרָע שׁוֹלֵט בָּאָדָם, מִשְּׁעַת יְצִירָה אוֹ מִשְּׁעַת יְצִיאָה? אָמַר לוֹ: מִשְּׁעַת יְצִירָה. אָמַר לוֹ: אִם כֵּן, בּוֹעֵט בִּמְעֵי אִמּוֹ וְיוֹצֵא! אֶלָּא מִשְּׁעַת יְצִיאָה. אָמַר רַבִּי: דָּבָר זֶה לִמְּדַנִי אַנְטוֹנִינוּס, וּמִקְרָא מְסַיְּיעוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לַפֶּתַח חַטָּאת רֹבֵץ״.
And Antoninos said to Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi: From when does the evil inclination dominate a person? Is it from the moment of the formation of the embryo or from the moment of emergence from the womb? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said to him: It is from the moment of the formation of the embryo. Antoninos said to him: If so, the evil inclination would cause the fetus to kick his mother’s innards and emerge from the womb. Rather, the evil inclination dominates a person from the moment of emergence from the womb. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi said: Antoninos taught me this matter, and there is a verse that supports him, as it is stated: “Sin crouches at the entrance” (Genesis 4:7), indicating that it is from the moment of birth, when the newborn emerges from the entrance of his mother’s womb, that the evil inclination lurks.
רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״בָּם עִוֵּר וּפִסֵּחַ הָרָה וְיֹלֶדֶת יַחְדָּיו״, וּכְתִיב ״אָז יְדַלֵּג כָּאַיָּל פִּסֵּחַ וְתָרֹן לְשׁוֹן אִלֵּם כִּי נִבְקְעוּ בַמִּדְבָּר מַיִם וּנְחָלִים בָּעֲרָבָה״. הָא כֵּיצַד? עוֹמְדִין בְּמוּמָן וּמִתְרַפְּאִין.
§ Reish Lakish raises a contradiction between two verses written with regard to the resurrection of the dead. It is written: “I will bring them from the north country and gather them from the ends of the earth, and with them the blind and the lame, the woman with child and the woman giving birth together” (Jeremiah 31:7), indicating that at the end of days there will still be people with physical defects. And it is written: “Then shall the lame man leap as a deer and the tongue of the mute sing; for in the wilderness shall waters break out, and streams in the desert” (Isaiah 35:6), indicating that at the end of days there will be no people with physical defects. How so? When resurrected, the dead will arise still afflicted with their defects, and they will then be healed.
עוּלָּא רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״בִּלַּע הַמָּוֶת לָנֶצַח וּמָחָה ה׳ דִּמְעָה מֵעַל כׇּל פָּנִים״, וּכְתִיב ״כִּי הַנַּעַר בֶּן מֵאָה שָׁנָה יָמוּת לֹא יִהְיֶה מִשָּׁם עוֹד עוּל יָמִים״. לָא קַשְׁיָא: כָּאן – בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, כָּאן – בְּאוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם. וְאוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מַאי בָּעוּ הָתָם? הָנָךְ דִּכְתִיב בְּהוּ ״וְעָמְדוּ זָרִים וְרָעוּ צֹאנְכֶם וּבְנֵי נֵכָר אִכָּרֵיכֶם וְכֹרְמֵיכֶם״.
Ulla raises a contradiction. It is written: “He will swallow death forever; and the Lord God will wipe tears from all faces” (Isaiah 25:8), indicating that death will no longer exist at the end of days. And it is written: “There shall be no more an infant a few days old then…for the youngest shall die one hundred years old” (Isaiah 65:20). The Gemara answers that this contradiction is not difficult. The verse here, in Isaiah chapter 25, is written with regard to the Jewish people, who will live forever after resurrection; the verse there, in Isaiah chapter 65, is written with regard to gentiles, who will ultimately die after an extremely long life. The Gemara asks: And what do gentiles seek, i.e., why will they merit to live, in that era? The Gemara answers that the verse is referring to those gentiles about whom it is written: “And strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and aliens shall be your plowmen and vinedressers” (Isaiah 61:5).
רַב חִסְדָּא רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״וְחָפְרָה הַלְּבָנָה וּבוֹשָׁה הַחַמָּה כִּי מָלַךְ ה׳ צְבָאוֹת״, וּכְתִיב ״וְהָיָה אוֹר הַלְּבָנָה כְּאוֹר הַחַמָּה וְאוֹר הַחַמָּה יִהְיֶה שִׁבְעָתַיִם כְּאוֹר שִׁבְעַת הַיָּמִים״. לָא קַשְׁיָא: כָּאן לִימוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ, כָּאן לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא.
Rav Ḥisda raises a contradiction. It is written: “Then the moon shall be confounded and the sun ashamed, when the Lord of hosts will reign in Mount Zion and in Jerusalem, and before His elders shall be His glory” (Isaiah 24:23), indicating that the sun and the moon will no longer shine at the end of days. And it is written: “And the light of the moon shall be as the light of the sun, and the light of the sun shall be sevenfold, as the light of seven days” (Isaiah 30:26), indicating that the sun and the moon will exist then and they will shine more brightly. The Gemara answers that this is not difficult. The verse here, in Isaiah chapter 30, is written with regard to the days of the Messiah, when the sun and moon will shine more brightly; the verse there, in Isaiah chapter 24, is written with regard to the World-to-Come, when the only light will be the light of God.
וְלִשְׁמוּאֵל, דְּאָמַר: אֵין בֵּין הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה לִימוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ אֶלָּא שִׁיעְבּוּד גָּלִיּוֹת בִּלְבַד, לָא קַשְׁיָא: כָּאן בְּמַחֲנֵה צַדִּיקִים, כָּאן בְּמַחֲנֵה שְׁכִינָה.
The Gemara asks: And according to Shmuel, who says: The difference between this world and the messianic era is only subjugation of the exiles, as during that era the Jewish people will be freed from that subjugation, how is the contradiction resolved? The Gemara answers that even according to Shmuel this contradiction is not difficult. The verse here, in Isaiah chapter 30, is written with regard to the light in the camp of the righteous; the verse there, in Isaiah chapter 24, the verse is written with regard to the camp of the Divine Presence, when the only light will be the light of God.
רָבָא רָמֵי: כְּתִיב ״אֲנִי אָמִית וַאֲחַיֶּה״, וּכְתִיב ״מָחַצְתִּי וַאֲנִי אֶרְפָּא״. אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: מַה שֶּׁאֲנִי מֵמִית – אֲנִי מְחַיֶּה, וַהֲדַר מַה שֶּׁמָּחַצְתִּי – וַאֲנִי אֶרְפָּא.
Rava raises a contradiction. It is written: “I will kill and I will bring to life” (Deuteronomy 32:39), indicating that God is capable of reviving the dead. And it is written immediately afterward: “I wounded and I will heal,” which indicates that God will only heal the wounded. Rather, it should be understood: The Holy One, Blessed be He, is saying: What I kill, I bring to life, indicating that God revives the dead. And then what I wounded, I will heal.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אֲנִי אָמִית וַאֲחַיֶּה״ – יָכוֹל שֶׁתְּהֵא מִיתָה בְּאֶחָד וְחַיִּים בְּאֶחָד, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהָעוֹלָם נוֹהֵג? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״מָחַצְתִּי וַאֲנִי אֶרְפָּא״ – מָה מְחִיצָה וּרְפוּאָה בְּאֶחָד, אַף מִיתָה וְחַיִּים בְּאֶחָד. מִיכָּן תְּשׁוּבָה לָאוֹמְרִין אֵין תְּחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה.
§ The Sages taught in a baraita with regard to the verse: “I will kill and I will bring to life.” One might have thought that it means that there will be death for one person and life for one other person, in the typical manner that the world operates. Therefore, the verse states: “I wounded and I will heal.” Just as wounding and healing take place in one person, so too, death and bringing back to life take place in one person. From here there is a response to those who say that there is no resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah.
תַּנְיָא, אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: מִנַּיִין לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אָז יָשִׁיר מֹשֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת לַה׳״. ״שָׁר״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״יָשִׁיר״ – מִכָּאן לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה. כַּיּוֹצֵא בַּדָּבָר, אַתָּה אוֹמֵר: ״אָז יִבְנֶה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִזְבֵּחַ לַה׳״. ״בָּנָה״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״יִבְנֶה״ – מִכָּאן לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir said: From where is resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah? It is derived from a verse, as it is stated: “Then Moses and the children of Israel will sing this song to the Lord” (Exodus 15:1). It is not stated: Sang, in the verse; rather, the term “they will sing” is stated, indicating that Moses will come back to life and sing the song in the future. From here it is proved that resurrection of the dead is derived from the Torah. On a similar note, you can say: “Then Joshua will build an altar to the Lord God of Israel on Mount Ebal” (Joshua 8:30). It is not stated: Built, in the verse; rather, the term “will build” is stated. From here, resurrection of the dead is derived from the Torah.
אֶלָּא מֵעַתָּה, ״אָז יִבְנֶה שְׁלֹמֹה בָּמָה לִכְמוֹשׁ שִׁקֻּץ מוֹאָב״, הָכִי נָמֵי דְּיִבְנֶה? אֶלָּא מַעֲלֶה עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב כְּאִילּוּ בָּנָה.
The Gemara challenges: If that is so, then in the verse: “Then Solomon will build an altar for Chemosh the abomination of Moab” (I Kings 11:7), does this also mean that Solomon will build in the future? Rather, the use of the future tense here should be understood differently. Solomon did not build an altar to the idol; rather, the use of the future tense teaches that the verse ascribes him blame as though he built it, since he did not prevent his wives from doing so. Therefore, no proof for the resurrection of the dead may be cited from this verse.
אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: מִנַּיִין לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַשְׁרֵי יוֹשְׁבֵי בֵיתֶךָ עוֹד יְהַלְלוּךָ סֶּלָה״. ״הִילְּלוּךְ״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״יְהַלְלוּךָ״ – מִכָּאן לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: כׇּל הָאוֹמֵר שִׁירָה בְּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה זוֹכֶה וְאוֹמְרָהּ לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַשְׁרֵי יוֹשְׁבֵי בֵיתֶךָ עוֹד יְהַלְלוּךָ סֶּלָה״.
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: From where is resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah? It is derived from a verse, as it is stated: “Happy are they who dwell in Your house; they will yet praise You, Selah” (Psalms 84:5). It is not stated: They praised you, in the verse; rather, the term “they will praise you” is stated. From here, resurrection of the dead is derived from the Torah. And Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: Anyone who recites song to God in this world is privileged and recites it in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “Happy are they who dwell in Your house; they will yet praise You, Selah.”
אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מִנַּיִין לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״קוֹל צֹפַיִךְ נָשְׂאוּ קוֹל יַחְדָּו יְרַנֵּנוּ וְגוֹ״. ״רִינְּנוּ״ לֹא נֶאֱמַר, אֶלָּא ״יְרַנֵּנוּ״ – מִכָּאן לִתְחִיַּית הַמֵּתִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְאָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: עֲתִידִין כׇּל הַנְּבִיאִים כּוּלָּן אוֹמְרִים שִׁירָה בְּקוֹל אֶחָד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״קוֹל צֹפַיִךְ נָשְׂאוּ קוֹל יַחְדָּו יְרַנֵּנוּ״.
Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: From where is resurrection of the dead derived from the Torah? It is derived from a verse, as it is stated: “Your watchmen, they raise the voice; together shall they sing, for they shall see eye to eye the Lord returning to Zion” (Isaiah 52:8). It is not stated: They sang, in the verse; rather, the term “together shall they sing” is stated. From here resurrection of the dead is derived from the Torah. And Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: All the prophets are all destined to recite song in one voice, as it is stated: “Your watchmen, they raise the voice; together shall they sing.”
אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: כׇּל הַמּוֹנֵעַ הֲלָכָה מִפִּי תַלְמִיד, כְּאִילּוּ גּוֹזְלוֹ מִנַּחֲלַת אֲבוֹתָיו, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״תּוֹרָה צִוָּה לָנוּ מֹשֶׁה מוֹרָשָׁה קְהִלַּת יַעֲקֹב״. מוֹרָשָׁה הִיא לְכׇל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִשֵּׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְּרֵאשִׁית. אָמַר רַב חָנָא בַּר בִּיזְנָא אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן חֲסִידָא: כׇּל הַמּוֹנֵעַ הֲלָכָה מִפִּי תַּלְמִיד, אֲפִילּוּ עוּבָּרִין שֶׁבִּמְעֵי אִמָּן מְקַלְּלִין אוֹתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״מֹנֵעַ בָּר
Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: With regard to anyone who withholds halakha from being studied by the mouth of a student who seeks to study Torah, it is as though he robs him of the inheritance of his ancestors, as it is stated: “Moses commanded us the Torah, an inheritance of the congregation of Jacob” (Deuteronomy 33:4), indicating that the Torah is an inheritance for all of the Jewish people from the six days of Creation. Rav Ḥana bar Bizna says that Rabbi Shimon Ḥasida says: With regard to anyone who withholds halakha from being studied by the mouth of a student who seeks to study Torah, even fetuses in their mother’s womb curse him, as it is stated: “He who withholds bar,
