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Summary
Nadimon ben Gurion is reaching the end of the day in which he needs to repay the loan of the water he borrowed from a wealthy gentile and the rain has still not come. He goes to the Temple to pray and the rain finally comes. However, the gentile claims that the sun has set and he has missed the deadline. However, the clouds move and the sun comes out and Nakdimon is able to repay the debt on time. He is likened to Moshe and Yehoshua who were able to change time. Yehoshua had the sun stand still in battle, but from where do we know that this happened with Moshe? Rav Yehuda had a tradition from Rav of translating certain verses in a manner that was the opposite of the simple reading – sometimes changing a positive verse to have a negative connotation and a negative one to have a positive connotation. A story is told of Rabbi Elazar, the son of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai who met an ugly man and treated him disrespectfully because of his looks. The ugly man reprimanded him and would not forgive him when Rabbi Elazar begged for forgiveness. Rabbi Elazar learned from this situation that one should be soft like a reed and not hard as a cedar tree. For that reason, a reed is used for writing a sefer Torah, tefillin, and mezuzot. One institutes fasts for buildings that collapse but only if it is something unnatural and unexpected. It seems that certain people had enough merits that if there was a wall that was about to fall, their merits would help to keep the wall from falling. A story is told of Rav and Shmuel who avoided a particular wall for years for concern it would fall but when Rav Ada bar Ahava was with them, they walked past the wall. Rav Huna needed to remove items from his house that was about to fall so he coaxed Rav Ada to go into the house so that Rav Huna could enter without concern it would fall on him. Rav Ada only later realized he was being used and gets upset with Rav Huna and tells him that even though he has merits, one should not rely on a miracle and also it will use up his merits! What did Rav Ada do to merit this? We are also told of good deeds Rav Huna was known to have done.
Today’s daily daf tools:
Taanit 20
וְעַכְשָׁיו יֵרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים?! נִכְנַס לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ בְּשִׂמְחָה. עַד שֶׁהַהֶגְמוֹן נִכְנַס בְּשִׂמְחָתוֹ לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ, נַקְדִּימוֹן נִכְנַס לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כְּשֶׁהוּא עָצוּב. נִתְעַטֵּף, וְעָמַד בִּתְפִלָּה.
and now it will rain? He entered the bathhouse in a state of joy, anticipating the large sum of money he was about to receive. As the master entered the bathhouse in his joy, Nakdimon entered the Temple in a state of sadness. He wrapped himself in his prayer shawl and stood in prayer.
אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לְפָנֶיךָ שֶׁלֹּא לִכְבוֹדִי עָשִׂיתִי, וְלֹא לִכְבוֹד בֵּית אַבָּא עָשִׂיתִי, אֶלָּא לִכְבוֹדְךָ עָשִׂיתִי, שֶׁיְּהוּ מַיִם מְצוּיִין לְעוֹלֵי רְגָלִים. מִיָּד נִתְקַשְּׁרוּ שָׁמַיִם בְּעָבִים, וְיָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים עַד שֶׁנִּתְמַלְּאוּ שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה מַעֲיָנוֹת מַיִם וְהוֹתִירוּ.
He said before God: Master of the Universe, it is revealed and known before You that I did not act for my own honor, nor did I act for the honor of my father’s house. Rather, I acted for Your honor, so that there should be water for the Festival pilgrims. Immediately the sky became overcast and rain fell until the twelve cisterns were filled with water, and there was even more water, so that they overflowed.
עַד שֶׁיָּצָא הֶגְמוֹן מִבֵּית הַמֶּרְחָץ, נַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן יָצָא מִבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. כְּשֶׁפָּגְעוּ זֶה בָּזֶה, אָמַר לוֹ: תֵּן לִי דְּמֵי מַיִם יוֹתֵר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּיָדְךָ! אָמַר לוֹ: יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁלֹּא הִרְעִישׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת עוֹלָמוֹ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִילְךָ, אֶלָּא עֲדַיִין יֵשׁ לִי פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה עָלֶיךָ, שֶׁאוֹצִיא מִמְּךָ אֶת מְעוֹתַיי, שֶׁכְּבָר שָׁקְעָה חַמָּה, וּגְשָׁמִים — בִּרְשׁוּתִי יָרְדוּ.
As the master left the bathhouse, Nakdimon ben Guryon left the Temple. When they met one another, Nakdimon said to him: Give me the money you owe me for the extra water you received. The official said to him: I know that the Holy One, Blessed be He, has shaken His world and caused rain to fall only for you. However, I still maintain a claim against you, by which I can legally take my coins from you, as you did not pay me on the agreed date, for the sun had already set, and therefore the rain fell onto my property.
חָזַר וְנִכְנַס לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, נִתְעַטֵּף וְעָמַד בִּתְפִלָּה, וְאָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! הוֹדַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְךָ אֲהוּבִים בְּעוֹלָמֶךָ! מִיָּד נִתְפַּזְּרוּ הֶעָבִים וְזָרְחָה הַחַמָּה. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר לוֹ אוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן: אִילּוּ לֹא נִקְדְּרָה הַחַמָּה, הָיָה לִי פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה עָלֶיךָ שֶׁאוֹצִיא מִמְּךָ מְעוֹתַיי. תָּנָא: לֹא נַקְדִּימוֹן שְׁמוֹ, אֶלָּא בּוּנִי שְׁמוֹ, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ נַקְדִּימוֹן — שֶׁנִּקְדְּרָה חַמָּה בַּעֲבוּרוֹ.
Nakdimon went back and entered the Temple, wrapped himself in his prayer shawl, and stood in prayer. He said before God: Master of the Universe, let it be known that You have beloved ones in Your world. Immediately, the clouds scattered and the sun shined. At that time, the master said to him: If the sun had not broken through the clouds, I would have had a claim against you, by which I could have taken my coins from you. A Sage taught: Nakdimon was not his real name; rather his name was Buni. And why was he called Nakdimon? Because the sun broke through [nikdera] for him.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁלֹשָׁה נִקְדְּמָה לָהֶם חַמָּה בַּעֲבוּרָן: מֹשֶׁה, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וְנַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן. בִּשְׁלָמָא נַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן — גְּמָרָא. יְהוֹשֻׁעַ — נָמֵי קְרָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּדֹּם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ עָמָד וְגוֹ׳״. אֶלָּא מֹשֶׁה מְנָלַן?
The Sages taught: With regard to three people, the sun broke through and shone at an irregular time for their sake: Moses, Joshua, and Nakdimon ben Guryon. The Gemara asks: Granted, the case of Nakdimon ben Guryon is known by the aforementioned tradition. The case of Joshua too is derived from a verse, as it is written: “And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies” (Joshua 10:13). However, from where do we derive that the sun shined in a supernatural way for Moses?
אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: אָתְיָא ״אָחֵל״ ״אָחֵל״, כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״אָחֵל תֵּת פַּחְדְּךָ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״אָחֵל גַּדֶּלְךָ״.
Rabbi Elazar said: It is derived by verbal analogy between “I will begin” and “I will begin.” Here, with regard to Moses, it is written: “This day I will begin to put the dread of you and the fear of you upon the peoples that are under all the whole heaven” (Deuteronomy 2:25). And there, with regard to Joshua, it is written: “On this day I will begin to magnify you in the sight of all Israel, that they may know that just as I was with Moses, so I will be with you” (Joshua 3:7). The repeated use of the phrase “I will begin” indicates that all the miracles performed for Joshua were also performed for Moses.
רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר: אָתְיָא ״תֵּת״ ״תֵּת״, כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״אָחֵל תֵּת פַּחְדְּךָ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״בְּיוֹם תֵּת ה׳ אֶת הָאֱמֹרִי״.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: The fact that the sun stood still for Moses is derived by a different verbal analogy, between the terms “put” and “put.” Here, with regard to Moses, it is written: “I will begin to put the dread of you” (Deuteronomy 2:25). And there, with regard to Joshua, is it written: “Then Joshua spoke to the Lord, on the day when the Lord put the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel: Sun, stand still upon Gibeon, and you, moon, in the valley of Aijalon” (Joshua 10:12).
רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר, אָתְיָא מִגּוּפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא: ״אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁמְעוּן שִׁמְעֲךָ וְרָגְזוּ וְחָלוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ״, אֵימָתַי רָגְזוּ וְחָלוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ — בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּקְדְּמָה לוֹ חַמָּה לְמֹשֶׁה.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This idea is derived from the verse itself, as it says with regard to Moses: “This day I will begin to put the dread of you and the fear of you upon the peoples that are under all the whole heaven, who, when they hear the report of you, shall tremble, and be in anguish due to you” (Deuteronomy 2:25). When did the nations of the world tremble and when were they in anguish due to you? When the sun broke through for Moses.
וְכֵן עִיר שֶׁלֹּא יָרְדוּ עָלֶיהָ גְּשָׁמִים כּוּ׳. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: וּשְׁתֵּיהֶן לִקְלָלָה.
§ The mishna taught: And likewise, if there is a particular city upon which it did not rain, while the surrounding area did receive rain, this is considered a divine curse, as it is written: “And I will cause it to rain on one city, but on one city I will not cause it to rain, one portion will be rained upon, and the portion upon which it did not rain shall wither” (Amos 4:7). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: And both of the cities are faced with a curse, as one city suffers from drought while the other is afflicted with destructive storms.
״הָיְתָה יְרוּשָׁלִַים לְנִדָּה בֵּינֵיהֶם״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לִבְרָכָה, כְּנִדָּה: מָה נִדָּה יֵשׁ לָהּ הֶיתֵּר — אַף יְרוּשָׁלַיִם יֵשׁ לָהּ תַּקָּנָה.
This statement reverses the plain meaning of a verse. The Gemara provides other interpretations that Rav Yehuda attributed to Rav, which also run contrary to the simple meaning of a verse. “Jerusalem among them was a like a menstruating woman” (Lamentations 1:17). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: Although the simple meaning of this verse is a curse, it can also be understood as a blessing. Jerusalem was like a menstruating woman: Just as a menstruating woman will become permitted to her husband after the conclusion of her days of ritual impurity, so too, Jerusalem will be repaired from its destruction.
״הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה, לִבְרָכָה: כְּאַלְמָנָה — וְלֹא אַלְמָנָה מַמָּשׁ, אֶלָּא כְּאִשָּׁה שֶׁהָלַךְ בַּעְלָהּ לִמְדִינַת הַיָּם, וְדַעְתּוֹ לַחֲזוֹר עָלֶיהָ.
Similarly, with regard to the verse: “How she has become like a widow” (Lamentations 1:1), Rav Yehuda said: This too is for a blessing. The verse states that Jerusalem is like a widow, but is not an actual widow. Rather, Jerusalem is like a woman whose husband has gone to a country overseas. Without her husband by her side she is likened to a widow, and yet he intends to return to her.
״וְגַם אֲנִי נָתַתִּי אֶתְכֶם נִבְזִים וּשְׁפָלִים״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: לִבְרָכָה, דְּלָא מוֹקְמִי מִינַּן לָא רֵישֵׁי נַהֲרֵי וְלָא גְּזִירִיפָּטֵי.
The same manner of explanation is provided for the verse: “Therefore I have also made you contemptible and base” (Malachi 2:9). Rav Yehuda said: This too can be interpreted as a blessing, as meaning that the nations view us as lowly, but nevertheless, they do not assign us unpleasant jobs. They do not appoint from us either river officials or government officials [geziripatei].
״וְהִכָּה ה׳ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר יָנוּד הַקָּנֶה בַּמַּיִם״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לִבְרָכָה. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״נֶאֱמָנִים פִּצְעֵי אוֹהֵב וְנַעְתָּרוֹת נְשִׁיקוֹת שׂוֹנֵא״ — טוֹבָה קְלָלָה שֶׁקִּילֵּל אֲחִיָּה הַשִּׁילוֹנִי אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל יוֹתֵר מִבְּרָכָה שֶׁבֵּרְכָן בִּלְעָם הָרָשָׁע.
The prophet Ahijah the Shilonite cursed Israel in the following terms: “For the Lord will smite Israel as a reed is shaken in the water” (I Kings 14:15). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: This too is for a blessing, as Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful” (Proverbs 27:6)? The curse with which Ahijah the Shilonite cursed the Jewish people is more effective than the blessing with which Balaam the wicked blessed them.
אֲחִיָּה הַשִּׁילוֹנִי קִלְּלָן בְּקָנֶה, אָמַר לָהֶם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל: ״וְהִכָּה ה׳ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר יָנוּד הַקָּנֶה״, מָה קָנֶה זֶה עוֹמֵד בִּמְקוֹם מַיִם, וְגִזְעוֹ מַחְלִיף וְשׇׁרָשָׁיו מְרוּבִּין, וַאֲפִילּוּ כׇּל הָרוּחוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם בָּאוֹת וְנוֹשְׁבוֹת בּוֹ — אֵין מְזִיזוֹת אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ, אֶלָּא הוֹלֵךְ וּבָא עִמָּהֶן. דָּמְמוּ הָרוּחוֹת — עָמַד הַקָּנֶה בִּמְקוֹמוֹ.
Rabbi Yoḥanan elaborates: Ahijah the Shilonite cursed the Jewish people by comparing them to a reed: “For the Lord will smite Israel as a reed is shaken in the water.” Although it seems to be a curse, this verse is actually a blessing. Just as this reed stands in a place of water, and its shoots replenish themselves when cut, and its roots are numerous for a plant of its size, and even if all the winds in the world come and blow against it, they cannot move it from its place, rather, it sways with them until the winds subside, and the reed still stands in its place, the same applies to the Jewish people. After all the difficulties that they endure, they will ultimately survive and return home.
אֲבָל בִּלְעָם הָרָשָׁע בֵּירְכָן בְּאֶרֶז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כָּאֲרָזִים עֲלֵי מָיִם״, מָה אֶרֶז זֶה אֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד בִּמְקוֹם מַיִם, וְאֵין גִּזְעוֹ מַחְלִיף, וְאֵין שׇׁרָשָׁיו מְרוּבִּין. אֲפִילּוּ כׇּל הָרוּחוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם נוֹשְׁבוֹת בּוֹ — אֵין מְזִיזוֹת אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁנָּשְׁבָה בּוֹ רוּחַ דְּרוֹמִית — עוֹקַרְתּוֹ וְהוֹפַכְתּוֹ עַל פָּנָיו. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁזָּכָה קָנֶה לִיטּוֹל הֵימֶנּוּ קוּלְמוֹס לִכְתּוֹב בּוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה נְבִיאִים וּכְתוּבִים.
However, Balaam the wicked blessed the Jews by comparing them to a cedar, as it is stated: “As cedars beside the waters” (Numbers 24:6). Just as this cedar does not stand in a place of water, and its shoots do not replenish themselves, and its roots are not numerous, Balaam wished that the same should apply to the Jewish people. Furthermore, while it is true that even if all the winds in the world blow against it they will not move it from its place, once the southern wind blows against it, it uproots the cedar and turns it on its face. And not only that, but the reed merited that a quill [kulmos] is taken from it to write with it a Torah scroll, the Prophets, and the Writings. Evidently, the curse comparing Israel to a reed is better than the blessing likening them to a cedar.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רַךְ כְּקָנֶה וְאַל יְהֵא קָשֶׁה כְּאֶרֶז. מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבָּא רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מִמִּגְדַּל גְּדוֹר מִבֵּית רַבּוֹ, וְהָיָה רָכוּב עַל חֲמוֹר וּמְטַיֵּיל עַל שְׂפַת נָהָר, וְשָׂמֵחַ שִׂמְחָה גְּדוֹלָה. וְהָיְתָה דַּעְתּוֹ גַּסָּה עָלָיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלָּמַד תּוֹרָה הַרְבֵּה.
The Sages further taught in praise of the reed: A person should always be soft like a reed, and he should not be stiff like a cedar. An incident occurred in which Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, came from Migdal Gedor, from his rabbi’s house, and he was riding on a donkey and strolling on the bank of the river. And he was very happy, and his head was swollen with pride because he had studied much Torah.
נִזְדַּמֵּן לוֹ אָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְכוֹעָר בְּיוֹתֵר. אָמַר לוֹ: שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רַבִּי! וְלֹא הֶחְזִיר לוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ: רֵיקָה, כַּמָּה מְכוֹעָר אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ! שֶׁמָּא כׇּל בְּנֵי עִירֶךָ מְכוֹעָרִין כְּמוֹתְךָ? אָמַר לוֹ: אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ, אֶלָּא לֵךְ וֶאֱמוֹר לָאוּמָּן שֶׁעֲשָׂאַנִי: ״כַּמָּה מְכוֹעָר כְּלִי זֶה שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ״. כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּדַע בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁחָטָא, יָרַד מִן הַחֲמוֹר וְנִשְׁתַּטַּח לְפָנָיו, וְאָמַר לוֹ: נַעֲנֵיתִי לְךָ, מְחוֹל לִי! אָמַר לוֹ: אֵינִי מוֹחֵל לְךָ עַד שֶׁתֵּלֵךְ לָאוּמָּן שֶׁעֲשָׂאַנִי וֶאֱמוֹר לוֹ: כַּמָּה מְכוֹעָר כְּלִי זֶה שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ.
He happened upon an exceedingly ugly person, who said to him: Greetings to you, my rabbi, but Rabbi Elazar did not return his greeting. Instead, Rabbi Elazar said to him: Worthless [reika] person, how ugly is that man. Are all the people of your city as ugly as you? The man said to him: I do not know, but you should go and say to the Craftsman Who made me: How ugly is the vessel you made. When Rabbi Elazar realized that he had sinned and insulted this man merely on account of his appearance, he descended from his donkey and prostrated himself before him, and he said to the man: I have sinned against you; forgive me. The man said to him: I will not forgive you go until you go to the Craftsman Who made me and say: How ugly is the vessel you made.
הָיָה מְטַיֵּיל אַחֲרָיו עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְעִירוֹ. יָצְאוּ בְּנֵי עִירוֹ לִקְרָאתוֹ, וְהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רַבִּי רַבִּי, מוֹרִי מוֹרִי! אָמַר לָהֶם: לְמִי אַתֶּם קוֹרִין רַבִּי רַבִּי? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: לְזֶה שֶׁמְּטַיֵּיל אַחֲרֶיךָ. אָמַר לָהֶם: אִם זֶה רַבִּי — אַל יִרְבּוּ כְּמוֹתוֹ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה? אָמַר לָהֶם: כָּךְ וְכָךְ עָשָׂה לִי. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַף עַל פִּי כֵּן, מְחוֹל לוֹ, שֶׁאָדָם גָּדוֹל בְּתוֹרָה הוּא.
He walked behind the man, trying to appease him, until they reached Rabbi Elazar’s city. The people of his city came out to greet him, saying to him: Greetings to you, my rabbi, my rabbi, my master, my master. The man said to them: Who are you calling my rabbi, my rabbi? They said to him: To this man, who is walking behind you. He said to them: If this man is a rabbi, may there not be many like him among the Jewish people. They asked him: For what reason do you say this? He said to them: He did such and such to me. They said to him: Even so, forgive him, as he is a great Torah scholar.
אָמַר לָהֶם: בִּשְׁבִילְכֶם הֲרֵינִי מוֹחֵל לוֹ, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא רָגִיל לַעֲשׂוֹת כֵּן. מִיָּד נִכְנַס רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, וְדָרַשׁ: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רַךְ כְּקָנֶה וְאַל יְהֵא קָשֶׁה כְּאֶרֶז. וּלְפִיכָךְ זָכָה קָנֶה לִיטּוֹל הֵימֶנּוּ קוּלְמוֹס לִכְתּוֹב בּוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה תְּפִילִּין וּמְזוּזוֹת.
He said to them: For your sakes I forgive him, provided that he accepts upon himself not to become accustomed to behave like this. Immediately, Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, entered the study hall and taught: A person should always be soft like a reed and he should not be stiff like a cedar, as one who is proud like a cedar is likely to sin. And therefore, due to its gentle qualities, the reed merited that a quill is taken from it to write with it a Torah scroll, phylacteries, and mezuzot.
וְכֵן עִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ דֶּבֶר אוֹ מַפּוֹלֶת כּוּ׳. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַפּוֹלֶת שֶׁאָמְרוּ, בְּרִיאוֹת וְלֹא רְעוּעוֹת. שֶׁאֵינָן רְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל, וְלֹא הָרְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל.
§ The mishna taught: And likewise, if a city is afflicted by pestilence or collapsing buildings, that city fasts and sounds the alarm, and all of its surrounding areas fast but they do not sound the alarm. Rabbi Akiva says: They sound the alarm but they do not fast. The Sages taught: These collapsing buildings to which the Sages referred are those of sturdy and not dilapidated walls; they have walls that are not ready to fall, and not those that are ready to fall.
הֵי נִיהוּ בְּרִיאוֹת, הֵי נִיהוּ שֶׁאֵינָן רְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל. הֵי נִיהוּ רְעוּעוֹת, הֵי נִיהוּ רְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל! לָא צְרִיכָא, דִּנְפַלוּ מֵחֲמַת גּוּבְהַיְיהוּ. אִי נָמֵי, דְּקָיְימָן אַגּוּדָּא דְנַהֲרָא.
The Gemara expresses puzzlement with regard to the wording of the baraita: What are sound walls; what are walls that are not ready to fall; what are dilapidated walls; what are those that are ready to fall? The elements in each pair of walls are apparently the same, and the baraita is repetitive. The Gemara answers: No, it is necessary to specify that in the case of walls that fell due to their height, i.e., they are sound but also ready to fall, due to their excessive height. Alternatively, the baraita is referring to a case where the walls were positioned on a riverbank, as they are likely to fall despite the fact that they are not dilapidated, as the riverbank itself is unstable.
כִּי הַהִיא אֲשִׁיתָא רְעִיעֲתָא דַּהֲוַאי בִּנְהַרְדְּעָא דְּלָא הֲוָה חָלֵיף רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל תּוּתַהּ, אַף עַל גַּב דְּקַיְימָא בְּאַתְרַהּ תְּלֵיסַר שְׁנִין. יוֹמָא חַד אִיקְּלַע רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה לְהָתָם, אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל לְרַב: נֵיתֵי מָר נַקֵּיף! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא צְרִיכְנָא הָאִידָּנָא, דְּאִיכָּא רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה בַּהֲדַן דִּנְפִישָׁ[א] זְכוּתֵיהּ, וְלָא מִסְתְּפֵינָא.
The Gemara relates: This is like that dilapidated wall that was in Neharde’a, under which Rav and Shmuel would not pass, although it stood in place thirteen years. One day Rav Adda bar Ahava happened to come there and walked with them. As they passed the wall, Shmuel said to Rav: Come, Master, let us circumvent this wall, so that we do not stand beneath it. Rav said to him: It is not necessary to do so today, as Rav Adda bar Ahava is with us, whose merit is great, and therefore I am not afraid of its collapse.
רַב הוּנָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ הָהוּא חַמְרָא בְּהָהוּא בֵּיתָא רְעִיעָא, וּבְעָא לְפַנּוֹיֵיהּ. עַיְּילֵיהּ לְרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה לְהָתָם, מַשְׁכֵיהּ בִּשְׁמַעְתָּא עַד דְּפַנְּיֵיהּ. בָּתַר דִּנְפַק נְפַל בֵּיתָא. אַרְגֵּישׁ רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה, אִיקְּפַד.
The Gemara relates another incident. Rav Huna had a certain quantity of wine in a certain dilapidated house and he wanted to move it, but he was afraid that the building would collapse upon his entry. He brought Rav Adda bar Ahava to there, to the ramshackle house, and he dragged out a discussion with him concerning a matter of halakha until they had removed all the wine. As soon as they exited, the building collapsed. Rav Adda bar Ahava realized what had happened and became angry.
סָבַר לַהּ כִּי הָא דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי: לְעוֹלָם אַל יַעֲמוֹד אָדָם בְּמָקוֹם סַכָּנָה וְיֹאמַר: עוֹשִׂין לִי נֵס, שֶׁמָּא אֵין עוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס. וְאִם תִּימְצֵי לוֹמַר עוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס — מְנַכִּין לוֹ מִזְּכִיּוֹתָיו. אָמַר רַב חָנָן: מַאי קְרָא — דִּכְתִיב: ״קָטֹנְתִּי מִכֹּל הַחֲסָדִים וּמִכׇּל הָאֱמֶת״.
The Gemara explains: Rav Adda bar Ahava holds in accordance with this statement, as Rabbi Yannai said: A person should never stand in a place of danger and say: A miracle will be performed for me, and I will escape unharmed, lest a miracle is not performed for him. And if you say that a miracle will be performed for him, they will deduct it from his merits. Rav Ḥanan said: What is the verse that alludes to this idea? As it is written: “I have become small from all the mercies and all the truth that You have showed Your servant” (Genesis 32:11). In other words, the more benevolence one receives from God, the more his merit is reduced.
מַאי הֲוָה עוֹבָדֵיהּ דְּרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה? כִּי הָא דְּאִתְּמַר, שָׁאֲלוּ תַּלְמִידָיו לְרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה: בַּמָּה הֶאֱרַכְתָּ יָמִים? אָמַר לָהֶם: מִיָּמַי לֹא הִקְפַּדְתִּי בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתִי, וְלֹא צָעַדְתִּי בִּפְנֵי מִי שֶׁגָּדוֹל מִמֶּנִּי,
After recounting stories that reflect Rav Adda bar Ahava’s great merit, the Gemara asks: What were the exceptional deeds of Rav Adda bar Ahava? The Gemara reports that they are as it is stated: The students of Rabbi Zeira asked him, and some say that the students of Rav Adda bar Ahava asked him: To what do you attribute your longevity? He said to them: In all my days I did not become angry with my household, and I never walked before someone greater than myself; rather, I always gave him the honor of walking before me.
וְלֹא הִרְהַרְתִּי בִּמְבוֹאוֹת הַמְטוּנָּפוֹת, וְלֹא הָלַכְתִּי אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּלֹא תּוֹרָה וּבְלֹא תְּפִילִּין, וְלֹא יָשַׁנְתִּי בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא שֵׁינַת קֶבַע וְלֹא שֵׁינַת עֲרַאי, וְלֹא שַׂשְׂתִּי בְּתַקָּלַת חֲבֵרַי, וְלֹא קָרָאתִי לַחֲבֵירִי בַּהֲכִינָתוֹ, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ בַּחֲנִיכָתוֹ.
Rav Adda bar Ahava continued: And I did not think about matters of Torah in filthy alleyways; and I did not walk four cubits without engaging in Torah and without donning phylacteries; and I would not fall asleep in the study hall, neither a deep sleep nor a brief nap; and I would not rejoice in the mishap of my colleague; and I would not call my colleague by his nickname. And some say that he said: I would not call my colleague by his derogatory family name.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַפְרָם בַּר פָּפָּא: לֵימָא לַן מָר מֵהָנֵי מִילֵּי מְעַלְּיָיתָא דַּהֲוָה עָבֵיד רַב הוּנָא! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בְּיַנְקוּתֵיהּ לָא דְּכִירְנָא, בְּסֵיבוּתֵיהּ דְּכִירְנָא. דְּכֹל יוֹמָא דְעֵיבָא הֲווֹ מַפְּקִין לֵיהּ בְּגוּהַרְקָא דְּדַהֲבָא, וְסָיַיר לַהּ לְכוּלַּהּ מָתָא. וְכֹל אֲשִׁיתָא דַּהֲווֹת רְעִיעֲתָא, הֲוָה סָתַר לַהּ. אִי אֶפְשָׁר לְמָרַהּ — בָּנֵי לַהּ, וְאִי לָא אֶפְשָׁר — בָּנֵי לַהּ אִיהוּ מִדִּידֵיהּ.
§ The Gemara relates another story about the righteous deeds of the Sages involving a dilapidated wall. Rava said to Rafram bar Pappa: Let the Master tell us some of those fine deeds that Rav Huna performed. He said to him: I do not remember what he did in his youth, but the deeds of his old age I remember. As on every cloudy day they would take him out in a golden carriage [guharka], and he would survey the entire city. And he would command that every unstable wall be torn down, lest it fall in the rain and hurt someone. If its owner was able to build another, Rav Huna would instruct him to rebuild it. And if he was unable to rebuild it, Rav Huna would build it himself with his own money.
וְכֹל פַּנְיָא דְּמַעֲלֵי שַׁבְּתָא הֲוָה מְשַׁדַּר שְׁלוּחָא לְשׁוּקָא, וְכֹל יַרְקָא דַּהֲוָה פָּיֵישׁ לְהוּ לְגִינָּאֵי, זַבֵּין לֵיהּ וְשָׁדֵי לֵיהּ לְנַהֲרָא. וְלִיתְּבֵיהּ לַעֲנִיִּים! זִמְנִין דְּסָמְכָא דַּעְתַּיְיהוּ וְלָא אָתוּ לְמִיזְבַּן. וְלִשְׁדְּיֵיהּ לִבְהֵמָה! קָסָבַר: מַאֲכַל אָדָם אֵין מַאֲכִילִין לִבְהֵמָה.
Rafram bar Pappa further relates: And every Shabbat eve, in the afternoon, Rav Huna would send a messenger to the marketplace, and he would purchase all the vegetables that were left with the gardeners who sold their crops, and throw them into the river. The Gemara asks: But why did he throw out the vegetables? Let him give them to the poor. The Gemara answers: If he did this, the poor would sometimes rely on the fact that Rav Huna would hand out vegetables, and they would not come to purchase any. This would ruin the gardeners’ livelihood. The Gemara further asks: And let him throw them to the animals. The Gemara answers: He holds that human food may not be fed to animals, as this is a display of contempt for the food.
וְלָא לִיזְבְּנֵיהּ כְּלָל! נִמְצֵאתָ מַכְשִׁילָן לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא.
The Gemara objects: But if Rav Huna could not use them in any way, he should not purchase the vegetables at all. The Gemara answers: If nothing is done, you would have been found to have caused a stumbling block for them in the future. If the vegetable sellers see that some of their produce is left unsold, the next week they will not bring enough for Shabbat. Therefore, Rav Huna made sure that the vegetables were all bought, so that the sellers would continue to bring them.
כִּי הֲוָה לֵיהּ מִילְּתָא דְאָסוּתָא, הֲוָה מָלֵי כּוּזָא (דְמַיָּא) [מִינֵּיהּ], וְתָלֵי לֵיהּ בְּסִיפָּא דְבֵיתָא, וְאָמַר: כׇּל דְּבָעֵי לֵיתֵי וְלִישְׁקוֹל. וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: מִילְּתָא דְשִׁיבְתָּא הֲוָה גְּמִיר, וַהֲוָה מַנַּח כּוּזָא דְמַיָּא וְדָלֵי לֵיהּ, וְאָמַר: כׇּל דִּצְרִיךְ — לֵיתֵי וְלֵיעוּל דְּלָא לִסְתַּכַּן.
Another custom of Rav Huna was that when he had a new medicine, he would fill a water jug with the medicine and hang it from the doorpost of his house, saying: All who need, let him come and take from this new medicine. And there are those who say: He had a remedy against the demon Shivta that he knew by tradition, that one must wash his hands for protection against this evil spirit. And to this end, he would place a water jug and hang it by the door, saying: Anyone who needs, let him come to the house and wash his hands, so that he will not be in danger.
כִּי הֲוָה כָּרֵךְ רִיפְתָּא, הֲוָה פָּתַח לְבָבֵיהּ, וְאָמַר: כׇּל מַאן דִּצְרִיךְ לֵיתֵי וְלֵיכוֹל. אָמַר רָבָא: כּוּלְּהוּ מָצֵינָא מְקַיַּימְנָא, לְבַר מֵהָא דְּלָא מָצֵינָא לְמִיעְבַּד,
The Gemara further relates: When Rav Huna would eat bread, he would open the doors to his house, saying: Whoever needs, let him come in and eat. Rava said: I can fulfill all these customs of Rav Huna, except for this one, which I cannot do,
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Taanit 20
וְעַכְשָׁיו יֵרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים?! נִכְנַס לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ בְּשִׂמְחָה. עַד שֶׁהַהֶגְמוֹן נִכְנַס בְּשִׂמְחָתוֹ לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ, נַקְדִּימוֹן נִכְנַס לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כְּשֶׁהוּא עָצוּב. נִתְעַטֵּף, וְעָמַד בִּתְפִלָּה.
and now it will rain? He entered the bathhouse in a state of joy, anticipating the large sum of money he was about to receive. As the master entered the bathhouse in his joy, Nakdimon entered the Temple in a state of sadness. He wrapped himself in his prayer shawl and stood in prayer.
אָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לְפָנֶיךָ שֶׁלֹּא לִכְבוֹדִי עָשִׂיתִי, וְלֹא לִכְבוֹד בֵּית אַבָּא עָשִׂיתִי, אֶלָּא לִכְבוֹדְךָ עָשִׂיתִי, שֶׁיְּהוּ מַיִם מְצוּיִין לְעוֹלֵי רְגָלִים. מִיָּד נִתְקַשְּׁרוּ שָׁמַיִם בְּעָבִים, וְיָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים עַד שֶׁנִּתְמַלְּאוּ שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה מַעֲיָנוֹת מַיִם וְהוֹתִירוּ.
He said before God: Master of the Universe, it is revealed and known before You that I did not act for my own honor, nor did I act for the honor of my father’s house. Rather, I acted for Your honor, so that there should be water for the Festival pilgrims. Immediately the sky became overcast and rain fell until the twelve cisterns were filled with water, and there was even more water, so that they overflowed.
עַד שֶׁיָּצָא הֶגְמוֹן מִבֵּית הַמֶּרְחָץ, נַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן יָצָא מִבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ. כְּשֶׁפָּגְעוּ זֶה בָּזֶה, אָמַר לוֹ: תֵּן לִי דְּמֵי מַיִם יוֹתֵר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּיָדְךָ! אָמַר לוֹ: יוֹדֵעַ אֲנִי שֶׁלֹּא הִרְעִישׁ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת עוֹלָמוֹ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁבִילְךָ, אֶלָּא עֲדַיִין יֵשׁ לִי פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה עָלֶיךָ, שֶׁאוֹצִיא מִמְּךָ אֶת מְעוֹתַיי, שֶׁכְּבָר שָׁקְעָה חַמָּה, וּגְשָׁמִים — בִּרְשׁוּתִי יָרְדוּ.
As the master left the bathhouse, Nakdimon ben Guryon left the Temple. When they met one another, Nakdimon said to him: Give me the money you owe me for the extra water you received. The official said to him: I know that the Holy One, Blessed be He, has shaken His world and caused rain to fall only for you. However, I still maintain a claim against you, by which I can legally take my coins from you, as you did not pay me on the agreed date, for the sun had already set, and therefore the rain fell onto my property.
חָזַר וְנִכְנַס לְבֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, נִתְעַטֵּף וְעָמַד בִּתְפִלָּה, וְאָמַר לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! הוֹדַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְךָ אֲהוּבִים בְּעוֹלָמֶךָ! מִיָּד נִתְפַּזְּרוּ הֶעָבִים וְזָרְחָה הַחַמָּה. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר לוֹ אוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן: אִילּוּ לֹא נִקְדְּרָה הַחַמָּה, הָיָה לִי פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה עָלֶיךָ שֶׁאוֹצִיא מִמְּךָ מְעוֹתַיי. תָּנָא: לֹא נַקְדִּימוֹן שְׁמוֹ, אֶלָּא בּוּנִי שְׁמוֹ, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ נַקְדִּימוֹן — שֶׁנִּקְדְּרָה חַמָּה בַּעֲבוּרוֹ.
Nakdimon went back and entered the Temple, wrapped himself in his prayer shawl, and stood in prayer. He said before God: Master of the Universe, let it be known that You have beloved ones in Your world. Immediately, the clouds scattered and the sun shined. At that time, the master said to him: If the sun had not broken through the clouds, I would have had a claim against you, by which I could have taken my coins from you. A Sage taught: Nakdimon was not his real name; rather his name was Buni. And why was he called Nakdimon? Because the sun broke through [nikdera] for him.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: שְׁלֹשָׁה נִקְדְּמָה לָהֶם חַמָּה בַּעֲבוּרָן: מֹשֶׁה, וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ, וְנַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן. בִּשְׁלָמָא נַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן — גְּמָרָא. יְהוֹשֻׁעַ — נָמֵי קְרָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּדֹּם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ עָמָד וְגוֹ׳״. אֶלָּא מֹשֶׁה מְנָלַן?
The Sages taught: With regard to three people, the sun broke through and shone at an irregular time for their sake: Moses, Joshua, and Nakdimon ben Guryon. The Gemara asks: Granted, the case of Nakdimon ben Guryon is known by the aforementioned tradition. The case of Joshua too is derived from a verse, as it is written: “And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed until the people had avenged themselves upon their enemies” (Joshua 10:13). However, from where do we derive that the sun shined in a supernatural way for Moses?
אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: אָתְיָא ״אָחֵל״ ״אָחֵל״, כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״אָחֵל תֵּת פַּחְדְּךָ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״אָחֵל גַּדֶּלְךָ״.
Rabbi Elazar said: It is derived by verbal analogy between “I will begin” and “I will begin.” Here, with regard to Moses, it is written: “This day I will begin to put the dread of you and the fear of you upon the peoples that are under all the whole heaven” (Deuteronomy 2:25). And there, with regard to Joshua, it is written: “On this day I will begin to magnify you in the sight of all Israel, that they may know that just as I was with Moses, so I will be with you” (Joshua 3:7). The repeated use of the phrase “I will begin” indicates that all the miracles performed for Joshua were also performed for Moses.
רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר: אָתְיָא ״תֵּת״ ״תֵּת״, כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״אָחֵל תֵּת פַּחְדְּךָ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״בְּיוֹם תֵּת ה׳ אֶת הָאֱמֹרִי״.
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: The fact that the sun stood still for Moses is derived by a different verbal analogy, between the terms “put” and “put.” Here, with regard to Moses, it is written: “I will begin to put the dread of you” (Deuteronomy 2:25). And there, with regard to Joshua, is it written: “Then Joshua spoke to the Lord, on the day when the Lord put the Amorites before the children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel: Sun, stand still upon Gibeon, and you, moon, in the valley of Aijalon” (Joshua 10:12).
רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר, אָתְיָא מִגּוּפֵיהּ דִּקְרָא: ״אֲשֶׁר יִשְׁמְעוּן שִׁמְעֲךָ וְרָגְזוּ וְחָלוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ״, אֵימָתַי רָגְזוּ וְחָלוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ — בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּקְדְּמָה לוֹ חַמָּה לְמֹשֶׁה.
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This idea is derived from the verse itself, as it says with regard to Moses: “This day I will begin to put the dread of you and the fear of you upon the peoples that are under all the whole heaven, who, when they hear the report of you, shall tremble, and be in anguish due to you” (Deuteronomy 2:25). When did the nations of the world tremble and when were they in anguish due to you? When the sun broke through for Moses.
וְכֵן עִיר שֶׁלֹּא יָרְדוּ עָלֶיהָ גְּשָׁמִים כּוּ׳. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: וּשְׁתֵּיהֶן לִקְלָלָה.
§ The mishna taught: And likewise, if there is a particular city upon which it did not rain, while the surrounding area did receive rain, this is considered a divine curse, as it is written: “And I will cause it to rain on one city, but on one city I will not cause it to rain, one portion will be rained upon, and the portion upon which it did not rain shall wither” (Amos 4:7). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: And both of the cities are faced with a curse, as one city suffers from drought while the other is afflicted with destructive storms.
״הָיְתָה יְרוּשָׁלִַים לְנִדָּה בֵּינֵיהֶם״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לִבְרָכָה, כְּנִדָּה: מָה נִדָּה יֵשׁ לָהּ הֶיתֵּר — אַף יְרוּשָׁלַיִם יֵשׁ לָהּ תַּקָּנָה.
This statement reverses the plain meaning of a verse. The Gemara provides other interpretations that Rav Yehuda attributed to Rav, which also run contrary to the simple meaning of a verse. “Jerusalem among them was a like a menstruating woman” (Lamentations 1:17). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: Although the simple meaning of this verse is a curse, it can also be understood as a blessing. Jerusalem was like a menstruating woman: Just as a menstruating woman will become permitted to her husband after the conclusion of her days of ritual impurity, so too, Jerusalem will be repaired from its destruction.
״הָיְתָה כְּאַלְמָנָה״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה, לִבְרָכָה: כְּאַלְמָנָה — וְלֹא אַלְמָנָה מַמָּשׁ, אֶלָּא כְּאִשָּׁה שֶׁהָלַךְ בַּעְלָהּ לִמְדִינַת הַיָּם, וְדַעְתּוֹ לַחֲזוֹר עָלֶיהָ.
Similarly, with regard to the verse: “How she has become like a widow” (Lamentations 1:1), Rav Yehuda said: This too is for a blessing. The verse states that Jerusalem is like a widow, but is not an actual widow. Rather, Jerusalem is like a woman whose husband has gone to a country overseas. Without her husband by her side she is likened to a widow, and yet he intends to return to her.
״וְגַם אֲנִי נָתַתִּי אֶתְכֶם נִבְזִים וּשְׁפָלִים״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה: לִבְרָכָה, דְּלָא מוֹקְמִי מִינַּן לָא רֵישֵׁי נַהֲרֵי וְלָא גְּזִירִיפָּטֵי.
The same manner of explanation is provided for the verse: “Therefore I have also made you contemptible and base” (Malachi 2:9). Rav Yehuda said: This too can be interpreted as a blessing, as meaning that the nations view us as lowly, but nevertheless, they do not assign us unpleasant jobs. They do not appoint from us either river officials or government officials [geziripatei].
״וְהִכָּה ה׳ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר יָנוּד הַקָּנֶה בַּמַּיִם״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לִבְרָכָה. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״נֶאֱמָנִים פִּצְעֵי אוֹהֵב וְנַעְתָּרוֹת נְשִׁיקוֹת שׂוֹנֵא״ — טוֹבָה קְלָלָה שֶׁקִּילֵּל אֲחִיָּה הַשִּׁילוֹנִי אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל יוֹתֵר מִבְּרָכָה שֶׁבֵּרְכָן בִּלְעָם הָרָשָׁע.
The prophet Ahijah the Shilonite cursed Israel in the following terms: “For the Lord will smite Israel as a reed is shaken in the water” (I Kings 14:15). Rav Yehuda said that Rav said: This too is for a blessing, as Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that Rabbi Yonatan said: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful” (Proverbs 27:6)? The curse with which Ahijah the Shilonite cursed the Jewish people is more effective than the blessing with which Balaam the wicked blessed them.
אֲחִיָּה הַשִּׁילוֹנִי קִלְּלָן בְּקָנֶה, אָמַר לָהֶם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל: ״וְהִכָּה ה׳ אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר יָנוּד הַקָּנֶה״, מָה קָנֶה זֶה עוֹמֵד בִּמְקוֹם מַיִם, וְגִזְעוֹ מַחְלִיף וְשׇׁרָשָׁיו מְרוּבִּין, וַאֲפִילּוּ כׇּל הָרוּחוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם בָּאוֹת וְנוֹשְׁבוֹת בּוֹ — אֵין מְזִיזוֹת אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ, אֶלָּא הוֹלֵךְ וּבָא עִמָּהֶן. דָּמְמוּ הָרוּחוֹת — עָמַד הַקָּנֶה בִּמְקוֹמוֹ.
Rabbi Yoḥanan elaborates: Ahijah the Shilonite cursed the Jewish people by comparing them to a reed: “For the Lord will smite Israel as a reed is shaken in the water.” Although it seems to be a curse, this verse is actually a blessing. Just as this reed stands in a place of water, and its shoots replenish themselves when cut, and its roots are numerous for a plant of its size, and even if all the winds in the world come and blow against it, they cannot move it from its place, rather, it sways with them until the winds subside, and the reed still stands in its place, the same applies to the Jewish people. After all the difficulties that they endure, they will ultimately survive and return home.
אֲבָל בִּלְעָם הָרָשָׁע בֵּירְכָן בְּאֶרֶז, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״כָּאֲרָזִים עֲלֵי מָיִם״, מָה אֶרֶז זֶה אֵינוֹ עוֹמֵד בִּמְקוֹם מַיִם, וְאֵין גִּזְעוֹ מַחְלִיף, וְאֵין שׇׁרָשָׁיו מְרוּבִּין. אֲפִילּוּ כׇּל הָרוּחוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם נוֹשְׁבוֹת בּוֹ — אֵין מְזִיזוֹת אוֹתוֹ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ. כֵּיוָן שֶׁנָּשְׁבָה בּוֹ רוּחַ דְּרוֹמִית — עוֹקַרְתּוֹ וְהוֹפַכְתּוֹ עַל פָּנָיו. וְלֹא עוֹד אֶלָּא שֶׁזָּכָה קָנֶה לִיטּוֹל הֵימֶנּוּ קוּלְמוֹס לִכְתּוֹב בּוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה נְבִיאִים וּכְתוּבִים.
However, Balaam the wicked blessed the Jews by comparing them to a cedar, as it is stated: “As cedars beside the waters” (Numbers 24:6). Just as this cedar does not stand in a place of water, and its shoots do not replenish themselves, and its roots are not numerous, Balaam wished that the same should apply to the Jewish people. Furthermore, while it is true that even if all the winds in the world blow against it they will not move it from its place, once the southern wind blows against it, it uproots the cedar and turns it on its face. And not only that, but the reed merited that a quill [kulmos] is taken from it to write with it a Torah scroll, the Prophets, and the Writings. Evidently, the curse comparing Israel to a reed is better than the blessing likening them to a cedar.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רַךְ כְּקָנֶה וְאַל יְהֵא קָשֶׁה כְּאֶרֶז. מַעֲשֶׂה שֶׁבָּא רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מִמִּגְדַּל גְּדוֹר מִבֵּית רַבּוֹ, וְהָיָה רָכוּב עַל חֲמוֹר וּמְטַיֵּיל עַל שְׂפַת נָהָר, וְשָׂמֵחַ שִׂמְחָה גְּדוֹלָה. וְהָיְתָה דַּעְתּוֹ גַּסָּה עָלָיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלָּמַד תּוֹרָה הַרְבֵּה.
The Sages further taught in praise of the reed: A person should always be soft like a reed, and he should not be stiff like a cedar. An incident occurred in which Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, came from Migdal Gedor, from his rabbi’s house, and he was riding on a donkey and strolling on the bank of the river. And he was very happy, and his head was swollen with pride because he had studied much Torah.
נִזְדַּמֵּן לוֹ אָדָם אֶחָד שֶׁהָיָה מְכוֹעָר בְּיוֹתֵר. אָמַר לוֹ: שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רַבִּי! וְלֹא הֶחְזִיר לוֹ. אָמַר לוֹ: רֵיקָה, כַּמָּה מְכוֹעָר אוֹתוֹ הָאִישׁ! שֶׁמָּא כׇּל בְּנֵי עִירֶךָ מְכוֹעָרִין כְּמוֹתְךָ? אָמַר לוֹ: אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ, אֶלָּא לֵךְ וֶאֱמוֹר לָאוּמָּן שֶׁעֲשָׂאַנִי: ״כַּמָּה מְכוֹעָר כְּלִי זֶה שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ״. כֵּיוָן שֶׁיָּדַע בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁחָטָא, יָרַד מִן הַחֲמוֹר וְנִשְׁתַּטַּח לְפָנָיו, וְאָמַר לוֹ: נַעֲנֵיתִי לְךָ, מְחוֹל לִי! אָמַר לוֹ: אֵינִי מוֹחֵל לְךָ עַד שֶׁתֵּלֵךְ לָאוּמָּן שֶׁעֲשָׂאַנִי וֶאֱמוֹר לוֹ: כַּמָּה מְכוֹעָר כְּלִי זֶה שֶׁעָשִׂיתָ.
He happened upon an exceedingly ugly person, who said to him: Greetings to you, my rabbi, but Rabbi Elazar did not return his greeting. Instead, Rabbi Elazar said to him: Worthless [reika] person, how ugly is that man. Are all the people of your city as ugly as you? The man said to him: I do not know, but you should go and say to the Craftsman Who made me: How ugly is the vessel you made. When Rabbi Elazar realized that he had sinned and insulted this man merely on account of his appearance, he descended from his donkey and prostrated himself before him, and he said to the man: I have sinned against you; forgive me. The man said to him: I will not forgive you go until you go to the Craftsman Who made me and say: How ugly is the vessel you made.
הָיָה מְטַיֵּיל אַחֲרָיו עַד שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְעִירוֹ. יָצְאוּ בְּנֵי עִירוֹ לִקְרָאתוֹ, וְהָיוּ אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רַבִּי רַבִּי, מוֹרִי מוֹרִי! אָמַר לָהֶם: לְמִי אַתֶּם קוֹרִין רַבִּי רַבִּי? אָמְרוּ לוֹ: לְזֶה שֶׁמְּטַיֵּיל אַחֲרֶיךָ. אָמַר לָהֶם: אִם זֶה רַבִּי — אַל יִרְבּוּ כְּמוֹתוֹ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה? אָמַר לָהֶם: כָּךְ וְכָךְ עָשָׂה לִי. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַף עַל פִּי כֵּן, מְחוֹל לוֹ, שֶׁאָדָם גָּדוֹל בְּתוֹרָה הוּא.
He walked behind the man, trying to appease him, until they reached Rabbi Elazar’s city. The people of his city came out to greet him, saying to him: Greetings to you, my rabbi, my rabbi, my master, my master. The man said to them: Who are you calling my rabbi, my rabbi? They said to him: To this man, who is walking behind you. He said to them: If this man is a rabbi, may there not be many like him among the Jewish people. They asked him: For what reason do you say this? He said to them: He did such and such to me. They said to him: Even so, forgive him, as he is a great Torah scholar.
אָמַר לָהֶם: בִּשְׁבִילְכֶם הֲרֵינִי מוֹחֵל לוֹ, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא רָגִיל לַעֲשׂוֹת כֵּן. מִיָּד נִכְנַס רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, וְדָרַשׁ: לְעוֹלָם יְהֵא אָדָם רַךְ כְּקָנֶה וְאַל יְהֵא קָשֶׁה כְּאֶרֶז. וּלְפִיכָךְ זָכָה קָנֶה לִיטּוֹל הֵימֶנּוּ קוּלְמוֹס לִכְתּוֹב בּוֹ סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה תְּפִילִּין וּמְזוּזוֹת.
He said to them: For your sakes I forgive him, provided that he accepts upon himself not to become accustomed to behave like this. Immediately, Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Shimon, entered the study hall and taught: A person should always be soft like a reed and he should not be stiff like a cedar, as one who is proud like a cedar is likely to sin. And therefore, due to its gentle qualities, the reed merited that a quill is taken from it to write with it a Torah scroll, phylacteries, and mezuzot.
וְכֵן עִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ דֶּבֶר אוֹ מַפּוֹלֶת כּוּ׳. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַפּוֹלֶת שֶׁאָמְרוּ, בְּרִיאוֹת וְלֹא רְעוּעוֹת. שֶׁאֵינָן רְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל, וְלֹא הָרְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל.
§ The mishna taught: And likewise, if a city is afflicted by pestilence or collapsing buildings, that city fasts and sounds the alarm, and all of its surrounding areas fast but they do not sound the alarm. Rabbi Akiva says: They sound the alarm but they do not fast. The Sages taught: These collapsing buildings to which the Sages referred are those of sturdy and not dilapidated walls; they have walls that are not ready to fall, and not those that are ready to fall.
הֵי נִיהוּ בְּרִיאוֹת, הֵי נִיהוּ שֶׁאֵינָן רְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל. הֵי נִיהוּ רְעוּעוֹת, הֵי נִיהוּ רְאוּיוֹת לִיפּוֹל! לָא צְרִיכָא, דִּנְפַלוּ מֵחֲמַת גּוּבְהַיְיהוּ. אִי נָמֵי, דְּקָיְימָן אַגּוּדָּא דְנַהֲרָא.
The Gemara expresses puzzlement with regard to the wording of the baraita: What are sound walls; what are walls that are not ready to fall; what are dilapidated walls; what are those that are ready to fall? The elements in each pair of walls are apparently the same, and the baraita is repetitive. The Gemara answers: No, it is necessary to specify that in the case of walls that fell due to their height, i.e., they are sound but also ready to fall, due to their excessive height. Alternatively, the baraita is referring to a case where the walls were positioned on a riverbank, as they are likely to fall despite the fact that they are not dilapidated, as the riverbank itself is unstable.
כִּי הַהִיא אֲשִׁיתָא רְעִיעֲתָא דַּהֲוַאי בִּנְהַרְדְּעָא דְּלָא הֲוָה חָלֵיף רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל תּוּתַהּ, אַף עַל גַּב דְּקַיְימָא בְּאַתְרַהּ תְּלֵיסַר שְׁנִין. יוֹמָא חַד אִיקְּלַע רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה לְהָתָם, אֲמַר לֵיהּ שְׁמוּאֵל לְרַב: נֵיתֵי מָר נַקֵּיף! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא צְרִיכְנָא הָאִידָּנָא, דְּאִיכָּא רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה בַּהֲדַן דִּנְפִישָׁ[א] זְכוּתֵיהּ, וְלָא מִסְתְּפֵינָא.
The Gemara relates: This is like that dilapidated wall that was in Neharde’a, under which Rav and Shmuel would not pass, although it stood in place thirteen years. One day Rav Adda bar Ahava happened to come there and walked with them. As they passed the wall, Shmuel said to Rav: Come, Master, let us circumvent this wall, so that we do not stand beneath it. Rav said to him: It is not necessary to do so today, as Rav Adda bar Ahava is with us, whose merit is great, and therefore I am not afraid of its collapse.
רַב הוּנָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ הָהוּא חַמְרָא בְּהָהוּא בֵּיתָא רְעִיעָא, וּבְעָא לְפַנּוֹיֵיהּ. עַיְּילֵיהּ לְרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה לְהָתָם, מַשְׁכֵיהּ בִּשְׁמַעְתָּא עַד דְּפַנְּיֵיהּ. בָּתַר דִּנְפַק נְפַל בֵּיתָא. אַרְגֵּישׁ רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה, אִיקְּפַד.
The Gemara relates another incident. Rav Huna had a certain quantity of wine in a certain dilapidated house and he wanted to move it, but he was afraid that the building would collapse upon his entry. He brought Rav Adda bar Ahava to there, to the ramshackle house, and he dragged out a discussion with him concerning a matter of halakha until they had removed all the wine. As soon as they exited, the building collapsed. Rav Adda bar Ahava realized what had happened and became angry.
סָבַר לַהּ כִּי הָא דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי: לְעוֹלָם אַל יַעֲמוֹד אָדָם בְּמָקוֹם סַכָּנָה וְיֹאמַר: עוֹשִׂין לִי נֵס, שֶׁמָּא אֵין עוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס. וְאִם תִּימְצֵי לוֹמַר עוֹשִׂין לוֹ נֵס — מְנַכִּין לוֹ מִזְּכִיּוֹתָיו. אָמַר רַב חָנָן: מַאי קְרָא — דִּכְתִיב: ״קָטֹנְתִּי מִכֹּל הַחֲסָדִים וּמִכׇּל הָאֱמֶת״.
The Gemara explains: Rav Adda bar Ahava holds in accordance with this statement, as Rabbi Yannai said: A person should never stand in a place of danger and say: A miracle will be performed for me, and I will escape unharmed, lest a miracle is not performed for him. And if you say that a miracle will be performed for him, they will deduct it from his merits. Rav Ḥanan said: What is the verse that alludes to this idea? As it is written: “I have become small from all the mercies and all the truth that You have showed Your servant” (Genesis 32:11). In other words, the more benevolence one receives from God, the more his merit is reduced.
מַאי הֲוָה עוֹבָדֵיהּ דְּרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה? כִּי הָא דְּאִתְּמַר, שָׁאֲלוּ תַּלְמִידָיו לְרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה: בַּמָּה הֶאֱרַכְתָּ יָמִים? אָמַר לָהֶם: מִיָּמַי לֹא הִקְפַּדְתִּי בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתִי, וְלֹא צָעַדְתִּי בִּפְנֵי מִי שֶׁגָּדוֹל מִמֶּנִּי,
After recounting stories that reflect Rav Adda bar Ahava’s great merit, the Gemara asks: What were the exceptional deeds of Rav Adda bar Ahava? The Gemara reports that they are as it is stated: The students of Rabbi Zeira asked him, and some say that the students of Rav Adda bar Ahava asked him: To what do you attribute your longevity? He said to them: In all my days I did not become angry with my household, and I never walked before someone greater than myself; rather, I always gave him the honor of walking before me.
וְלֹא הִרְהַרְתִּי בִּמְבוֹאוֹת הַמְטוּנָּפוֹת, וְלֹא הָלַכְתִּי אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת בְּלֹא תּוֹרָה וּבְלֹא תְּפִילִּין, וְלֹא יָשַׁנְתִּי בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לֹא שֵׁינַת קֶבַע וְלֹא שֵׁינַת עֲרַאי, וְלֹא שַׂשְׂתִּי בְּתַקָּלַת חֲבֵרַי, וְלֹא קָרָאתִי לַחֲבֵירִי בַּהֲכִינָתוֹ, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ בַּחֲנִיכָתוֹ.
Rav Adda bar Ahava continued: And I did not think about matters of Torah in filthy alleyways; and I did not walk four cubits without engaging in Torah and without donning phylacteries; and I would not fall asleep in the study hall, neither a deep sleep nor a brief nap; and I would not rejoice in the mishap of my colleague; and I would not call my colleague by his nickname. And some say that he said: I would not call my colleague by his derogatory family name.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַפְרָם בַּר פָּפָּא: לֵימָא לַן מָר מֵהָנֵי מִילֵּי מְעַלְּיָיתָא דַּהֲוָה עָבֵיד רַב הוּנָא! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בְּיַנְקוּתֵיהּ לָא דְּכִירְנָא, בְּסֵיבוּתֵיהּ דְּכִירְנָא. דְּכֹל יוֹמָא דְעֵיבָא הֲווֹ מַפְּקִין לֵיהּ בְּגוּהַרְקָא דְּדַהֲבָא, וְסָיַיר לַהּ לְכוּלַּהּ מָתָא. וְכֹל אֲשִׁיתָא דַּהֲווֹת רְעִיעֲתָא, הֲוָה סָתַר לַהּ. אִי אֶפְשָׁר לְמָרַהּ — בָּנֵי לַהּ, וְאִי לָא אֶפְשָׁר — בָּנֵי לַהּ אִיהוּ מִדִּידֵיהּ.
§ The Gemara relates another story about the righteous deeds of the Sages involving a dilapidated wall. Rava said to Rafram bar Pappa: Let the Master tell us some of those fine deeds that Rav Huna performed. He said to him: I do not remember what he did in his youth, but the deeds of his old age I remember. As on every cloudy day they would take him out in a golden carriage [guharka], and he would survey the entire city. And he would command that every unstable wall be torn down, lest it fall in the rain and hurt someone. If its owner was able to build another, Rav Huna would instruct him to rebuild it. And if he was unable to rebuild it, Rav Huna would build it himself with his own money.
וְכֹל פַּנְיָא דְּמַעֲלֵי שַׁבְּתָא הֲוָה מְשַׁדַּר שְׁלוּחָא לְשׁוּקָא, וְכֹל יַרְקָא דַּהֲוָה פָּיֵישׁ לְהוּ לְגִינָּאֵי, זַבֵּין לֵיהּ וְשָׁדֵי לֵיהּ לְנַהֲרָא. וְלִיתְּבֵיהּ לַעֲנִיִּים! זִמְנִין דְּסָמְכָא דַּעְתַּיְיהוּ וְלָא אָתוּ לְמִיזְבַּן. וְלִשְׁדְּיֵיהּ לִבְהֵמָה! קָסָבַר: מַאֲכַל אָדָם אֵין מַאֲכִילִין לִבְהֵמָה.
Rafram bar Pappa further relates: And every Shabbat eve, in the afternoon, Rav Huna would send a messenger to the marketplace, and he would purchase all the vegetables that were left with the gardeners who sold their crops, and throw them into the river. The Gemara asks: But why did he throw out the vegetables? Let him give them to the poor. The Gemara answers: If he did this, the poor would sometimes rely on the fact that Rav Huna would hand out vegetables, and they would not come to purchase any. This would ruin the gardeners’ livelihood. The Gemara further asks: And let him throw them to the animals. The Gemara answers: He holds that human food may not be fed to animals, as this is a display of contempt for the food.
וְלָא לִיזְבְּנֵיהּ כְּלָל! נִמְצֵאתָ מַכְשִׁילָן לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא.
The Gemara objects: But if Rav Huna could not use them in any way, he should not purchase the vegetables at all. The Gemara answers: If nothing is done, you would have been found to have caused a stumbling block for them in the future. If the vegetable sellers see that some of their produce is left unsold, the next week they will not bring enough for Shabbat. Therefore, Rav Huna made sure that the vegetables were all bought, so that the sellers would continue to bring them.
כִּי הֲוָה לֵיהּ מִילְּתָא דְאָסוּתָא, הֲוָה מָלֵי כּוּזָא (דְמַיָּא) [מִינֵּיהּ], וְתָלֵי לֵיהּ בְּסִיפָּא דְבֵיתָא, וְאָמַר: כׇּל דְּבָעֵי לֵיתֵי וְלִישְׁקוֹל. וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: מִילְּתָא דְשִׁיבְתָּא הֲוָה גְּמִיר, וַהֲוָה מַנַּח כּוּזָא דְמַיָּא וְדָלֵי לֵיהּ, וְאָמַר: כׇּל דִּצְרִיךְ — לֵיתֵי וְלֵיעוּל דְּלָא לִסְתַּכַּן.
Another custom of Rav Huna was that when he had a new medicine, he would fill a water jug with the medicine and hang it from the doorpost of his house, saying: All who need, let him come and take from this new medicine. And there are those who say: He had a remedy against the demon Shivta that he knew by tradition, that one must wash his hands for protection against this evil spirit. And to this end, he would place a water jug and hang it by the door, saying: Anyone who needs, let him come to the house and wash his hands, so that he will not be in danger.
כִּי הֲוָה כָּרֵךְ רִיפְתָּא, הֲוָה פָּתַח לְבָבֵיהּ, וְאָמַר: כׇּל מַאן דִּצְרִיךְ לֵיתֵי וְלֵיכוֹל. אָמַר רָבָא: כּוּלְּהוּ מָצֵינָא מְקַיַּימְנָא, לְבַר מֵהָא דְּלָא מָצֵינָא לְמִיעְבַּד,
The Gemara further relates: When Rav Huna would eat bread, he would open the doors to his house, saying: Whoever needs, let him come in and eat. Rava said: I can fulfill all these customs of Rav Huna, except for this one, which I cannot do,
