What is the law regarding the substitution of a firstborn and of animal tithes and how is it different from substitution of other animals? Can one bring a firstborn from outside of Israel and sacrifice it in the Temple? Can one eat maaser sheni produce in Jerusalem after the destruction of the Temple or is one obligated to redeem it?
This month’s learning is dedicated to the refuah shleima of our dear friend, Phyllis Hecht, גיטל פעשא בת מאשה רחל by all her many friends who love and admire her. Phyllis’ emuna, strength, and positivity are an inspiration.
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This month’s learning is dedicated to the refuah shleima of our dear friend, Phyllis Hecht, גיטל פעשא בת מאשה רחל by all her many friends who love and admire her. Phyllis’ emuna, strength, and positivity are an inspiration.
Temurah 21
עַצְמוֹ — לֹא! הָכָא בְמַאי עָסְקִינַן? כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּלְדָה נְקֵבָה, וְעַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם לֹא אוֹלִיד חַד זָכָר?! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מְשַׁנֵּינָא [לָךְ] שִׁינּוּיֵי דְּחִיקִי בַּבְלָאֵי, כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּלְדָה נְקֵבוֹת עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם.
but the offspring itself is not sacrificed as a burnt offering. Rabbi Avin bar Kahana responds: What are we dealing with here? It is a case where the female designated as a guilt offering or as the substitute of a guilt offering gave birth to a female, which cannot itself be offered as a guilt offering. Rabbi Avin bar Ḥiyya asks: This is problematic, as the mishna states that the same is true with regard to the offspring of its offspring until the end of time. But could the mishna be referring to a case where until the end of time not even one male was born? Rabbi Avin bar Kahana said to him in response: I answer forced answers, in the manner of the Babylonians, and say that the mishna is referring to a case where it gave birth to females, and those females also gave birth to females, until the end of time.
מַתְנִי׳ תְּמוּרַת הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר, וְלָדָן וְלַד וְלָדָן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּבְכוֹר וּכְמַעֲשֵׂר, וְיֵאָכְלוּ בְּמוּמָן לַבְּעָלִים.
MISHNA: With regard to the substitute of a firstborn offering and the substitute of an animal tithe offering, and the offspring of those substitutes and the offspring of their offspring until the end of time, the halakhic status of these animals is like that of a firstborn offering and like that of an animal tithe offering in that they must be treated with sanctity: They graze until they become blemished, and at that point they may be eaten in their blemished state, the substitute of the firstborn by the priests and the substitute of the animal tithe by their owners. They are not sacrificed upon the altar like the original firstborn and animal tithe offerings.
מָה בֵּין בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר לְבֵין כׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים? שֶׁכׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים נִמְכָּרִים בָּאִיטְלֵז, וְנִשְׁחָטִין בָּאִיטְלֵז, וְנִשְׁקָלִין בְּלִיטְרָא, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר.
What is the practical difference between a firstborn offering and an animal tithe offering and all the other sacrificial animals? The difference is that all the other sacrificial animals that were blemished and redeemed are sold in the butchers’ market [ba’itliz], and slaughtered in the butchers’ market, and weighed and sold by the litra, in the manner that non-sacred meat is slaughtered and sold. This is the case with regard to all consecrated animals except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which are sold only from the home and not by the litra.
וְיֵשׁ לָהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, וְלִתְמוּרוֹתֵיהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר. וּבָאִין מֵחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר, שֶׁאִם בָּאוּ תְּמִימִים — יִקְרְבוּ, וְאִם בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין — יֵאָכְלוּ בְּמוּמָן לַבְּעָלִים.
And in addition, all sacrificial animals that became blemished are subject to redemption through sale, at which point the money becomes sacred and the animal becomes non-sacred, and their substitutes are also subject to redemption through sale.This is true for all consecrated animals, except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which are not subject to redemption. And all sacrificial animals come to be sacrificed in the Temple even from outside of Eretz Yisrael, except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which should not be brought from outside Eretz Yisrael ab initio. But if they came unblemished, they are sacrificed in the Temple like a regular firstborn or animal tithe offering coming from Eretz Yisrael; and if they are blemished animals, they may be eaten in their blemished state, the firstborns by the priests and the animal tithes by their owners.
אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: מָה טַעַם שֶׁהַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר יֵשׁ לָהֶן פַּרְנָסָה מִמְּקוֹמָן, וּשְׁאָר כׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹלַד בָּהֶם מוּם — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בִּקְדוּשָּׁתָן.
Rabbi Shimon says: What is the reason for this last difference between them? It is that the firstborn and animal tithe offerings have a remedy in their place outside Eretz Yisrael, as they can graze until they become blemished and then can be eaten there. It is not necessary to bring them to Eretz Yisrael in order to eat them. But with regard to all other sacrificial animals, even if a blemish develops in them, these animals remain in their sanctity, and one must redeem them and bring another offering with the money of their redemption. Therefore, when they are unblemished it is proper to bring these animals themselves to Eretz Yisrael.
גְּמָ׳ אָמַר רָבָא בַּר רַב עַזָּא: בָּעַן בְּמַעְרְבָא — הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְמוּרַת בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר מַהוּ? מִי אָמְרִינַן: כֵּיוָן דְּלָא קְרִיבָן — לָא מִיחַיַּיב, אוֹ דִילְמָא: כֵּיוָן דְּקָדְשׁוּ — מִיחַיַּיב?
GEMARA: With regard to the status of the substitute of firstborn and animal tithe offerings that was discussed in the mishna, Rava bar Rav Azza said that they inquired in the West, Eretz Yisrael: What is the halakha with regard to one who inflicts a blemish on the substitute of a firstborn offering or on the substitute of an animal tithe offering? Do we say that since they are not sacrificed on the altar like the actual firstborn or animal tithe offering, one who does this is not liable, as the prohibition against inflicting a blemish on a sacrificial animal applies only when one thereby disqualifies the animal from the altar, and that is not the case here; or perhaps since they are sanctified, he is liable for inflicting a blemish?
אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּיֵי: וְתִיבְּעֵי לָךְ הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְשִׁיעִי שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר!
Abaye said to Rava bar Rav Azza: And let the dilemma be raised in a case of one who inflicts a blemish on other sacrificial animals, such as the ninth animal counted while selecting the animal tithe offering, which was mistakenly declared to be the tenth. This animal is consecrated in that one is prohibited to work it or shear it until it becomes blemished, but it may not be sacrificed upon the altar.
אֶלָּא מַאי שְׁנָא תְּשִׁיעִי, דְּלָא קָמִיבַּעְיָא לָךְ? דְּרַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטֵיהּ, ״עֲשִׂירִי״ — לְהוֹצִיא הַתְּשִׁיעִי.
Rather, what is different about the ninth animal, which one called the tenth, that you did not raise the dilemma about it? It is because the Merciful One excluded it, with the verse: “The tenth shall be holy to the Lord” (Leviticus 27:32), which serves to exclude from the altar the ninth that was mistakenly declared to be the tenth. One may derive from here that one who inflicts a blemish upon this ninth animal is not liable.
הָכִי נָמֵי, רַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטִינְהוּ, ״לֹא תִפְדֶּה קֹדֶשׁ הֵם״ — הֵם קְרֵיבִין, וְאֵין תְּמוּרָתָן קְרֵיבָה.
Here, too, with regard to the substitute of a firstborn, the Merciful One excluded it from the altar: “But the firstborn…you shall not redeem; they are holy” (Numbers 18:17). This indicates that they, the firstborns themselves, are sacrificed, but their substitute is not sacrificed, and it may be derived from here that one is also not liable for inflicting a blemish upon the substitute of a firstborn.
רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק מַתְנֵי לַהּ הָכִי: אָמַר רַב אַחָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב עַזָּא, בָּעַן בְּמַעְרְבָא: הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְשִׁיעִי שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר מַהוּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְתִיבְּעֵי לָךְ הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְמוּרַת בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר!
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak teaches that statement in this way, in the opposite manner to the previous version: Rav Aḥa, son of Rav Azza, said that they inquired in the West, Eretz Yisrael: In the case of one who inflicts a blemish upon the ninth animal counted while selecting the animal tithe offering, what is the halakha? Abaye said to him: And let the dilemma be raised with regard to one who inflicts a blemish upon the substitute of a firstborn offering or the substitute of an animal tithe offering.
אֶלָּא מַאי שְׁנָא תְּמוּרַת בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא מִיבַּעְיָא לָךְ? דְּרַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטִינְהוּ, ״קֹדֶשׁ הֵם״ — הֵן קְרֵיבִין וְאֵין תְּמוּרָתָן קְרֵיבָה. תְּשִׁיעִי שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר נָמֵי רַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטֵיהּ, ״הָעֲשִׂירִי״ — לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַתְּשִׁיעִי.
Rather, what is different about the substitute of a firstborn or the substitute of an animal tithe that you did not raise the dilemma about them? It is because the Merciful One excluded them, as it is stated: “They are holy,” which indicates that they themselves are sacrificed, but their substitutes are not sacrificed. With regard to the ninth animal counted while selecting the animal tithe as well, the Merciful One excluded it, as it is stated: “The tenth,” which serves to exclude from the altar the ninth that was mistakenly declared to be the tenth.
וְאִם בָּאוּ תְּמִימִין כּוּ׳. וּרְמִינְהוּ: בֶּן אַנְטִיגְנוֹס הֶעֱלָה בְּכוֹרוֹת מִבָּבֶל וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ! אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: לָא קַשְׁיָא, הָא — רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, הָא — רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא.
§ The mishna teaches that although the firstborn and animal tithe offerings should not be brought from outside Eretz Yisrael ab initio, if they came unblemished, they may be sacrificed. With regard to this issue, the Gemara raises a contradiction: There was an incident where ben Antigonus brought up firstborn animals from Babylonia in order to sacrifice them and they did not accept them in the Temple. Rav Ḥisda said: That is not difficult: This statement in the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, while this case of ben Antigonus is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva.
דְּתַנְיָא: רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים מִשּׁוּם שְׁלֹשָׁה זְקֵנִים, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל יַעֲלֶה אָדָם מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בִּזְמַן הַזֶּה וְיֹאכְלֶנּוּ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם?
As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yishmael disagreed over this matter: Rabbi Yosei says three matters in the name of three elders: Rabbi Yishmael, Rabbi Akiva, and Ben Azzai, each of whom issued a different statement with regard to a firstborn and second tithe. Rabbi Yishmael says that one might have thought that a person may bring up second tithe in the present day to Jerusalem and eat it in Jerusalem.
וְדִין הוּא: בְּכוֹר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּמַעֲשֵׂר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם. מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. לֹא, אִם אָמַרְתָּ בִּבְכוֹר — שֶׁכֵּן טָעוּן מַתַּן דָּמִים וְאֵימוּרִים לְגַבֵּי מִזְבֵּחַ, תֹּאמַר בְּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא?!
But the opposite conclusion should be derived through logical inference from the halakha of a firstborn: A firstborn requires that it be brought to a specific place, i.e., Jerusalem, and second tithe requires that it be brought to a specific place. Just as a firstborn is eaten only in the presence of the Temple, so too, second tithe is eaten only in the presence of the Temple. This comparison can be refuted: No, if you said that this is true with regard to a firstborn, that it may be eaten only in the presence of the Temple, as it requires placing the blood and sacrificial portions of the offering upon the altar, shall you also say that this is the case with regard to second tithe, for which this is not required?
אָמַרְתָּ: בִּיכּוּרִים טְעוּנִין הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּמַעֲשֵׂר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם. מָה בִּיכּוּרִים אֵין נֶאֱכָלִין אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵין נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת.
Rather, perhaps you will say that the halakha of eating second tithe in Jerusalem in the present is derived from a comparison to first fruits: First fruits require that they be brought to a specific place, i.e., Jerusalem, and second tithe requires that they be brought to a specific place. Just as first fruits may be eaten only in the presence of the Temple, so too, second tithe may be eaten only in the presence of the Temple.
מָה לְבִיכּוּרִים, שֶׁכֵּן טְעוּנִין הַנָּחָה, תֹּאמַר בְּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא?!
But this comparison is also flawed, as what is unique about first fruits? They are unique in that they require placement before the altar, as it is stated: “And the priest shall take the basket out of your hand, and set it down before the altar of the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 26:4). Perhaps it is for this reason that they must be eaten in the presence of the Temple. Shall you say that this is also the case with regard to second tithe, which is not obligated in placement before the altar?
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ… מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ״, הִקִּישׁ מַעֲשֵׂר לִבְכוֹר: מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵין נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת.
The verse states with regard to second tithe: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God in the place that He shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your cattle and sheep” (Deuteronomy 14:23). This verse compares second tithe to the firstborn: Just as a firstborn is eaten only in the presence of the Temple, so too, second tithe is eaten only in the presence of the Temple. This concludes the statement of Rabbi Yishmael.
וְלֶיהְדַּר דִּינָא, וְלֵיתֵי בְּ״מָה הַצַּד״!
The Gemara analyzes the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael: But let the inference return and compare second tithe to both the firstborn and first fruits together, and let the halakha of second tithe be derived by analogy from the common element [bema hatzad] of the two sources: Just as the firstborn and first fruits both require that they be brought to a specific place and are not eaten in the present time, so too, second tithe, which also requires that it must be brought to a specific place, should not be eaten in the present time.
אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: מִשּׁוּם דְּאִיכָּא לְמֵימַר, מָה לְהַצַּד הַשָּׁוֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן, שֶׁכֵּן יֵשׁ בָּהֶן צַד מִזְבֵּחַ.
Rav Ashi said: The halakha of second tithe cannot be derived in this manner, because it can be said: What is notable about the common element of these cases? They are notable in that they have an aspect of their halakha that involves the altar: A firstborn must have its blood and sacrificial portions placed upon the altar, and first fruits must be placed before the altar, whereas no obligation with regard to the altar applies to the second tithe at all.
וּמַאי קָסָבַר? אִי קָסָבַר קְדוּשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה קִידְּשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְקִידְּשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, לָא שְׁנָא בְּכוֹר וְלָא שְׁנָא מַעֲשֵׂר בְּנֵי הֲבָאָה נִינְהוּ. וְאִי קָסָבַר קְדוּשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה קִידְּשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֹא קִידְּשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, אֲפִילּוּ בְּכוֹר נָמֵי תִּיבְּעֵי לָךְ!
According to Rabbi Yishmael, a firstborn is not eaten in the present day, but with regard to second tithe he is uncertain about the halakha. The Gemara asks: And what does he hold? If he holds that the initial consecration both sanctified Jerusalem for its time and sanctified Jerusalem forever, including the period after the destruction of the Temple, then a firstborn is no different and second tithe is no different, as both are capable of being brought to Jerusalem: In the case of the firstborn, an altar may be built upon which it may be offered, while second tithe may be eaten in Jerusalem, and the presence of the Temple is not required for either one. And if he holds that the initial consecration sanctified Jerusalem for its time but did not sanctify Jerusalem forever, and he is still uncertain about the status of second tithe, then raise the dilemma even with regard to the firstborn.
לְעוֹלָם קָסָבַר, קְדוּשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה קִידְּשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֹא קִידְּשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, וְהָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן — כְּגוֹן שֶׁנִּזְרַק דָּמוֹ שֶׁל בְּכוֹר בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת, וַעֲדַיִין בְּשָׂרוֹ קַיָּים.
The Gemara answers: Actually, he holds that the initial consecration sanctified Jerusalem for its time but did not sanctify it forever, and here we are dealing with a case where the blood of a firstborn offering was sprinkled upon the altar before the Temple was destroyed, and then the Temple was destroyed, but its flesh was still in existence.
כֵּיוָן דְּאִי אִיתֵיהּ לְדָם (לא) [לָאו] בַּר זְרִיקָה הוּא, אָתֵי בָּשָׂר יָלֵיף מִדָּם,
Since if the blood is still there and had not yet been sprinkled upon the altar, it is not subject to sprinkling, as the Temple has been destroyed, and consequently the meat of the firstborn offering may not be eaten. This halakha comes and is derived from the halakha of the blood, based upon the juxtaposition in the following verse: “You shall sprinkle their blood against the altar… and their flesh shall be yours” (Numbers 18:17–18). This teaches that the meat may be eaten only when the blood is fit to be sprinkled upon the altar. By contrast, there is no such juxtaposition with regard to second tithe, and therefore Rabbi Yishmael remains uncertain whether it may be eaten in the present time in Jerusalem.
וְאָתֵי מַעֲשֵׂר וְיָלֵיף מִבְּכוֹר. וּמִי יָלְפִינַן (קֹדֶשׁ) [בְּקָדָשִׁים] מֵהֲדָדֵי? וְהָאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ לְמֵדִין לָמֵד מִן הַלָּמֵד, חוּץ מִן הַקֳּדָשִׁים שֶׁאֵין לְמֵדִין לָמֵד מִן הַלָּמֵד!
And then, as Rabbi Yishmael holds that a firstborn definitely may not be eaten in the present, he says that second tithe comes and its status is derived from the juxtaposition to the firstborn. The Gemara asks: And can we derive the halakhot of sacrificial food from one another? But doesn’t Rabbi Yoḥanan say: In the entire Torah, we may derive that which is derived from a halakha that was itself derived from another source, except for the case of sacrificial animals, where we do not derive that which is derived from that which was already derived from another source.
מַעֲשֵׂר חוּלִּין הוּא. הָנִיחָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתַר לָמֵד אָזְלִינַן, אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתַר מְלַמֵּד אָזְלִינַן, מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? בָּשָׂר וָדָם חֲדָא מִילְּתָא הִיא.
The Gemara answers: Second tithe is considered non-sacred. Therefore, this derivation does not pertain to consecrated items. The Gemara asks: This works out well according to the one who said that we follow the halakha that is derived. If it is a consecrated item, it may not be derived from another halakha that was derived from another source, but if it is non-sacred, such as second tithe, it may be derived in this manner. But according to the one who said that we follow the halakha that teaches, what is there to say? In this case the halakha that teaches, i.e., the source of the derivation, is the meat of the firstborn, which is a consecrated item that is derived itself from the status of the blood of the firstborn. The Gemara answers: The status of the meat and the blood of a firstborn offering are one matter. Therefore, the meat is not considered as derived from another halakha.
רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל יַעֲלֶה אָדָם בְּכוֹר מֵחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לָאָרֶץ בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים וְיַקְרִיבֶנּוּ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ״ — מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁאַתָּה מַעֲלֶה מַעְשַׂר דָּגָן, אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה בְּכוֹר.
§ The Gemara cites the second statement of Rabbi Yosei from the elders, in the continuation of the baraita above: Rabbi Akiva says: One might have thought that a person may bring up a firstborn from outside Eretz Yisrael to Eretz Yisrael when the Temple is standing and sacrifice it. Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God, in the place which He shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and of your flock” (Deuteronomy 14:23). Rabbi Akiva derives from here that only from the place that you bring up the tithe of grain to Jerusalem, i.e., from Eretz Yisrael, may you bring up a firstborn to the Temple as an offering.
וּמִמְּקוֹם שֶׁאִי אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה מַעְשַׂר דָּגָן — אִי אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה בְּכוֹר.
But from a place that you may not bring up the tithe of grain, i.e., outside Eretz Yisrael, you may not bring up a firstborn from there. Therefore, the statement of the mishna that if one did bring up an unblemished firstborn from outside Eretz Yisrael it may be sacrificed, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael. By contrast, the statement that ben Antigonus brought firstborn offerings from Babylonia and they were not accepted as offerings is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva.
בֶּן עַזַּאי אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל (מַעֲלֶה אֶת) [יַעֲלֶה אָדָם] מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, וְיֹאכְלֶנּוּ בְּכׇל הָרוֹאֶה? וְדִין הוּא: בְּכוֹר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּמַעֲשֵׂר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם — מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה.
§ The Gemara relates the third statement in the baraita, which discusses second tithe: Ben Azzai says that one might have thought that he may bring up second tithe and eat it in any place that overlooks Jerusalem.But could this matter not be derived through logical inference: A firstborn offering requires that it be brought to the place, i.e., Jerusalem, and a second tithe requires that it be brought to the place. Just as a firstborn animal is eaten only within the walls of Jerusalem, so too, second tithe is eaten only within the walls of Jerusalem.
מָה לִבְכוֹר — שֶׁכֵּן טָעוּן מַתַּן דָּמִים וְאֵימוּרִין לְגַבֵּי מִזְבֵּחַ, תֹּאמַר בְּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא?! תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ… מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ״ — מַקִּישׁ מַעֲשֵׂר לִבְכוֹר: מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה.
This inference may be refuted: What is unique about a firstborn? It is unique in that it requires the placement of the blood and sacrificial portions upon the altar. Shall you also say that this is the case with regard to second tithe, where that is not required? Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God, in the place which He shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and of your flock.” The verse juxtaposes second tithe and the firstborn, to teach that just as the firstborn is eaten only within the walls, so too, second tithe is eaten only within the walls.
מַאי קַשְׁיָא לֵיהּ דְּקָאָמַר ״יָכוֹל״? אָמַרְתָּ הוֹאִיל וּתְנַן: אֵין בֵּין שִׁילֹה לִירוּשָׁלַיִם אֶלָּא שֶׁבְּשִׁילֹה אוֹכְלִין קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בְּכׇל הָרוֹאֶה, וּבִירוּשָׁלַיִם לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה,
The Gemara comments: What is difficult for ben Azzai that prompted him to say: One might have thought that it is permitted to eat second tithe in any place that overlooks Jerusalem? The Gemara explains: You can say that it is difficult for him since we learned in a mishna (Megilla 9b): The difference between the Tabernacle in Shiloh and the Temple in Jerusalem is only that in Shiloh one eats offerings of lesser sanctity, e.g., individual peace offerings, thanks offerings, and the Paschal lamb, and also the second tithe, in any place that overlooks Shiloh,but in Jerusalem one eats those consecrated items only within the walls.
וְכֵן קׇדְשֵׁי קָדָשִׁים לִפְנִים מִן הַקְּלָעִים, מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם לַיְתֵי מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בְּכׇל הָרוֹאֶה? קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.
And likewise, offerings of the most sacred order are eaten only in the area within the hangings, which surrounded the courtyard in the Tabernacle in Shiloh, which was equivalent to the area within the surrounding wall in the Temple courtyard in Jerusalem. Lest you say that even in Jerusalem, they may bring second tithe and eat it in any location that overlooks the walls, since, unlike the firstborn animal, second tithe does not possess any unique stringency, the verse teaches us that this is not so, as taught in the mishna.
אֲחֵרִים אוֹמְרִים: יָכוֹל יְהֵא בְּכוֹר שֶׁעִבְּרָה שְׁנָתוֹ כִּפְסוּלֵי הַמּוּקְדָּשִׁין, וְיִפָּסֵל?
§ Rabbi Yosei cites one more statement in the baraita with regard to a firstborn: The mishna (Bekhorot 26b) states that a firstborn animal is eaten from one year to the next, i.e., within its first year, as it is stated: “You shall eat it before the Lord your God year by year” (Deuteronomy 15:20). Rabbi Yosei adds that others say: One might have thought that a firstborn whose first year has passed should have the same status as disqualified consecrated animals and therefore be disqualified.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ״, מַקִּישׁ בְּכוֹר לְמַעֲשֵׂר, מָה מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נִפְסָל מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶירְתָּהּ, אַף בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נִפְסָל מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶירְתָּהּ.
Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God…the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and of your flock.” The verse thereby juxtaposes a firstborn animal to second tithe, which teaches that just as second tithe is not disqualified from one year to the next, so too, a firstborn animal is not disqualified from one year to the next.
וּלְרַבָּנַן, דְּמַפְּקִי לְהוּ לְטַעְמָא אַחֲרִינָא, מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶירְתָּהּ מְנָא לְהוּ? נָפְקָא לְהוּ מִ״לִּפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תֹאכְלֶנּוּ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה״, לִימֵּד עַל הַבְּכוֹר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִפְסָל מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶרְתָּהּ.
The Gemara asks: And according to the Rabbis, i.e., Rabbi Yishmael, Rabbi Akiva, and ben Azzai, who expound this verse for another explanation, from where do they derive that a firstborn animal is not disqualified from one year to the next? The Gemara answers: They derive it from the verse “You shall eat it before the Lord your God year by year.” The formulation “year by year” indicates two years, thereby teaching with regard to a firstborn animal that it is not disqualified from one year to the next.
וְלַאֲחֵרִים, לִפְנֵי ״ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תֹאכְלֶנּוּ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה״, מַאי דָּרְשִׁי בֵּיהּ? מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְכִדְתַנְיָא: יוֹם אֶחָד מִשָּׁנָה זוֹ, וְיוֹם אֶחָד מִשָּׁנָה אַחֶרֶת, לִימֵּד עַל הַבְּכוֹר שֶׁנֶּאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וָלָיְלָה אֶחָד.
The Gemara asks: And according to the opinion of the others, who derive this halakha from the juxtaposition of the firstborn and second tithe, with regard to what do they interpret the verse: “You shall eat it before the Lord your God year by year”? The Gemara answers: It is necessary for that which is taught in a baraita with regard to the time for the consumption of a firstborn animal: The phrase “year by year” teaches that there is a manner in which it may be eaten over two years: During one day of this year, and during one day of the next year. The verse therefore teaches with regard to a firstborn offering that it may be eaten for two days and one night in between.
וְרַבָּנַן, דְּנֶאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וָלָיְלָה אֶחָד מְנָא לְהוּ? אָמַר קְרָא: ״יִהְיֶה לָּךְ כַּחֲזֵה הַתְּנוּפָה״.
The Gemara asks: And the Rabbis, Rabbi Yishmael, Rabbi Akiva, and ben Azzai, from where do they derive the halakha that a firstborn offering may be eaten for two days and one night? The Gemara answers that the verse states with regard to the firstborn: “And their flesh shall be yours, like the breast of the waving and the right thigh, it shall be yours” (Numbers 18:18). The repetition of the expression “It shall be yours” teaches that one may eat the firstborn for one more day than a standard thanks offering, which may be eaten only for one day and one night.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ אֵלּוּ קָדָשִׁים.
מַתְנִי׳ וְלַד חַטָּאת, וּתְמוּרַת חַטָּאת, וְחַטָּאת שֶׁמֵּתוּ בְּעָלֶיהָ — יָמוּתוּ, וְשֶׁעִיבְּרָה שְׁנָתָהּ, וְשֶׁאָבְדָה וְנִמְצֵאת בַּעֲלַת מוּם, אִם מִשֶּׁכִּפְּרוּ הַבְּעָלִים — תָּמוּת, וְאֵינָהּ עוֹשָׂה תְּמוּרָה.
MISHNA: The offspring of a sin offering and the substitute for a sin offering, and a sin offering whose owner has died shall be sequestered and left to die. And with regard to a sin offering that is unfit for sacrifice because its first year from birth has passed, and a sin offering that was lost and when it was found, it was blemished, if it was after the owner achieved atonement through sacrifice of another animal as a sin offering, the blemished animal shall die, and it does not render a non-sacred animal exchanged for it a substitute.
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The first month I learned Daf Yomi by myself in secret, because I wasn’t sure how my husband would react, but after the siyyum on Masechet Brachot I discovered Hadran and now sometimes my husband listens to the daf with me. He and I also learn mishnayot together and are constantly finding connections between the different masechtot.
Laura Warshawsky
Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
I started to listen to Michelle’s podcasts four years ago. The minute I started I was hooked. I’m so excited to learn the entire Talmud, and think I will continue always. I chose the quote “while a woman is engaged in conversation she also holds the spindle”. (Megillah 14b). It reminds me of all of the amazing women I learn with every day who multi-task, think ahead and accomplish so much.
Julie Mendelsohn
Zichron Yakov, Israel
I’ve been wanting to do Daf Yomi for years, but always wanted to start at the beginning and not in the middle of things. When the opportunity came in 2020, I decided: “this is now the time!” I’ve been posting my journey daily on social media, tracking my progress (#DafYomi); now it’s fully integrated into my daily routines. I’ve also inspired my partner to join, too!
Joséphine Altzman
Teaneck, United States
I began Daf Yomi with the last cycle. I was inspired by the Hadran Siyum in Yerushalayim to continue with this cycle. I have learned Daf Yomi with Rabanit Michelle in over 25 countries on 6 continents ( missing Australia)
Barbara Goldschlag
Silver Spring, MD, United States
When the new cycle began, I thought, If not now, when? I’d just turned 72. I feel like a tourist on a tour bus passing astonishing scenery each day. Rabbanit Michelle is my beloved tour guide. When the cycle ends, I’ll be 80. I pray that I’ll have strength and mind to continue the journey to glimpse a little more. My grandchildren think having a daf-learning savta is cool!
Wendy Dickstein
Jerusalem, Israel
I started learning at the beginning of this Daf Yomi cycle because I heard a lot about the previous cycle coming to an end and thought it would be a good thing to start doing. My husband had already bought several of the Koren Talmud Bavli books and they were just sitting on the shelf, not being used, so here was an opportunity to start using them and find out exactly what was in them. Loving it!
Caroline Levison
Borehamwood, United Kingdom
I had dreamed of doing daf yomi since I had my first serious Talmud class 18 years ago at Pardes with Rahel Berkovitz, and then a couple of summers with Leah Rosenthal. There is no way I would be able to do it without another wonderful teacher, Michelle, and the Hadran organization. I wake up and am excited to start each day with the next daf.
Beth Elster
Irvine, United States
After being so inspired by the siyum shas two years ago, I began tentatively learning daf yomi, like Rabbanut Michelle kept saying – taking one daf at a time. I’m still taking it one daf at a time, one masechet at a time, but I’m loving it and am still so inspired by Rabbanit Michelle and the Hadran community, and yes – I am proud to be finishing Seder Mo’ed.
Caroline Graham-Ofstein
Bet Shemesh, Israel
I started learning at the beginning of this cycle more than 2 years ago, and I have not missed a day or a daf. It’s been challenging and enlightening and even mind-numbing at times, but the learning and the shared experience have all been worth it. If you are open to it, there’s no telling what might come into your life.
Patti Evans
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
I am a Reform rabbi and took Talmud courses in rabbinical school, but I knew there was so much more to learn. It felt inauthentic to serve as a rabbi without having read the entire Talmud, so when the opportunity arose to start Daf Yomi in 2020, I dove in! Thanks to Hadran, Daf Yomi has enriched my understanding of rabbinic Judaism and deepened my love of Jewish text & tradition. Todah rabbah!
Rabbi Nicki Greninger
California, United States
I had tried to start after being inspired by the hadran siyum, but did not manage to stick to it. However, just before masechet taanit, our rav wrote a message to the shul WhatsApp encouraging people to start with masechet taanit, so I did! And this time, I’m hooked! I listen to the shiur every day , and am also trying to improve my skills.
Laura Major
Yad Binyamin, Israel
I start learning Daf Yomi in January 2020. The daily learning with Rabbanit Michelle has kept me grounded in this very uncertain time. Despite everything going on – the Pandemic, my personal life, climate change, war, etc… I know I can count on Hadran’s podcast to bring a smile to my face.
Deb Engel
Los Angeles, United States
I had never heard of Daf Yomi and after reading the book, The Weight of Ink, I explored more about it. I discovered that it was only 6 months before a whole new cycle started and I was determined to give it a try. I tried to get a friend to join me on the journey but after the first few weeks they all dropped it. I haven’t missed a day of reading and of listening to the podcast.
Anne Rubin
Elkins Park, United States
Temurah 21
עַצְמוֹ — לֹא! הָכָא בְמַאי עָסְקִינַן? כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּלְדָה נְקֵבָה, וְעַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם לֹא אוֹלִיד חַד זָכָר?! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מְשַׁנֵּינָא [לָךְ] שִׁינּוּיֵי דְּחִיקִי בַּבְלָאֵי, כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּלְדָה נְקֵבוֹת עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם.
but the offspring itself is not sacrificed as a burnt offering. Rabbi Avin bar Kahana responds: What are we dealing with here? It is a case where the female designated as a guilt offering or as the substitute of a guilt offering gave birth to a female, which cannot itself be offered as a guilt offering. Rabbi Avin bar Ḥiyya asks: This is problematic, as the mishna states that the same is true with regard to the offspring of its offspring until the end of time. But could the mishna be referring to a case where until the end of time not even one male was born? Rabbi Avin bar Kahana said to him in response: I answer forced answers, in the manner of the Babylonians, and say that the mishna is referring to a case where it gave birth to females, and those females also gave birth to females, until the end of time.
מַתְנִי׳ תְּמוּרַת הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר, וְלָדָן וְלַד וְלָדָן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּבְכוֹר וּכְמַעֲשֵׂר, וְיֵאָכְלוּ בְּמוּמָן לַבְּעָלִים.
MISHNA: With regard to the substitute of a firstborn offering and the substitute of an animal tithe offering, and the offspring of those substitutes and the offspring of their offspring until the end of time, the halakhic status of these animals is like that of a firstborn offering and like that of an animal tithe offering in that they must be treated with sanctity: They graze until they become blemished, and at that point they may be eaten in their blemished state, the substitute of the firstborn by the priests and the substitute of the animal tithe by their owners. They are not sacrificed upon the altar like the original firstborn and animal tithe offerings.
מָה בֵּין בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר לְבֵין כׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים? שֶׁכׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים נִמְכָּרִים בָּאִיטְלֵז, וְנִשְׁחָטִין בָּאִיטְלֵז, וְנִשְׁקָלִין בְּלִיטְרָא, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר.
What is the practical difference between a firstborn offering and an animal tithe offering and all the other sacrificial animals? The difference is that all the other sacrificial animals that were blemished and redeemed are sold in the butchers’ market [ba’itliz], and slaughtered in the butchers’ market, and weighed and sold by the litra, in the manner that non-sacred meat is slaughtered and sold. This is the case with regard to all consecrated animals except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which are sold only from the home and not by the litra.
וְיֵשׁ לָהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, וְלִתְמוּרוֹתֵיהֶן פִּדְיוֹן, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר. וּבָאִין מֵחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, חוּץ מִן הַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר, שֶׁאִם בָּאוּ תְּמִימִים — יִקְרְבוּ, וְאִם בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין — יֵאָכְלוּ בְּמוּמָן לַבְּעָלִים.
And in addition, all sacrificial animals that became blemished are subject to redemption through sale, at which point the money becomes sacred and the animal becomes non-sacred, and their substitutes are also subject to redemption through sale.This is true for all consecrated animals, except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which are not subject to redemption. And all sacrificial animals come to be sacrificed in the Temple even from outside of Eretz Yisrael, except for the firstborn and animal tithe offerings, which should not be brought from outside Eretz Yisrael ab initio. But if they came unblemished, they are sacrificed in the Temple like a regular firstborn or animal tithe offering coming from Eretz Yisrael; and if they are blemished animals, they may be eaten in their blemished state, the firstborns by the priests and the animal tithes by their owners.
אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: מָה טַעַם שֶׁהַבְּכוֹר וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר יֵשׁ לָהֶן פַּרְנָסָה מִמְּקוֹמָן, וּשְׁאָר כׇּל הַקֳּדָשִׁים, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹלַד בָּהֶם מוּם — הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בִּקְדוּשָּׁתָן.
Rabbi Shimon says: What is the reason for this last difference between them? It is that the firstborn and animal tithe offerings have a remedy in their place outside Eretz Yisrael, as they can graze until they become blemished and then can be eaten there. It is not necessary to bring them to Eretz Yisrael in order to eat them. But with regard to all other sacrificial animals, even if a blemish develops in them, these animals remain in their sanctity, and one must redeem them and bring another offering with the money of their redemption. Therefore, when they are unblemished it is proper to bring these animals themselves to Eretz Yisrael.
גְּמָ׳ אָמַר רָבָא בַּר רַב עַזָּא: בָּעַן בְּמַעְרְבָא — הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְמוּרַת בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר מַהוּ? מִי אָמְרִינַן: כֵּיוָן דְּלָא קְרִיבָן — לָא מִיחַיַּיב, אוֹ דִילְמָא: כֵּיוָן דְּקָדְשׁוּ — מִיחַיַּיב?
GEMARA: With regard to the status of the substitute of firstborn and animal tithe offerings that was discussed in the mishna, Rava bar Rav Azza said that they inquired in the West, Eretz Yisrael: What is the halakha with regard to one who inflicts a blemish on the substitute of a firstborn offering or on the substitute of an animal tithe offering? Do we say that since they are not sacrificed on the altar like the actual firstborn or animal tithe offering, one who does this is not liable, as the prohibition against inflicting a blemish on a sacrificial animal applies only when one thereby disqualifies the animal from the altar, and that is not the case here; or perhaps since they are sanctified, he is liable for inflicting a blemish?
אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבָּיֵי: וְתִיבְּעֵי לָךְ הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְשִׁיעִי שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר!
Abaye said to Rava bar Rav Azza: And let the dilemma be raised in a case of one who inflicts a blemish on other sacrificial animals, such as the ninth animal counted while selecting the animal tithe offering, which was mistakenly declared to be the tenth. This animal is consecrated in that one is prohibited to work it or shear it until it becomes blemished, but it may not be sacrificed upon the altar.
אֶלָּא מַאי שְׁנָא תְּשִׁיעִי, דְּלָא קָמִיבַּעְיָא לָךְ? דְּרַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטֵיהּ, ״עֲשִׂירִי״ — לְהוֹצִיא הַתְּשִׁיעִי.
Rather, what is different about the ninth animal, which one called the tenth, that you did not raise the dilemma about it? It is because the Merciful One excluded it, with the verse: “The tenth shall be holy to the Lord” (Leviticus 27:32), which serves to exclude from the altar the ninth that was mistakenly declared to be the tenth. One may derive from here that one who inflicts a blemish upon this ninth animal is not liable.
הָכִי נָמֵי, רַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטִינְהוּ, ״לֹא תִפְדֶּה קֹדֶשׁ הֵם״ — הֵם קְרֵיבִין, וְאֵין תְּמוּרָתָן קְרֵיבָה.
Here, too, with regard to the substitute of a firstborn, the Merciful One excluded it from the altar: “But the firstborn…you shall not redeem; they are holy” (Numbers 18:17). This indicates that they, the firstborns themselves, are sacrificed, but their substitute is not sacrificed, and it may be derived from here that one is also not liable for inflicting a blemish upon the substitute of a firstborn.
רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק מַתְנֵי לַהּ הָכִי: אָמַר רַב אַחָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב עַזָּא, בָּעַן בְּמַעְרְבָא: הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְשִׁיעִי שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר מַהוּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְתִיבְּעֵי לָךְ הַמֵּטִיל מוּם בִּתְמוּרַת בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר!
Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak teaches that statement in this way, in the opposite manner to the previous version: Rav Aḥa, son of Rav Azza, said that they inquired in the West, Eretz Yisrael: In the case of one who inflicts a blemish upon the ninth animal counted while selecting the animal tithe offering, what is the halakha? Abaye said to him: And let the dilemma be raised with regard to one who inflicts a blemish upon the substitute of a firstborn offering or the substitute of an animal tithe offering.
אֶלָּא מַאי שְׁנָא תְּמוּרַת בְּכוֹר וּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא מִיבַּעְיָא לָךְ? דְּרַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטִינְהוּ, ״קֹדֶשׁ הֵם״ — הֵן קְרֵיבִין וְאֵין תְּמוּרָתָן קְרֵיבָה. תְּשִׁיעִי שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר נָמֵי רַחֲמָנָא מַעֲטֵיהּ, ״הָעֲשִׂירִי״ — לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַתְּשִׁיעִי.
Rather, what is different about the substitute of a firstborn or the substitute of an animal tithe that you did not raise the dilemma about them? It is because the Merciful One excluded them, as it is stated: “They are holy,” which indicates that they themselves are sacrificed, but their substitutes are not sacrificed. With regard to the ninth animal counted while selecting the animal tithe as well, the Merciful One excluded it, as it is stated: “The tenth,” which serves to exclude from the altar the ninth that was mistakenly declared to be the tenth.
וְאִם בָּאוּ תְּמִימִין כּוּ׳. וּרְמִינְהוּ: בֶּן אַנְטִיגְנוֹס הֶעֱלָה בְּכוֹרוֹת מִבָּבֶל וְלֹא קִבְּלוּ מִמֶּנּוּ! אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: לָא קַשְׁיָא, הָא — רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, הָא — רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא.
§ The mishna teaches that although the firstborn and animal tithe offerings should not be brought from outside Eretz Yisrael ab initio, if they came unblemished, they may be sacrificed. With regard to this issue, the Gemara raises a contradiction: There was an incident where ben Antigonus brought up firstborn animals from Babylonia in order to sacrifice them and they did not accept them in the Temple. Rav Ḥisda said: That is not difficult: This statement in the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, while this case of ben Antigonus is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva.
דְּתַנְיָא: רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים מִשּׁוּם שְׁלֹשָׁה זְקֵנִים, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל יַעֲלֶה אָדָם מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בִּזְמַן הַזֶּה וְיֹאכְלֶנּוּ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם?
As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yishmael disagreed over this matter: Rabbi Yosei says three matters in the name of three elders: Rabbi Yishmael, Rabbi Akiva, and Ben Azzai, each of whom issued a different statement with regard to a firstborn and second tithe. Rabbi Yishmael says that one might have thought that a person may bring up second tithe in the present day to Jerusalem and eat it in Jerusalem.
וְדִין הוּא: בְּכוֹר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּמַעֲשֵׂר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם. מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. לֹא, אִם אָמַרְתָּ בִּבְכוֹר — שֶׁכֵּן טָעוּן מַתַּן דָּמִים וְאֵימוּרִים לְגַבֵּי מִזְבֵּחַ, תֹּאמַר בְּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא?!
But the opposite conclusion should be derived through logical inference from the halakha of a firstborn: A firstborn requires that it be brought to a specific place, i.e., Jerusalem, and second tithe requires that it be brought to a specific place. Just as a firstborn is eaten only in the presence of the Temple, so too, second tithe is eaten only in the presence of the Temple. This comparison can be refuted: No, if you said that this is true with regard to a firstborn, that it may be eaten only in the presence of the Temple, as it requires placing the blood and sacrificial portions of the offering upon the altar, shall you also say that this is the case with regard to second tithe, for which this is not required?
אָמַרְתָּ: בִּיכּוּרִים טְעוּנִין הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּמַעֲשֵׂר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם. מָה בִּיכּוּרִים אֵין נֶאֱכָלִין אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵין נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת.
Rather, perhaps you will say that the halakha of eating second tithe in Jerusalem in the present is derived from a comparison to first fruits: First fruits require that they be brought to a specific place, i.e., Jerusalem, and second tithe requires that they be brought to a specific place. Just as first fruits may be eaten only in the presence of the Temple, so too, second tithe may be eaten only in the presence of the Temple.
מָה לְבִיכּוּרִים, שֶׁכֵּן טְעוּנִין הַנָּחָה, תֹּאמַר בְּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא?!
But this comparison is also flawed, as what is unique about first fruits? They are unique in that they require placement before the altar, as it is stated: “And the priest shall take the basket out of your hand, and set it down before the altar of the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 26:4). Perhaps it is for this reason that they must be eaten in the presence of the Temple. Shall you say that this is also the case with regard to second tithe, which is not obligated in placement before the altar?
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ… מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ״, הִקִּישׁ מַעֲשֵׂר לִבְכוֹר: מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵין נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת.
The verse states with regard to second tithe: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God in the place that He shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your cattle and sheep” (Deuteronomy 14:23). This verse compares second tithe to the firstborn: Just as a firstborn is eaten only in the presence of the Temple, so too, second tithe is eaten only in the presence of the Temple. This concludes the statement of Rabbi Yishmael.
וְלֶיהְדַּר דִּינָא, וְלֵיתֵי בְּ״מָה הַצַּד״!
The Gemara analyzes the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael: But let the inference return and compare second tithe to both the firstborn and first fruits together, and let the halakha of second tithe be derived by analogy from the common element [bema hatzad] of the two sources: Just as the firstborn and first fruits both require that they be brought to a specific place and are not eaten in the present time, so too, second tithe, which also requires that it must be brought to a specific place, should not be eaten in the present time.
אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: מִשּׁוּם דְּאִיכָּא לְמֵימַר, מָה לְהַצַּד הַשָּׁוֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן, שֶׁכֵּן יֵשׁ בָּהֶן צַד מִזְבֵּחַ.
Rav Ashi said: The halakha of second tithe cannot be derived in this manner, because it can be said: What is notable about the common element of these cases? They are notable in that they have an aspect of their halakha that involves the altar: A firstborn must have its blood and sacrificial portions placed upon the altar, and first fruits must be placed before the altar, whereas no obligation with regard to the altar applies to the second tithe at all.
וּמַאי קָסָבַר? אִי קָסָבַר קְדוּשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה קִידְּשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְקִידְּשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, לָא שְׁנָא בְּכוֹר וְלָא שְׁנָא מַעֲשֵׂר בְּנֵי הֲבָאָה נִינְהוּ. וְאִי קָסָבַר קְדוּשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה קִידְּשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֹא קִידְּשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, אֲפִילּוּ בְּכוֹר נָמֵי תִּיבְּעֵי לָךְ!
According to Rabbi Yishmael, a firstborn is not eaten in the present day, but with regard to second tithe he is uncertain about the halakha. The Gemara asks: And what does he hold? If he holds that the initial consecration both sanctified Jerusalem for its time and sanctified Jerusalem forever, including the period after the destruction of the Temple, then a firstborn is no different and second tithe is no different, as both are capable of being brought to Jerusalem: In the case of the firstborn, an altar may be built upon which it may be offered, while second tithe may be eaten in Jerusalem, and the presence of the Temple is not required for either one. And if he holds that the initial consecration sanctified Jerusalem for its time but did not sanctify Jerusalem forever, and he is still uncertain about the status of second tithe, then raise the dilemma even with regard to the firstborn.
לְעוֹלָם קָסָבַר, קְדוּשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה קִידְּשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֹא קִידְּשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא, וְהָכָא בְּמַאי עָסְקִינַן — כְּגוֹן שֶׁנִּזְרַק דָּמוֹ שֶׁל בְּכוֹר בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת, וְחָרַב הַבַּיִת, וַעֲדַיִין בְּשָׂרוֹ קַיָּים.
The Gemara answers: Actually, he holds that the initial consecration sanctified Jerusalem for its time but did not sanctify it forever, and here we are dealing with a case where the blood of a firstborn offering was sprinkled upon the altar before the Temple was destroyed, and then the Temple was destroyed, but its flesh was still in existence.
כֵּיוָן דְּאִי אִיתֵיהּ לְדָם (לא) [לָאו] בַּר זְרִיקָה הוּא, אָתֵי בָּשָׂר יָלֵיף מִדָּם,
Since if the blood is still there and had not yet been sprinkled upon the altar, it is not subject to sprinkling, as the Temple has been destroyed, and consequently the meat of the firstborn offering may not be eaten. This halakha comes and is derived from the halakha of the blood, based upon the juxtaposition in the following verse: “You shall sprinkle their blood against the altar… and their flesh shall be yours” (Numbers 18:17–18). This teaches that the meat may be eaten only when the blood is fit to be sprinkled upon the altar. By contrast, there is no such juxtaposition with regard to second tithe, and therefore Rabbi Yishmael remains uncertain whether it may be eaten in the present time in Jerusalem.
וְאָתֵי מַעֲשֵׂר וְיָלֵיף מִבְּכוֹר. וּמִי יָלְפִינַן (קֹדֶשׁ) [בְּקָדָשִׁים] מֵהֲדָדֵי? וְהָאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כׇּל הַתּוֹרָה כּוּלָּהּ לְמֵדִין לָמֵד מִן הַלָּמֵד, חוּץ מִן הַקֳּדָשִׁים שֶׁאֵין לְמֵדִין לָמֵד מִן הַלָּמֵד!
And then, as Rabbi Yishmael holds that a firstborn definitely may not be eaten in the present, he says that second tithe comes and its status is derived from the juxtaposition to the firstborn. The Gemara asks: And can we derive the halakhot of sacrificial food from one another? But doesn’t Rabbi Yoḥanan say: In the entire Torah, we may derive that which is derived from a halakha that was itself derived from another source, except for the case of sacrificial animals, where we do not derive that which is derived from that which was already derived from another source.
מַעֲשֵׂר חוּלִּין הוּא. הָנִיחָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתַר לָמֵד אָזְלִינַן, אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר בָּתַר מְלַמֵּד אָזְלִינַן, מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? בָּשָׂר וָדָם חֲדָא מִילְּתָא הִיא.
The Gemara answers: Second tithe is considered non-sacred. Therefore, this derivation does not pertain to consecrated items. The Gemara asks: This works out well according to the one who said that we follow the halakha that is derived. If it is a consecrated item, it may not be derived from another halakha that was derived from another source, but if it is non-sacred, such as second tithe, it may be derived in this manner. But according to the one who said that we follow the halakha that teaches, what is there to say? In this case the halakha that teaches, i.e., the source of the derivation, is the meat of the firstborn, which is a consecrated item that is derived itself from the status of the blood of the firstborn. The Gemara answers: The status of the meat and the blood of a firstborn offering are one matter. Therefore, the meat is not considered as derived from another halakha.
רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל יַעֲלֶה אָדָם בְּכוֹר מֵחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לָאָרֶץ בִּזְמַן שֶׁבֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּים וְיַקְרִיבֶנּוּ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ״ — מִמְּקוֹם שֶׁאַתָּה מַעֲלֶה מַעְשַׂר דָּגָן, אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה בְּכוֹר.
§ The Gemara cites the second statement of Rabbi Yosei from the elders, in the continuation of the baraita above: Rabbi Akiva says: One might have thought that a person may bring up a firstborn from outside Eretz Yisrael to Eretz Yisrael when the Temple is standing and sacrifice it. Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God, in the place which He shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and of your flock” (Deuteronomy 14:23). Rabbi Akiva derives from here that only from the place that you bring up the tithe of grain to Jerusalem, i.e., from Eretz Yisrael, may you bring up a firstborn to the Temple as an offering.
וּמִמְּקוֹם שֶׁאִי אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה מַעְשַׂר דָּגָן — אִי אַתָּה מַעֲלֶה בְּכוֹר.
But from a place that you may not bring up the tithe of grain, i.e., outside Eretz Yisrael, you may not bring up a firstborn from there. Therefore, the statement of the mishna that if one did bring up an unblemished firstborn from outside Eretz Yisrael it may be sacrificed, is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael. By contrast, the statement that ben Antigonus brought firstborn offerings from Babylonia and they were not accepted as offerings is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva.
בֶּן עַזַּאי אוֹמֵר: יָכוֹל (מַעֲלֶה אֶת) [יַעֲלֶה אָדָם] מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, וְיֹאכְלֶנּוּ בְּכׇל הָרוֹאֶה? וְדִין הוּא: בְּכוֹר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּמַעֲשֵׂר טָעוּן הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם — מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה.
§ The Gemara relates the third statement in the baraita, which discusses second tithe: Ben Azzai says that one might have thought that he may bring up second tithe and eat it in any place that overlooks Jerusalem.But could this matter not be derived through logical inference: A firstborn offering requires that it be brought to the place, i.e., Jerusalem, and a second tithe requires that it be brought to the place. Just as a firstborn animal is eaten only within the walls of Jerusalem, so too, second tithe is eaten only within the walls of Jerusalem.
מָה לִבְכוֹר — שֶׁכֵּן טָעוּן מַתַּן דָּמִים וְאֵימוּרִין לְגַבֵּי מִזְבֵּחַ, תֹּאמַר בְּמַעֲשֵׂר דְּלָא?! תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ… מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ וּבְכוֹרוֹת בְּקָרְךָ וְצֹאנֶךָ״ — מַקִּישׁ מַעֲשֵׂר לִבְכוֹר: מָה בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה, אַף מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נֶאֱכָל אֶלָּא לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה.
This inference may be refuted: What is unique about a firstborn? It is unique in that it requires the placement of the blood and sacrificial portions upon the altar. Shall you also say that this is the case with regard to second tithe, where that is not required? Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God, in the place which He shall choose to cause His name to dwell there, the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and of your flock.” The verse juxtaposes second tithe and the firstborn, to teach that just as the firstborn is eaten only within the walls, so too, second tithe is eaten only within the walls.
מַאי קַשְׁיָא לֵיהּ דְּקָאָמַר ״יָכוֹל״? אָמַרְתָּ הוֹאִיל וּתְנַן: אֵין בֵּין שִׁילֹה לִירוּשָׁלַיִם אֶלָּא שֶׁבְּשִׁילֹה אוֹכְלִין קָדָשִׁים קַלִּים וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בְּכׇל הָרוֹאֶה, וּבִירוּשָׁלַיִם לִפְנִים מִן הַחוֹמָה,
The Gemara comments: What is difficult for ben Azzai that prompted him to say: One might have thought that it is permitted to eat second tithe in any place that overlooks Jerusalem? The Gemara explains: You can say that it is difficult for him since we learned in a mishna (Megilla 9b): The difference between the Tabernacle in Shiloh and the Temple in Jerusalem is only that in Shiloh one eats offerings of lesser sanctity, e.g., individual peace offerings, thanks offerings, and the Paschal lamb, and also the second tithe, in any place that overlooks Shiloh,but in Jerusalem one eats those consecrated items only within the walls.
וְכֵן קׇדְשֵׁי קָדָשִׁים לִפְנִים מִן הַקְּלָעִים, מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם לַיְתֵי מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בְּכׇל הָרוֹאֶה? קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.
And likewise, offerings of the most sacred order are eaten only in the area within the hangings, which surrounded the courtyard in the Tabernacle in Shiloh, which was equivalent to the area within the surrounding wall in the Temple courtyard in Jerusalem. Lest you say that even in Jerusalem, they may bring second tithe and eat it in any location that overlooks the walls, since, unlike the firstborn animal, second tithe does not possess any unique stringency, the verse teaches us that this is not so, as taught in the mishna.
אֲחֵרִים אוֹמְרִים: יָכוֹל יְהֵא בְּכוֹר שֶׁעִבְּרָה שְׁנָתוֹ כִּפְסוּלֵי הַמּוּקְדָּשִׁין, וְיִפָּסֵל?
§ Rabbi Yosei cites one more statement in the baraita with regard to a firstborn: The mishna (Bekhorot 26b) states that a firstborn animal is eaten from one year to the next, i.e., within its first year, as it is stated: “You shall eat it before the Lord your God year by year” (Deuteronomy 15:20). Rabbi Yosei adds that others say: One might have thought that a firstborn whose first year has passed should have the same status as disqualified consecrated animals and therefore be disqualified.
תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ וְתִירוֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ״, מַקִּישׁ בְּכוֹר לְמַעֲשֵׂר, מָה מַעֲשֵׂר אֵינוֹ נִפְסָל מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶירְתָּהּ, אַף בְּכוֹר אֵינוֹ נִפְסָל מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶירְתָּהּ.
Therefore, the verse states: “And you shall eat before the Lord your God…the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the firstborn of your herd and of your flock.” The verse thereby juxtaposes a firstborn animal to second tithe, which teaches that just as second tithe is not disqualified from one year to the next, so too, a firstborn animal is not disqualified from one year to the next.
וּלְרַבָּנַן, דְּמַפְּקִי לְהוּ לְטַעְמָא אַחֲרִינָא, מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶירְתָּהּ מְנָא לְהוּ? נָפְקָא לְהוּ מִ״לִּפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תֹאכְלֶנּוּ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה״, לִימֵּד עַל הַבְּכוֹר שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִפְסָל מִשָּׁנָה לַחֲבֶרְתָּהּ.
The Gemara asks: And according to the Rabbis, i.e., Rabbi Yishmael, Rabbi Akiva, and ben Azzai, who expound this verse for another explanation, from where do they derive that a firstborn animal is not disqualified from one year to the next? The Gemara answers: They derive it from the verse “You shall eat it before the Lord your God year by year.” The formulation “year by year” indicates two years, thereby teaching with regard to a firstborn animal that it is not disqualified from one year to the next.
וְלַאֲחֵרִים, לִפְנֵי ״ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תֹאכְלֶנּוּ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה״, מַאי דָּרְשִׁי בֵּיהּ? מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְכִדְתַנְיָא: יוֹם אֶחָד מִשָּׁנָה זוֹ, וְיוֹם אֶחָד מִשָּׁנָה אַחֶרֶת, לִימֵּד עַל הַבְּכוֹר שֶׁנֶּאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וָלָיְלָה אֶחָד.
The Gemara asks: And according to the opinion of the others, who derive this halakha from the juxtaposition of the firstborn and second tithe, with regard to what do they interpret the verse: “You shall eat it before the Lord your God year by year”? The Gemara answers: It is necessary for that which is taught in a baraita with regard to the time for the consumption of a firstborn animal: The phrase “year by year” teaches that there is a manner in which it may be eaten over two years: During one day of this year, and during one day of the next year. The verse therefore teaches with regard to a firstborn offering that it may be eaten for two days and one night in between.
וְרַבָּנַן, דְּנֶאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וָלָיְלָה אֶחָד מְנָא לְהוּ? אָמַר קְרָא: ״יִהְיֶה לָּךְ כַּחֲזֵה הַתְּנוּפָה״.
The Gemara asks: And the Rabbis, Rabbi Yishmael, Rabbi Akiva, and ben Azzai, from where do they derive the halakha that a firstborn offering may be eaten for two days and one night? The Gemara answers that the verse states with regard to the firstborn: “And their flesh shall be yours, like the breast of the waving and the right thigh, it shall be yours” (Numbers 18:18). The repetition of the expression “It shall be yours” teaches that one may eat the firstborn for one more day than a standard thanks offering, which may be eaten only for one day and one night.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ אֵלּוּ קָדָשִׁים.
מַתְנִי׳ וְלַד חַטָּאת, וּתְמוּרַת חַטָּאת, וְחַטָּאת שֶׁמֵּתוּ בְּעָלֶיהָ — יָמוּתוּ, וְשֶׁעִיבְּרָה שְׁנָתָהּ, וְשֶׁאָבְדָה וְנִמְצֵאת בַּעֲלַת מוּם, אִם מִשֶּׁכִּפְּרוּ הַבְּעָלִים — תָּמוּת, וְאֵינָהּ עוֹשָׂה תְּמוּרָה.
MISHNA: The offspring of a sin offering and the substitute for a sin offering, and a sin offering whose owner has died shall be sequestered and left to die. And with regard to a sin offering that is unfit for sacrifice because its first year from birth has passed, and a sin offering that was lost and when it was found, it was blemished, if it was after the owner achieved atonement through sacrifice of another animal as a sin offering, the blemished animal shall die, and it does not render a non-sacred animal exchanged for it a substitute.
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