Avodah Zarah 5
לוֹמַר לָךְ, שֶׁאִם חָטָא יָחִיד — אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: כְּלָךְ אֵצֶל יָחִיד, וְאִם חָטְאוּ צִבּוּר — אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: כְּלָךְ אֵצֶל צִבּוּר.
This serves to say to you that if an individual has sinned, one says to him: Go to that famous individual who sinned, King David, and learn from him that one can repent. And if the community sinned, one says to them: Go to the community that sinned, i.e., the Jewish people at the time of the Golden Calf.
וּצְרִיכָא, דְּאִי אַשְׁמוֹעִינַן יָחִיד — מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא מְפַרְסַם חִטְאֵיהּ, אֲבָל צִבּוּר דִּמְפַרְסַם חִטְאַיְהוּ — אֵימָא לָא. וְאִי אַשְׁמוֹעִינַן צִבּוּר — מִשּׁוּם דִּנְפִישִׁי רַחֲמַיְיהוּ, אֲבָל יָחִיד דְּלָא אַלִּימָא זְכוּתֵיהּ — אֵימָא לָא, צְרִיכָא.
The Gemara notes: And it is necessary to learn about repentance both in the case of an individual and in the case of a community. The reason is that if we had learned this idea only with regard to an individual, one might have thought that he has the option to repent only because his sin is not publicized. But in the case of a community, whose sin is publicized, one might say that the community cannot repent. And likewise, if we had learned this idea only with regard to a community, one might have said that their repentance is accepted because their prayers are more numerous than those of an individual, and they are heard before God. But in the case of an individual, whose merit is not as strong, one might say that he is not able to repent. Therefore, it is necessary to teach both cases.
וְהַיְינוּ דְּרַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן, מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״נְאֻם דָּוִד בֶּן יִשַׁי וּנְאֻם הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל״? נְאֻם דָּוִד בֶּן יִשַׁי שֶׁהֵקִים עוּלָּהּ שֶׁל תְּשׁוּבָה.
And this is similar to that which Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani says that Rabbi Yonatan says: What is the meaning of that which is written: “The saying of David, son of Yishai, and the saying of the man raised on high [al]” (II Samuel 23:1)? This is the meaning of the verse: The saying of David, son of Yishai, who raised and lightened the yoke [ullah] of repentance, as he taught the power of repentance through his own example.
וְאָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: כׇּל הָעוֹשֶׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, מְקַדַּמְתּוֹ וְהוֹלֶכֶת לְפָנָיו לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהָלַךְ לְפָנֶיךָ צִדְקֶךָ וּכְבוֹד ה׳ יַאַסְפֶךָ״, וְכׇל הָעוֹבֵר עֲבֵירָה אַחַת, מְלַפַּפְתּוֹ וּמוֹלִיכָתוֹ לְיוֹם הַדִּין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יִלָּפְתוּ אׇרְחוֹת דַּרְכָּם וְגוֹ׳״.
And Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani further says that Rabbi Yonatan says: With regard to anyone who performs one mitzva in this world, the mitzva will precede him and walk before him in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “And your righteousness shall go before you, the glory of the Lord shall be your reward” (Isaiah 58:8). And with regard to anyone who commits one transgression, that transgression will shroud him and lead him on the Day of Judgment, as it is stated: “The paths of their way do wind, they go up into the waste, and are lost” (Job 6:18).
רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: קְשׁוּרָה בּוֹ כְּכֶלֶב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֵלֶיהָ לִשְׁכַּב אֶצְלָהּ לִהְיוֹת עִמָּהּ״, ״לִשְׁכַּב אֶצְלָהּ״ — בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, ״לִהְיוֹת עִמָּהּ״ — בָּעוֹלָם הַבָּא.
Rabbi Elazar says: The transgression is tied to him like a dog and does not leave him, as it is stated with regard to Joseph and Potiphar’s wife: “And he did not listen to her, to lie by her, or to be with her” (Genesis 39:10). This teaches that Joseph refused “to lie by her” in this world, which would have meant that he would have had “to be with her” in the World-to-Come.
אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: בּוֹאוּ וְנַחֲזִיק טוֹבָה לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ, שֶׁאִלְמָלֵא הֵן לֹא חָטְאוּ — אָנוּ לֹא בָּאנוּ לָעוֹלָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי אֱלֹהִים אַתֶּם וּבְנֵי עֶלְיוֹן כֻּלְּכֶם״, חִבַּלְתֶּם מַעֲשֵׂיכֶם — ״אָכֵן כְּאָדָם תְּמוּתוּן וְגוֹ׳״.
§ The Gemara further discusses the sin of the Golden Calf. Reish Lakish says: Come and let us be grateful to our ancestors who sinned with the Golden Calf, as had they not sinned we would not have come into the world. Reish Lakish explains: As it is stated about the Jewish people after the revelation at Sinai: “I said: You are godlike beings, and all of you sons of the Most High” (Psalms 82:6), which indicates that they had become like angels and would not have propagated offspring. Then, God states: After you ruined your deeds: “Yet you shall die like a man, and fall like one of the princes” (Psalms 82:7).
לְמֵימְרָא דְּאִי לָא חָטְאוּ לָא הֲווֹ מוֹלְדוּ? וְהָכְתִיב ״וְאַתֶּם פְּרוּ וּרְבוּ״! עַד סִינַי. בְּסִינַי נָמֵי כְּתִיב ״לֵךְ אֱמֹר לָהֶם שׁוּבוּ לָכֶם לְאׇהֳלֵיכֶם״! לְשִׂמְחַת עוֹנָה.
The Gemara asks: Is this to say that if they had not sinned with the Golden Calf they would not have sired children? But isn’t it written that Noah and his children were instructed: “And you, be fruitful, and multiply” (Genesis 9:7)? The Gemara answers: This instruction was issued only until the revelation at Sinai, but the Jewish people would have become like angels there, had they not sinned. The Gemara asks: Isn’t it also written about the Jewish people who were at the revelation at Sinai: “Go say to them: Return to your tents” (Deuteronomy 5:27), which means that they were instructed to resume marital relations? The Gemara answers: That verse is referring to the enjoyment of conjugal rights, not to procreation.
וְהָכְתִיב: ״לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם וְגוֹ׳״! לְאוֹתָן הָעוֹמְדִים עַל הַר סִינַי.
The Gemara further asks: But isn’t it written: “That it might be good for them, and with their children forever” (Deuteronomy 5:26), which indicates that they would continue to bear children? The Gemara answers: This verse is referring to those children who stood with them at Mount Sinai, not to future generations.
וְהָאָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״זֶה סֵפֶר תּוֹלְדֹת אָדָם וְגוֹ׳״? וְכִי סֵפֶר הָיָה לוֹ לְאָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן? מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהֶרְאָה לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְאָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן דּוֹר דּוֹר וְדוֹרְשָׁיו, דּוֹר דּוֹר וַחֲכָמָיו, דּוֹר דּוֹר וּפַרְנָסָיו. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְדוֹרוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא שָׂמַח בְּתוֹרָתוֹ וְנִתְעַצֵּב בְּמִיתָתוֹ, אָמַר: ״וְלִי מַה יָּקְרוּ רֵעֶיךָ אֵל [וְגוֹ׳]״.
The Gemara raises a further difficulty: But doesn’t Reish Lakish say: What is the meaning of that which is written: “This is the book of the generations of Adam, in the day that God created man” (Genesis 5:1)? Did Adam the first man have a book? Rather, the verse teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, showed Adam, the first man, every generation and its expositors, every generation and its Sages, and every generation and its leaders. When Adam arrived at the generation of Rabbi Akiva, he rejoiced in his Torah and was saddened by his death, as Rabbi Akiva was tortured and murdered. Adam said: “How weighty also are Your thoughts to me, O God! How great is the sum of them” (Psalms 139:17). It is evident from here that the Jews were destined to bear future generations from the beginning of time.
וְאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: אֵין בֶּן דָּוִד בָּא עַד שֶׁיִּכְלוּ נְשָׁמוֹת שֶׁבַּגּוּף, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״[כִּי לֹא לְעוֹלָם אָרִיב וְלֹא לָנֶצַח אֶקְּצוֹף] כִּי רוּחַ מִלְּפָנַי יַעֲטוֹף וּנְשָׁמוֹת אֲנִי עָשִׂיתִי״!
And similarly, Rabbi Yosei says: The Messiah, son of David, will not come until all the souls of the body have been finished, i.e., until all souls that are destined to inhabit physical bodies will do so. As it is stated: “For I will not contend for ever, neither will I be always wroth; for the spirit that enwraps itself is from Me, and the souls that I have made” (Isaiah 57:16). According to Rabbi Yosei, in order for the Messiah to come in the end of days, it is necessary for the future generations to be born.
לָא תֵּימָא אָנוּ לֹא בָּאנוּ לָעוֹלָם, אֶלָּא כְּמִי שֶׁלֹּא בָּאנוּ לָעוֹלָם. לְמֵימְרָא דְּאִי לָא חָטְאוּ לָא הֲווֹ מָיְיתִי? וְהָכְתִיב פָּרָשַׁת יְבָמוֹת וּפָרָשַׁת נַחֲלוֹת!
The Gemara answers: Do not say that if our ancestors had not sinned we would not have come into the world, as we still would have been born; rather, it would have been as though we had not come into the world. We would have been of no importance, due to the previous generations that would have still been alive. The Gemara asks: Is this to say that if the Jewish people had not sinned with the Golden Calf then they would not have died? But isn’t the chapter that addresses widows whose husbands die childless (Deuteronomy 25:5–10) written in the Torah, and the chapter that addresses the inheritance a deceased father bequeaths to his sons (Numbers 27:8–11) is also written?
עַל תְּנַאי. וּמִי כְּתִיבִי קְרָאֵי עַל תְּנַאי? אִין, דְּהָכִי אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: מַאי דִּכְתִיב ״וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר יוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי״? מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהִתְנָה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִם מַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית, וְאָמַר: אִם מְקַבְּלִין יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה — מוּטָב, וְאִם לָאו — אַחְזִיר אֶתְכֶם לְתוֹהוּ וָבוֹהוּ.
The Gemara answers: These passages were written conditionally, i.e., if the Jewish people were to sin and not become like angels, those halakhot would take effect. The Gemara asks: And are verses written conditionally in this manner? The Gemara answers: Yes, as this is what Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish says: What is the meaning of that which is written: “And there was evening and there was morning, the sixth day” (Genesis 1:31)? This teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, established a condition with the acts of Creation, and He said: If the Jewish people accept the Torah at the revelation at Sinai, all is well and the world will continue to exist. But if they do not accept it, I will return you to the primordial state of chaos and disorder.
מֵיתִיבִי: ״מִי יִתֵּן וְהָיָה לְבָבָם זֶה לָהֶם״, לְבַטֵּל מֵהֶם מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת אִי אֶפְשָׁר, שֶׁכְּבָר נִגְזְרָה גְּזֵרָה.
The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita to the new formulation of Reish Lakish’s statement, according to which the Jewish people would have become immortal had they not sinned with the Golden Calf. The verse states about the Jewish people after the revelation at Sinai: “Who would give that they had such a heart as this always, to fear Me, and keep all My commandments, that it might be good for them, and with their children forever” (Deuteronomy 5:26). The baraita states that although they had reached such an elevated state, it was not possible to nullify the power of the Angel of Death over them, as the decree of death was already issued from the time of creation.
הָא לֹא קִיבְּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תְּהֵא אוּמָּה וְלָשׁוֹן שׁוֹלֶטֶת בָּהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם עַד עוֹלָם״.
Rather, the baraita explains that the Jewish people accepted the Torah only in order that no nation or tongue would rule over them, as it is stated in the same verse: “That it might be good for them, and with their children forever.” This indicates that had the Jewish people not sinned they would not have achieved immortality, which contradicts Reish Lakish’s statement.
הוּא דְּאָמַר כִּי הַאי תַּנָּא, דְּתַנְיָא: רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: לֹא קִיבְּלוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא מַלְאַךְ הַמָּוֶת שׁוֹלֵט בָּהֶן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי אֱלֹהִים אַתֶּם וּבְנֵי עֶלְיוֹן כֻּלְּכֶם״, חִבַּלְתֶּם מַעֲשֵׂיכֶם, ״אָכֵן כְּאָדָם תְּמוּתוּן״.
The Gemara answers: Reish Lakish said his statement in accordance with the opinion of that tanna. As it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yosei says: The Jewish people accepted the Torah only in order that the Angel of Death would not rule over them, as it is stated: “I said: You are godlike beings, and all of you sons of the Most High” (Psalms 82:6), i.e., they had become immortal like angels. Then, God states: After you ruined your deeds, “yet you shall die like a man, and fall like one of the princes” (Psalms 82:7).
וְרַבִּי יוֹסֵי נָמֵי, הָכְתִיב ״לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָהֶם וְלִבְנֵיהֶם עַד עוֹלָם״, טוֹבָה הוּא דְּהָוְיָא, הָא מִיתָה אִיכָּא! (רַבִּי יוֹסֵי) אָמַר לָךְ: כֵּיוָן דְּלֵיכָּא מִיתָה, אֵין לְךָ טוֹבָה גְּדוֹלָה מִזּוֹ.
The Gemara asks: And also, according to Rabbi Yosei, isn’t it written: “That it might be good for them, and with their children forever,” from which it may be inferred that although it will be good for them if they remain in this elevated state, there will still be death? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Yosei could have said to you: Since there is no death, there is no greater good than this, i.e., the promise of the verse is immortality.
וְתַנָּא קַמָּא נָמֵי, הָכְתִיב: ״אָכֵן כְּאָדָם תְּמוּתוּן״, מַאי מִיתָה? עֲנִיּוּת, דְּאָמַר מָר: אַרְבָּעָה חֲשׁוּבִים כְּמֵתִים, אֵלּוּ הֵן: עָנִי, סוּמָא, וּמְצוֹרָע, וּמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בָּנִים.
The Gemara inquires: And according to the first tanna as well, isn’t it written: “Yet you shall die like a man,” which indicates that their mortality was decreed only due to the sin of the Golden Calf? The Gemara answers: What is meant by death? It means poverty. As the Master said: Four are considered as though they were dead: These are a pauper, a blind person, a leper, and one who has no children.
עָנִי, דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי מֵתוּ כׇּל הָאֲנָשִׁים״, וּמַאן נִינְהוּ? דָּתָן וַאֲבִירָם. וּמִי מֵתוּ? מִיהְוֵי הֲווֹ! אֶלָּא שֶׁיָּרְדוּ מִנִּכְסֵיהֶם.
A pauper is considered as though dead, as it is written that God said to Moses: “Go, return to Egypt; for all the men that sought your life are dead” (Exodus 4:19). And who were these men? They were Dathan and Abiram. But did they really die? They were still alive, as they participated in the rebellion of Korah, which took place years later. Rather, the verse does not mean that they had died, but that they had lost their property and become impoverished. This demonstrates that a pauper is considered as though he were dead.
סוּמָא, דִּכְתִיב: ״בְּמַחֲשַׁכִּים הוֹשִׁיבַנִי כְּמֵתֵי עוֹלָם״. מְצוֹרָע, דִּכְתִיב: ״אַל נָא תְהִי כַּמֵּת״. וּמִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בָּנִים, דִּכְתִיב: ״הָבָה לִּי בָנִים וְאִם אַיִן מֵתָה אָנֹכִי״.
A blind person is considered as though he were dead, as it is written: “He has made me to dwell in dark places, as those that have been long dead” (Lamentations 3:6). A leper is considered as though he were dead, as it is written that Aaron said to Moses when Miriam was struck with leprosy: “Let her not, I pray, be as one dead” (Numbers 12:12). And one who has no children is considered as though he were dead, as it is written that Rachel said to Jacob: “Give me children, or else I am dead” (Genesis 30:1).
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ״, אֵין ״אִם״ אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן תַּחֲנוּנִים, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר: ״לוּ עַמִּי שׁוֹמֵעַ לִי [וְגוֹ׳] כִּמְעַט אוֹיְבֵיהֶם אַכְנִיעַ״, וְאוֹמֵר: ״לוּ הִקְשַׁבְתָּ לְמִצְוֹתָי וַיְהִי כַנָּהָר שְׁלוֹמֶךָ וְגוֹ׳ וַיְהִי כַחוֹל זַרְעֶךָ וְצֶאֱצָאֵי מֵעֶיךָ וְגוֹ׳״.
The Sages taught with regard to the verse: “If you walk in My statutes” (Leviticus 26:3): In this context, “if” is a term that means nothing other than supplication, i.e., God is hoping that the Jewish people will observe the Torah. And similarly, it is stated: “Oh that My people would hearken to Me, that Israel would walk in My ways, I would soon subdue their enemies” (Psalms 81:14–15). And it states: “Oh that you would hearken to My commandments! Then your peace would be as a river, and your righteousness as the waves of the sea. Your seed also would be as the sand, and the offspring of your body like its grains” (Isaiah 48:18–19).
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״מִי יִתֵּן וְהָיָה לְבָבָם זֶה לָהֶם״, אָמַר לָהֶן מֹשֶׁה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל: כְּפוּיֵי טוֹבָה בְּנֵי כְּפוּיֵי טוֹבָה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל: ״מִי יִתֵּן וְהָיָה לְבָבָם זֶה לָהֶם״, הָיָה לָהֶם לוֹמַר: תֵּן אַתָּה.
§ The Gemara returns to a verse cited above. The Sages taught with regard to the verse: “Who would give that they had such a heart as this always, to fear Me, and keep all My commandments, that it might be good for them, and with their children forever” (Deuteronomy 5:26). At a later stage, Moses said to the Jewish people: Ingrates, children of ingrates! When the Holy One, Blessed be He, said to the Jewish people: “Who would give that they had such a heart as this always,” they should have said: You should give us a heart to fear You.
כְּפוּיֵי טוֹבָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְנַפְשֵׁנוּ קָצָה
The Gemara explains that Moses calls the Jewish people ingrates, as it is written that the Jewish people spoke disparagingly of the manna: “And our soul loathes
בַּלֶּחֶם הַקְּלֹקֵל״. בְּנֵי כְּפוּיֵי טוֹבָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״הָאִשָּׁה אֲשֶׁר נָתַתָּה עִמָּדִי הִיא נָתְנָה לִּי מִן הָעֵץ וָאֹכֵל״.
this light bread” (Numbers 21:5), despite the fact it was the highest-quality food. Moses further called them children of ingrates, as it is written that after sinning and eating from the tree of knowledge, Adam said: “The woman whom You gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat” (Genesis 3:12). Adam complained that the woman had been given to him in order to cause him to sin, whereas in fact she had been given to him to serve as a helpmate.
אַף מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ לֹא רְמָזָהּ לָהֶן לְיִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא לְאַחַר אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וָאוֹלֵךְ אֶתְכֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה״, וּכְתִיב: ״וְלֹא נָתַן ה׳ לָכֶם לֵב וְגוֹ׳״. אָמַר רַבָּה: שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ לָא קָאֵי אִינִישׁ אַדַּעְתֵּיהּ דְּרַבֵּיהּ עַד אַרְבְּעִין שְׁנִין.
Yet even Moses our teacher, who said this to the Jewish people, did not allude to the Jewish people until after forty years that they should have stated this request, as it is stated: “And I have led you forty years in the wilderness” (Deuteronomy 29:4), which shows that Moses was speaking forty years after the revelation at Sinai. And at that point it is written: “But the Lord has not given you a heart to know, and eyes to see, and ears to hear, until this day” (Deuteronomy 29:3). Rabba said: Conclude from here that a person does not understand the opinion of his teacher until after forty years, as Moses said this to the Jewish people only after forty years of learning Torah.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי בְּנָאָה, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״אַשְׁרֵיכֶם זֹרְעֵי עַל כׇּל מָיִם מְשַׁלְּחֵי רֶגֶל הַשּׁוֹר וְהַחֲמוֹר״? אַשְׁרֵיהֶם יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּזְמַן שֶׁעוֹסְקִין בְּתוֹרָה וּבִגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים, יִצְרָם מָסוּר בְּיָדָם וְאֵין הֵם מְסוּרִים בְּיַד יִצְרָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אַשְׁרֵיכֶם זֹרְעֵי עַל כׇּל מָיִם״, וְאֵין זְרִיעָה אֶלָּא צְדָקָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״זִרְעוּ לָכֶם לִצְדָקָה וְקִצְרוּ לְפִי חֶסֶד״, וְאֵין מַיִם אֶלָּא תּוֹרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הוֹי כׇּל צָמֵא לְכוּ לַמַּיִם״.
Rabbi Yoḥanan says in the name of Rabbi Bana’a: What is the meaning of that which is written: “Happy are you that sow beside all waters, that send forth freely the feet of the ox and the donkey” (Isaiah 32:20)? Happy are you Israel; when they, i.e., the Jewish people, engage in Torah study and in acts of kindness, their evil inclination is given over to them, and they are not given over to their evil inclination, as it is stated: “Happy are you that sow beside all waters.” And the term sowing is referring to nothing other than performing charitable deeds, as it is stated: “Sow to yourselves according to charitableness, reap according to mercy” (Hosea 10:12). And the term waters is referring to nothing other than the Torah, as it is stated: “Ho, every one that thirsts, come for water” (Isaiah 55:1).
״מְשַׁלְּחֵי רֶגֶל הַשּׁוֹר וְהַחֲמוֹר״, תָּנָא דְּבֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ: לָעוֹלָם יָשִׂים אָדָם עַצְמוֹ עַל דִּבְרֵי תוֹרָה כְּשׁוֹר לְעוֹל וְכַחֲמוֹר לְמַשּׂאוֹי.
With regard to the continuation of the verse: “That send forth freely the feet of the ox and the donkey,” one of the Sages of the school of Eliyahu taught: A person should always make himself subjugated to matters of Torah like an ox to a yoke and like a donkey to a burden.
שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים אָסוּר לָשֵׂאת וְלָתֵת עִמָּהֶם וְכוּ׳. וּמִי בָּעִינַן כּוּלֵּי הַאי?
§ After concluding its long introduction, the Gemara analyzes the mishna. The mishna taught that on the three days before the festivals of gentiles it is prohibited to engage with them in business or to lend them items. The Gemara asks: And is it the practice of a gentile to buy an animal so far in advance of his festival that it is required of Jews to refrain from selling an animal to idol worshippers for all of these days before their festivals?
וְהָתְנַן: בְּאַרְבָּעָה פְּרָקִים בַּשָּׁנָה, הַמּוֹכֵר בְּהֵמָה לַחֲבֵירוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעוֹ: ״אִמָּהּ מָכַרְתִּי לִשְׁחוֹט״, ״בִּתָּהּ מָכַרְתִּי לִשְׁחוֹט״.
But didn’t we learn in a mishna (Ḥullin 83a): On four occasions during the year one who sells an animal to another is required to inform him: I sold the mother of this animal today for the buyer to slaughter it, or: I sold the daughter of this animal today for the buyer to slaughter it. This notification is necessary so that this buyer will not slaughter the animal on the same day that its mother or its young is slaughtered, thereby violating the prohibition: “You shall not kill it and its young both in one day” (Leviticus 22:28).
וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: עֶרֶב יוֹם טוֹב הָאַחֲרוֹן שֶׁל חַג, עֶרֶב יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל פֶּסַח, וְעֶרֶב עֲצֶרֶת, וְעֶרֶב רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה, וּכְדִבְרֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי — אַף עֶרֶב יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים בַּגָּלִיל!
The mishna continues: And those four occasions are: The eve of the last day of the festival of Sukkot, the eve of the first day of the festival of Passover, and the eve of Shavuot, and the eve of Rosh HaShana. And according to the statement of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, the eve of Yom Kippur in the Galilee is included as well. This mishna indicates that one prepares for a festival for only one day prior to the event. Why does the mishna here prohibit sales three days prior to gentile festivals?
הָתָם דְּלַאֲכִילָה, סַגִּיא בְּחַד יוֹמָא. הָכָא דִּלְהַקְרָבָה, בָּעִינַן תְּלָתָא יוֹמֵי. וּלְהַקְרָבָה סַגִּי בִּתְלָתָא יוֹמֵי? וְהָתְנַן: שׁוֹאֲלִין בְּהִלְכוֹת הַפֶּסַח קוֹדֶם הַפֶּסַח שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: שְׁתֵּי שַׁבָּתוֹת.
The Gemara answers: There, in the mishna in Ḥullin, where the animal is purchased for consumption, it is sufficient to prepare one day before the festival. Here, in the case of this mishna, where the animal is purchased for sacrifice, the gentile requires three days to ensure that the animal has no blemish. The Gemara asks: And for the purpose of sacrifice, is it sufficient to prepare merely three days in advance? But didn’t we learn in a baraita: One begins to ask about the halakhot of Passover thirty days before Passover; Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: One begins to inquire only two weeks before Passover. According to both opinions, far more than three days are needed in order to begin preparing for the sacrifice of an offering. One can assume that the same applies to gentiles.
אֲנַן דִּשְׁכִיחִי מוּמִין דְּפָסְלִי, אֲפִילּוּ בְּדוּקִּין שֶׁבָּעַיִן, בָּעִינַן תְּלָתִין יוֹמִין; אִינְהוּ, דִּמְחוּסַּר אֵבֶר אִית לְהוּ, בִּתְלָתָא יוֹמֵי סַגִּי.
The Gemara answers: We Jews, for whom blemishes that disqualify the animal are common, as even a small blemish on the cornea of the eye disqualifies it, we require thirty days to prepare for the sacrificial offerings of the festivals. By contrast, with regard to them, gentiles, they hold that the only blemish that disqualifies the animal is if it is lacking an entire limb; therefore, three days are sufficient for them to prepare for the sacrifice.
דְּאָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מִנַּיִן לִמְחוּסַּר אֵבֶר דְּאָסוּר לִבְנֵי נֹחַ? דִּכְתִיב: ״וּמִכׇּל הָחַי מִכׇּל בָּשָׂר שְׁנַיִם מִכֹּל וְגוֹ׳״, אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה: הָבֵא בְּהֵמָה שֶׁחַיִּין רָאשֵׁי אֵבָרִים שֶׁלָּהּ.
As Rabbi Elazar says: From where is it derived with regard to an animal that is lacking a limb, that it is prohibited for descendants of Noah to sacrifice it as an offering? As it is written: “And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort you shall bring into the ark, to keep them alive with you” (Genesis 6:19). In this verse the Torah states: Bring an animal whose extremities are alive, as some of those animals were to be used later as offerings.
הַאי מִיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ לְמַעוֹטֵי טְרֵיפָה דְּלָא! טְרֵיפָה מִ״לְּחַיּוֹת זֶרַע״ נָפְקָא. הָנִיחָא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר טְרֵיפָה אֵינָהּ יוֹלֶדֶת,
The Gemara asks: Isn’t that verse required to teach that an animal with a wound that will cause it to die within twelve months [tereifa] is not fit to be sacrificed as an offering? The Gemara answers: The disqualification of a tereifa is derived from the phrase: “To keep seed alive” (Genesis 7:3), as a tereifa cannot propagate. The Gemara asks: This works out well according to the one who says that a tereifa cannot give birth. According to this opinion, the disqualification of a missing limb is derived from the phrase: “Of every living thing,” while the disqualification of a tereifa is learned from the phrase: “To keep seed alive.”
