This week’s learning is sponsored by Helen Danczak. “My dear uncle Phil passed on August 27 with family at hand. He was the kind of uncle that the kids (of all ages) gravitated to. I am not alone in saying he was my favorite uncle. He is missed. May his neshama have an aliyah.”
This week’s learning is dedicated by Medinah Korn in loving memory of her mother, Rosalie Katchen, Shoshana Raizl bat Avraham Yehoshua ve-Baila Toibe, z”l, on her 25th yahrzeit. She left a profound legacy for her family and many devoted friends who continue to learn from her to this day. Yehi zichra baruch.
Bava Batra
Masechet Bava Batra is sponsored by Lori Stark in loving memory of her mother in law, Sara Shapiro z”l and her father Nehemiah Sosewitz z”l.
Want to dedicate learning? Get started here:
This week’s learning is sponsored by Helen Danczak. “My dear uncle Phil passed on August 27 with family at hand. He was the kind of uncle that the kids (of all ages) gravitated to. I am not alone in saying he was my favorite uncle. He is missed. May his neshama have an aliyah.”
This week’s learning is dedicated by Medinah Korn in loving memory of her mother, Rosalie Katchen, Shoshana Raizl bat Avraham Yehoshua ve-Baila Toibe, z”l, on her 25th yahrzeit. She left a profound legacy for her family and many devoted friends who continue to learn from her to this day. Yehi zichra baruch.
Bava Batra
Masechet Bava Batra is sponsored by Lori Stark in loving memory of her mother in law, Sara Shapiro z”l and her father Nehemiah Sosewitz z”l.
Bava Batra 52
קִבֵּל מִן הַקָּטָן – יַעֲשֶׂה לוֹ סְגוּלָּה, וְאִם מֵת – יַחֲזִיר לְיוֹרְשָׁיו.
If one accepted a deposit from a minor, he cannot return it to him, as a minor is unable to properly safeguard the item. Instead, he must make a safe investment [segulla] for him, and if the minor dies, he must return it to his heirs.
וְכוּלָּן שֶׁאָמְרוּ בִּשְׁעַת מִיתָתָן: ״שֶׁל פְּלוֹנִי הֵן״, יַעֲשֶׂה כְּפֵירוּשָׁן. וְאִם לָאו, יַעֲשֶׂה פֵּירוּשׁ לְפֵירוּשָׁן.
And with regard to all these people, who said at the time of their death that the deposited item belongs to so-and-so, the bailee should act as they had explained, and if their explanation was not credible, the bailee should form an explanation of their explanation, i.e., ignore what they said.
דְּבֵיתְהוּ דְּרַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה, כִּי קָא שָׁכְבָה, אֲמַרָה: ״הָנֵי כֵּיפֵי, דְּמָרְתָא וּבְנֵי בְרַתָּא״. אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי מְהֵימְנָא לָךְ – עֲשֵׂה כְּפֵירוּשָׁהּ, וְאִי לָא – עֲשֵׂה פֵּירוּשׁ לְפֵירוּשָׁהּ.
The Gemara relates: When the wife of Rabba bar bar Ḥana was dying she said: These rings that are in my possession belong to Marta and the sons of her daughter. Rabba bar bar Ḥana came before Rav to ask what he should do. Rav said to him: If she is credible in your eyes, act as she had explained, and if not, form an explanation of her explanation, i.e., ignore what she said, and as her heir, keep them for yourself.
וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי, הָכִי אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי אֲמִידָא לָךְ, עֲשֵׂה כְּפֵירוּשָׁהּ, וְאִי לָא – עֲשֵׂה פֵּירוּשׁ לְפֵירוּשָׁהּ.
And there are those who say that this is what Rav said to him: If you assess that it is likely that the rings were deposited with her, act as she had explained, and if not, form an explanation of her explanation.
מִן הַקָּטָן – יַעֲשֶׂה לוֹ סְגוּלָּה. מַאי ״סְגוּלָּה״? רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר: סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה. רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר: דִּיקְלָא דְּאָכֵל מִינֵּיהּ תַּמְרֵי.
The baraita stated that if the bailee took a deposit from a minor, he must make a safe investment for him. The Gemara asks: What is meant by a safe investment? Rav Ḥisda says: The bailee should purchase a Torah scroll for the minor. Rabba bar Rav Huna says: He should purchase a date palm, from which the minor will consume dates.
וְלֹא לָאָב בְּנִכְסֵי הַבֵּן, וְלֹא לַבֵּן בְּנִכְסֵי הָאָב. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: אֲפִילּוּ חָלְקוּ. רָבָא אָמַר: חָלְקוּ – לֹא.
§ The mishna teaches: And a father does not have the ability to establish the presumption of ownership with regard to a son’s property, and a son does not have the ability to establish the presumption of ownership with regard to a father’s property. Rav Yosef says: Even if they separated and the son is no longer dependent on his father, the presumption of ownership still cannot be established by a father or son with regard to the other’s property. Rava says: If they separated, that is not the halakha, and the presumption of ownership can be established.
אָמַר רַב יִרְמְיָה מִדִּפְתִּי: עֲבַד רַב פַּפִּי עוֹבָדָא ״חָלְקוּ – לֹא״, כְּרָבָא. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק, אִישְׁתַּעִי לִי רַב חִיָּיא מֵהוֹרְמִיז אַרְדְּשִׁיר, דְּאִישְׁתַּעִי לֵיהּ רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב, מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יַעֲקֹב: חָלְקוּ לֹא. וְהִלְכְתָא: חָלְקוּ לֹא. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: בֵּן שֶׁחָלַק, וְאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁנִּתְגָּרְשָׁה – הֲרֵי הֵן כִּשְׁאָר כׇּל אָדָם.
Rav Yirmeya of Difti said: Rav Pappi performed an action and ruled that if they separated, that is not the halakha, in accordance with the opinion of Rava. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said that Rav Ḥiyya, from the city of Hurmiz Ardeshid, told me that Rav Aḥa bar Yaakov told him in the name of Rav Naḥman bar Yaakov: If they separated, that is not the halakha. The Gemara notes: And this is the halakha: If they separated, that is not the halakha, and the presumption of ownership can be established. This is also taught in a baraita: A son who separated himself from his father’s finances and a wife who became divorced are like all other people with regard to establishing the presumption of ownership.
אִיתְּמַר: אֶחָד מִן הָאַחִין שֶׁהָיָה נוֹשֵׂא וְנוֹתֵן בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וְהָיוּ אוֹנוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאִין עַל שְׁמוֹ, וְאָמַר: שֶׁלִּי הֵם, שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אִמָּא – אָמַר רַב: עָלָיו לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: עַל הָאַחִין לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה. אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: מוֹדֶה לִי אַבָּא, שֶׁאִם מֵת – עַל הָאַחִין לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה.
§ It was stated: There was a case of one of the brothers in a family who was engaging in commerce in the house, managing the family finances after the death of their father, and there were bills of sale [onot] and other documents circulating with his name appearing as the owner of the property and as a lender, and that brother said: The money and property are mine, as they fell to me as an inheritance from the house of the father of my mother, who is not the mother of the other brothers, Rav says: It is upon him to bring proof of ownership; otherwise the property is divided equally among the brothers. And Shmuel says: It is upon the brothers to bring proof that the money or property belonged to their common father and consequently now belongs to all of them. Shmuel says: Abba, i.e., Rav, concedes to me that if that brother dies, it is upon the brothers to bring proof in order to collect money from the deceased brother’s heirs.
מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב פָּפָּא: כְּלוּם טָעֲנִינַן לְהוּ לְיַתְמֵי, מִידֵּי דְּלָא טְעַן לְהוּ אֲבוּהוֹן? וְהָא רָבָא אַפֵּיק זוּגָא דְסַרְבָּלָא וְסִפְרָא דְאַגָּדְתָּא מִיַּתְמֵי, בְּלֹא רְאָיָה, בִּדְבָרִים הָעֲשׂוּיִם לְהַשְׁאִיל וּלְהַשְׂכִּיר –
Rav Pappa objects to Shmuel’s addendum: Do we claim on behalf of orphans anything that their father could not claim for them? But didn’t Rava remove a pair of scissors used for cutting garments and a book of aggada from orphans without requiring the prior owner who had asked the orphans to return these items to bring proof of ownership, and he would rule the same in the case of all items with regard to which it is common for them to be lent, and the one in possession has no presumption of ownership?
כְּדִשְׁלַח רַב הוּנָא בַּר אָבִין: דְּבָרִים הָעֲשׂוּיִן לְהַשְׁאִיל וּלְהַשְׂכִּיר, וְאָמַר ״לְקוּחִין הֵן בְּיָדִי״, אֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן! קַשְׁיָא.
As Rav Huna bar Avin sent a ruling: If one other than the one previously established to be the owner is in possession of items that are typically lent or rented, and says: They are purchased, and that is why they are in my possession, he is not deemed credible. In this case as well, as the father of the orphans could not be awarded these documents without bringing proof, the same should be true of his orphans. Why, then, would Rav concede to Shmuel? The Gemara concedes: This is difficult.
אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא דְּאֵין חֲלוּקִין בְּעִיסָּתָן, אֲבָל חֲלוּקִים בְּעִיסָּתָן – אֵימוֹר מֵעִיסָּתוֹ קִימֵּץ.
Rav Ḥisda says: They, i.e., Rav, taught his ruling, that the brother must bring proof that he owns the property listed in the documents that appear under his name, only when they do not divide any of their property, even with regard to their dough, i.e., they share everything, even their food. But if they divide with regard to their dough, say that this brother removed money from his dough, i.e., reduced his expenses for food, thereby amassing his own property.
רְאָיָה בְּמַאי? רַבָּה אָמַר: רְאָיָה בְּעֵדִים, רַב שֵׁשֶׁת אָמַר: רְאָיָה בְּקִיּוּם הַשְּׁטָר.
With regard to the requirement that proof be brought, the Gemara asks: With what is one considered to have brought proof? Rabba says: Proof is brought with the testimony of witnesses that he purchased the property listed in the document or granted the loan with his own money or that he inherited it from his mother’s family. Rav Sheshet says: Proof is brought with the court’s ratification of the document in which his name appears.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַב נַחְמָן: הָא רַב וְהָא שְׁמוּאֵל, הָא רַבָּה וְהָא רַב שֵׁשֶׁת; מָר –, כְּמַאן סְבִירָא לֵיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנָא מַתְנִיתָא יָדַעְנָא, דְּתַנְיָא: אֶחָד מִן הָאַחִין שֶׁהָיָה נוֹתֵן וְנוֹשֵׂא בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וְהָיוּ אוֹנוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאִין עַל שְׁמוֹ, וְאָמַר: שֶׁלִּי הֵן, שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אִמָּא – עָלָיו לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה.
Rava said to Rav Naḥman: This is the opinion of Rav and this is the opinion of Shmuel; this is the opinion of Rabba and this is the opinion of Rav Sheshet. In accordance with whose opinion does the Master hold? Rav Naḥman said to him: I know a baraita, which is the source of my opinion, as it is taught (Tosefta 9:2): In a case where there was one of the brothers who was engaging in commerce in the house, managing the family finances, and there were bills of sale and other documents circulating with his name appearing as the owner of the property or as a lender, and that brother said: The money and property are mine, as they fell to me as an inheritance from the house of the father of my mother, who is not the mother of the other brothers, it is upon him to bring proof of ownership.
וְכֵן הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁהִיא נוֹשֵׂאת וְנוֹתֶנֶת בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וְהָיוּ אוֹנוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאִין עַל שְׁמָהּ, וְאָמְרָה: שֶׁלִּי הֵן, שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אַבָּא אוֹ מִבֵּית אֲבִי אִמָּא – עָלֶיהָ לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה.
The baraita continues: And similarly, in the case of a woman, i.e., a widow, if her husband’s heirs see that she is engaging in commerce in the house with the property that had belonged to her husband, and there were bills of sale and other documents circulating with her name appearing on them as the owner, and she said: The money and property are mine alone, as they fell to me as an inheritance from the house of the father of my father or from the house of the father of my mother, and did not belong to my husband, it is upon her to bring proof. Rav Naḥman consequently holds in accordance with the opinion of Rav.
מַאי ״וְכֵן״? מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: אִשָּׁה, כֵּיוָן דִּשְׁבִיחָא לַהּ מִילְּתָא – דְּאָמְרִי קָא טָרְחָא קַמֵּי יַתְמֵי, לָא גָּזְלָה מִיַּתְמֵי; קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן:.
Having quoted the baraita, the Gemara seeks to clarify it, and asks: What is the purpose of the clause of the baraita that begins: And similarly, where the halakha appears to be identical to that of the first clause? Lest you say that in the case of the woman, since the matter is laudable for her, in that people say: She is toiling on behalf of orphans; she would not steal from the orphans, and is therefore deemed credible if she says that the property in the documents that bear her name is her own, the baraita teaches us that this assumption cannot be relied upon, and she must bring proof of ownership.
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים – בְּמַחְזִיק, אֲבָל בְּנוֹתֵן מַתָּנָה וְהָאַחִין שֶׁחָלְקוּ וְכוּ׳. אַטּוּ כֹּל הָנֵי דְּאָמְרִינַן, לָאו בְּנֵי חֲזָקָה נִינְהוּ?
§ The mishna teaches: In what case is this statement, that one establishes the presumption of ownership after profiting from the property for a certain duration, said? It is said in a case of one who has mere possession of the property, which does in some cases serve as proof of ownership. But in a case of one who gives a gift, or brothers who divided their inheritance, or one who takes possession of the property of a convert who died without heirs and his property is now ownerless, as soon as one locked the door of the property, or fenced it or breached its fence even a bit, this is considered taking possession of the property, and effects acquisition. The Gemara asks: Is that to say that all of these whom we previously said possessed the field for three years are not subject to the halakhot of taking possession of property in this manner?
חַסּוֹרֵי מְחַסְּרָא, וְהָכִי קָתָנֵי: בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים – בַּחֲזָקָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה, כְּגוֹן מוֹכֵר אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא מָכַרְתִּי״, וְלוֹקֵחַ אוֹמֵר: ״לָקַחְתִּי״;
The Gemara responds that the mishna is incomplete and this is what it is teaching: In what case is this statement said? It is said with regard to possession that is accompanied by a claim, i.e., when the possessor has a claim to counter that of the claimant, such as where the seller, i.e., the claimant, says: I did not sell, and the buyer, i.e., the possessor, says: I purchased. In that case, working and profiting from the land for three years establishes the presumption of ownership.
אֲבָל חֲזָקָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה – כְּגוֹן נוֹתֵן מַתָּנָה, וְהָאַחִין שֶׁחָלְקוּ, וְהַמַּחְזִיק בְּנִכְסֵי הַגֵּר – דִּלְמִקְנֵי בְּעָלְמָא הוּא; נָעַל, גָּדַר, פָּרַץ כׇּל שֶׁהוּא – הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה.
But with regard to possession that does not need to be accompanied by a claim, as the prior owner concedes that the one in possession is the owner, such as a case where another person gives one a gift, or there are brothers who divided their property, or there is one who takes possession of the property of a convert who died without heirs, where the function of possessing the item is only to acquire it and not to establish the presumption of ownership, if one locked the door of the property, or fenced it or breached its fence even a bit, this is considered taking possession of the property.
תָּנֵי רַב הוֹשַׁעְיָא בְּקִדּוּשִׁין דְּבֵי לֵוִי: נָעַל, גָּדַר, פָּרַץ כׇּל שֶׁהוּא בְּפָנָיו – הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה. בְּפָנָיו – אִין, שֶׁלֹּא בְּפָנָיו – לָא? אָמַר רָבָא, הָכִי קָאָמַר: בְּפָנָיו – לָא צְרִיךְ לְמֵימַר לֵיהּ: ״לֵךְ חֲזֵק וּקְנִי״,
Rav Hoshaya teaches in the baraita of tractate Kiddushin that was taught in the school of Levi: If one locked the door of the property, or fenced it or breached its fence even a bit, if this was done in the presence of the seller, this is considered taking possession of the property. The Gemara asks: One could infer that in his presence, yes, he acquires it; but not in his presence, no, he does not acquire it. Why not? In any event he has taken possession. Rava said that this is what Rav Hoshaya is saying: If the act was performed in the seller’s presence, the seller need not say to him: Go, take possession, and thereby acquire the property. Since the buyer is performing the act in the seller’s presence, there is no need for the seller to specify that he consents to the buyer’s acquiring it.
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The Hadran Women’s Tapestry
Meet the diverse women learning Gemara at Hadran and hear their stories.
תמיד רציתי. למדתי גמרא בבית ספר בטורונטו קנדה. עליתי ארצה ולמדתי שזה לא מקובל. הופתעתי.
יצאתי לגימלאות לפני שנתיים וזה מאפשר את המחוייבות לדף יומי.
עבורי ההתמדה בלימוד מעגן אותי בקשר שלי ליהדות. אני תמיד מחפשת ותמיד. מוצאת מקור לקשר. ללימוד חדש ומחדש. קשר עם נשים לומדות מעמיק את החוויה ומשמעותית מאוד.
מיתר, ישראל
The first month I learned Daf Yomi by myself in secret, because I wasn’t sure how my husband would react, but after the siyyum on Masechet Brachot I discovered Hadran and now sometimes my husband listens to the daf with me. He and I also learn mishnayot together and are constantly finding connections between the different masechtot.
Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
Ontario, Canada
I started learning after the siyum hashas for women and my daily learning has been a constant over the last two years. It grounded me during the chaos of Corona while providing me with a community of fellow learners. The Daf can be challenging but it’s filled with life’s lessons, struggles and hope for a better world. It’s not about the destination but rather about the journey. Thank you Hadran!
אפרת, Israel
I started learning Dec 2019 after reading “If all the Seas Were Ink”. I found
Daily daf sessions of Rabbanit Michelle in her house teaching, I then heard about the siyum and a new cycle starting wow I am in! Afternoon here in Sydney, my family and friends know this is my sacred time to hide away to live zoom and learn. Often it’s hard to absorb and relate then a gem shines touching my heart.
Dover Heights, Australia
I had tried to start after being inspired by the hadran siyum, but did not manage to stick to it. However, just before masechet taanit, our rav wrote a message to the shul WhatsApp encouraging people to start with masechet taanit, so I did! And this time, I’m hooked! I listen to the shiur every day , and am also trying to improve my skills.
Yad Binyamin, Israel
In July, 2012 I wrote for Tablet about the first all women’s siyum at Matan in Jerusalem, with 100 women. At the time, I thought, I would like to start with the next cycle – listening to a podcast at different times of day makes it possible. It is incredible that after 10 years, so many women are so engaged!
Pittsburgh, United States
Retirement and Covid converged to provide me with the opportunity to commit to daily Talmud study in October 2020. I dove into the middle of Eruvin and continued to navigate Seder Moed, with Rabannit Michelle as my guide. I have developed more confidence in my learning as I completed each masechet and look forward to completing the Daf Yomi cycle so that I can begin again!
San Diego, United States
When the new cycle began, I thought, If not now, when? I’d just turned 72. I feel like a tourist on a tour bus passing astonishing scenery each day. Rabbanit Michelle is my beloved tour guide. When the cycle ends, I’ll be 80. I pray that I’ll have strength and mind to continue the journey to glimpse a little more. My grandchildren think having a daf-learning savta is cool!
Jerusalem, Israel
I’ve been wanting to do Daf Yomi for years, but always wanted to start at the beginning and not in the middle of things. When the opportunity came in 2020, I decided: “this is now the time!” I’ve been posting my journey daily on social media, tracking my progress (#DafYomi); now it’s fully integrated into my daily routines. I’ve also inspired my partner to join, too!
Teaneck, United States
Minneapolis, MN, United States
I was exposed to Talmud in high school, but I was truly inspired after my daughter and I decided to attend the Women’s Siyum Shas in 2020. We knew that this was a historic moment. We were blown away, overcome with emotion at the euphoria of the revolution. Right then, I knew I would continue. My commitment deepened with the every-morning Virtual Beit Midrash on Zoom with R. Michelle.
Zichron Yaakov, Israel
As Jewish educator and as a woman, I’m mindful that Talmud has been kept from women for many centuries. Now that we are privileged to learn, and learning is so accessible, it’s my intent to complete Daf Yomi. I am so excited to keep learning with my Hadran community.
Denver, United States
Los Angeles, United States
I was inspired to start learning after attending the 2020 siyum in Binyanei Hauma. It has been a great experience for me. It’s amazing to see the origins of stories I’ve heard and rituals I’ve participated in my whole life. Even when I don’t understand the daf itself, I believe that the commitment to learning every day is valuable and has multiple benefits. And there will be another daf tomorrow!
Jerusalem, Israel
In January 2020, my teaching partner at IDC suggested we do daf yomi. Thanks to her challenge, I started learning daily from Rabbanit Michelle. It’s a joy to be part of the Hadran community. (It’s also a tikkun: in 7th grade, my best friend and I tied for first place in a citywide gemara exam, but we weren’t invited to the celebration because girls weren’t supposed to be learning gemara).
Jerusalem, Israel
Ive been learning Gmara since 5th grade and always loved it. Have always wanted to do Daf Yomi and now with Michelle Farber’s online classes it made it much easier to do! Really enjoying the experience thank you!!
Neve Daniel, Israel
My Daf journey began in August 2012 after participating in the Siyum Hashas where I was blessed as an “enabler” of others. Galvanized into my own learning I recited the Hadran on Shas in January 2020 with Rabbanit Michelle. That Siyum was a highlight in my life. Now, on round two, Daf has become my spiritual anchor to which I attribute manifold blessings.
Englewood NJ, United States
When I started studying Hebrew at Brown University’s Hillel, I had no idea that almost 38 years later, I’m doing Daf Yomi. My Shabbat haburah is led by Rabbanit Leah Sarna. The women are a hoot. I’m tracking the completion of each tractate by reading Ilana Kurshan’s memoir, If All the Seas Were Ink.
Pennsylvania, United States
My curiosity was peaked after seeing posts about the end of the last cycle. I am always looking for opportunities to increase my Jewish literacy & I am someone that is drawn to habit and consistency. Dinnertime includes a “Guess what I learned on the daf” segment for my husband and 18 year old twins. I also love the feelings of connection with my colleagues who are also learning.
Tampa, United States
Bava Batra 52
קִבֵּל מִן הַקָּטָן – יַעֲשֶׂה לוֹ סְגוּלָּה, וְאִם מֵת – יַחֲזִיר לְיוֹרְשָׁיו.
If one accepted a deposit from a minor, he cannot return it to him, as a minor is unable to properly safeguard the item. Instead, he must make a safe investment [segulla] for him, and if the minor dies, he must return it to his heirs.
וְכוּלָּן שֶׁאָמְרוּ בִּשְׁעַת מִיתָתָן: ״שֶׁל פְּלוֹנִי הֵן״, יַעֲשֶׂה כְּפֵירוּשָׁן. וְאִם לָאו, יַעֲשֶׂה פֵּירוּשׁ לְפֵירוּשָׁן.
And with regard to all these people, who said at the time of their death that the deposited item belongs to so-and-so, the bailee should act as they had explained, and if their explanation was not credible, the bailee should form an explanation of their explanation, i.e., ignore what they said.
דְּבֵיתְהוּ דְּרַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה, כִּי קָא שָׁכְבָה, אֲמַרָה: ״הָנֵי כֵּיפֵי, דְּמָרְתָא וּבְנֵי בְרַתָּא״. אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי מְהֵימְנָא לָךְ – עֲשֵׂה כְּפֵירוּשָׁהּ, וְאִי לָא – עֲשֵׂה פֵּירוּשׁ לְפֵירוּשָׁהּ.
The Gemara relates: When the wife of Rabba bar bar Ḥana was dying she said: These rings that are in my possession belong to Marta and the sons of her daughter. Rabba bar bar Ḥana came before Rav to ask what he should do. Rav said to him: If she is credible in your eyes, act as she had explained, and if not, form an explanation of her explanation, i.e., ignore what she said, and as her heir, keep them for yourself.
וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי, הָכִי אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי אֲמִידָא לָךְ, עֲשֵׂה כְּפֵירוּשָׁהּ, וְאִי לָא – עֲשֵׂה פֵּירוּשׁ לְפֵירוּשָׁהּ.
And there are those who say that this is what Rav said to him: If you assess that it is likely that the rings were deposited with her, act as she had explained, and if not, form an explanation of her explanation.
מִן הַקָּטָן – יַעֲשֶׂה לוֹ סְגוּלָּה. מַאי ״סְגוּלָּה״? רַב חִסְדָּא אָמַר: סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה. רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר: דִּיקְלָא דְּאָכֵל מִינֵּיהּ תַּמְרֵי.
The baraita stated that if the bailee took a deposit from a minor, he must make a safe investment for him. The Gemara asks: What is meant by a safe investment? Rav Ḥisda says: The bailee should purchase a Torah scroll for the minor. Rabba bar Rav Huna says: He should purchase a date palm, from which the minor will consume dates.
וְלֹא לָאָב בְּנִכְסֵי הַבֵּן, וְלֹא לַבֵּן בְּנִכְסֵי הָאָב. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: אֲפִילּוּ חָלְקוּ. רָבָא אָמַר: חָלְקוּ – לֹא.
§ The mishna teaches: And a father does not have the ability to establish the presumption of ownership with regard to a son’s property, and a son does not have the ability to establish the presumption of ownership with regard to a father’s property. Rav Yosef says: Even if they separated and the son is no longer dependent on his father, the presumption of ownership still cannot be established by a father or son with regard to the other’s property. Rava says: If they separated, that is not the halakha, and the presumption of ownership can be established.
אָמַר רַב יִרְמְיָה מִדִּפְתִּי: עֲבַד רַב פַּפִּי עוֹבָדָא ״חָלְקוּ – לֹא״, כְּרָבָא. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק, אִישְׁתַּעִי לִי רַב חִיָּיא מֵהוֹרְמִיז אַרְדְּשִׁיר, דְּאִישְׁתַּעִי לֵיהּ רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב, מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן בַּר יַעֲקֹב: חָלְקוּ לֹא. וְהִלְכְתָא: חָלְקוּ לֹא. תַּנְיָא נָמֵי הָכִי: בֵּן שֶׁחָלַק, וְאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁנִּתְגָּרְשָׁה – הֲרֵי הֵן כִּשְׁאָר כׇּל אָדָם.
Rav Yirmeya of Difti said: Rav Pappi performed an action and ruled that if they separated, that is not the halakha, in accordance with the opinion of Rava. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said that Rav Ḥiyya, from the city of Hurmiz Ardeshid, told me that Rav Aḥa bar Yaakov told him in the name of Rav Naḥman bar Yaakov: If they separated, that is not the halakha. The Gemara notes: And this is the halakha: If they separated, that is not the halakha, and the presumption of ownership can be established. This is also taught in a baraita: A son who separated himself from his father’s finances and a wife who became divorced are like all other people with regard to establishing the presumption of ownership.
אִיתְּמַר: אֶחָד מִן הָאַחִין שֶׁהָיָה נוֹשֵׂא וְנוֹתֵן בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וְהָיוּ אוֹנוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאִין עַל שְׁמוֹ, וְאָמַר: שֶׁלִּי הֵם, שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אִמָּא – אָמַר רַב: עָלָיו לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: עַל הָאַחִין לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה. אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: מוֹדֶה לִי אַבָּא, שֶׁאִם מֵת – עַל הָאַחִין לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה.
§ It was stated: There was a case of one of the brothers in a family who was engaging in commerce in the house, managing the family finances after the death of their father, and there were bills of sale [onot] and other documents circulating with his name appearing as the owner of the property and as a lender, and that brother said: The money and property are mine, as they fell to me as an inheritance from the house of the father of my mother, who is not the mother of the other brothers, Rav says: It is upon him to bring proof of ownership; otherwise the property is divided equally among the brothers. And Shmuel says: It is upon the brothers to bring proof that the money or property belonged to their common father and consequently now belongs to all of them. Shmuel says: Abba, i.e., Rav, concedes to me that if that brother dies, it is upon the brothers to bring proof in order to collect money from the deceased brother’s heirs.
מַתְקֵיף לַהּ רַב פָּפָּא: כְּלוּם טָעֲנִינַן לְהוּ לְיַתְמֵי, מִידֵּי דְּלָא טְעַן לְהוּ אֲבוּהוֹן? וְהָא רָבָא אַפֵּיק זוּגָא דְסַרְבָּלָא וְסִפְרָא דְאַגָּדְתָּא מִיַּתְמֵי, בְּלֹא רְאָיָה, בִּדְבָרִים הָעֲשׂוּיִם לְהַשְׁאִיל וּלְהַשְׂכִּיר –
Rav Pappa objects to Shmuel’s addendum: Do we claim on behalf of orphans anything that their father could not claim for them? But didn’t Rava remove a pair of scissors used for cutting garments and a book of aggada from orphans without requiring the prior owner who had asked the orphans to return these items to bring proof of ownership, and he would rule the same in the case of all items with regard to which it is common for them to be lent, and the one in possession has no presumption of ownership?
כְּדִשְׁלַח רַב הוּנָא בַּר אָבִין: דְּבָרִים הָעֲשׂוּיִן לְהַשְׁאִיל וּלְהַשְׂכִּיר, וְאָמַר ״לְקוּחִין הֵן בְּיָדִי״, אֵינוֹ נֶאֱמָן! קַשְׁיָא.
As Rav Huna bar Avin sent a ruling: If one other than the one previously established to be the owner is in possession of items that are typically lent or rented, and says: They are purchased, and that is why they are in my possession, he is not deemed credible. In this case as well, as the father of the orphans could not be awarded these documents without bringing proof, the same should be true of his orphans. Why, then, would Rav concede to Shmuel? The Gemara concedes: This is difficult.
אָמַר רַב חִסְדָּא: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא דְּאֵין חֲלוּקִין בְּעִיסָּתָן, אֲבָל חֲלוּקִים בְּעִיסָּתָן – אֵימוֹר מֵעִיסָּתוֹ קִימֵּץ.
Rav Ḥisda says: They, i.e., Rav, taught his ruling, that the brother must bring proof that he owns the property listed in the documents that appear under his name, only when they do not divide any of their property, even with regard to their dough, i.e., they share everything, even their food. But if they divide with regard to their dough, say that this brother removed money from his dough, i.e., reduced his expenses for food, thereby amassing his own property.
רְאָיָה בְּמַאי? רַבָּה אָמַר: רְאָיָה בְּעֵדִים, רַב שֵׁשֶׁת אָמַר: רְאָיָה בְּקִיּוּם הַשְּׁטָר.
With regard to the requirement that proof be brought, the Gemara asks: With what is one considered to have brought proof? Rabba says: Proof is brought with the testimony of witnesses that he purchased the property listed in the document or granted the loan with his own money or that he inherited it from his mother’s family. Rav Sheshet says: Proof is brought with the court’s ratification of the document in which his name appears.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא לְרַב נַחְמָן: הָא רַב וְהָא שְׁמוּאֵל, הָא רַבָּה וְהָא רַב שֵׁשֶׁת; מָר –, כְּמַאן סְבִירָא לֵיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אֲנָא מַתְנִיתָא יָדַעְנָא, דְּתַנְיָא: אֶחָד מִן הָאַחִין שֶׁהָיָה נוֹתֵן וְנוֹשֵׂא בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וְהָיוּ אוֹנוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאִין עַל שְׁמוֹ, וְאָמַר: שֶׁלִּי הֵן, שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אִמָּא – עָלָיו לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה.
Rava said to Rav Naḥman: This is the opinion of Rav and this is the opinion of Shmuel; this is the opinion of Rabba and this is the opinion of Rav Sheshet. In accordance with whose opinion does the Master hold? Rav Naḥman said to him: I know a baraita, which is the source of my opinion, as it is taught (Tosefta 9:2): In a case where there was one of the brothers who was engaging in commerce in the house, managing the family finances, and there were bills of sale and other documents circulating with his name appearing as the owner of the property or as a lender, and that brother said: The money and property are mine, as they fell to me as an inheritance from the house of the father of my mother, who is not the mother of the other brothers, it is upon him to bring proof of ownership.
וְכֵן הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁהִיא נוֹשֵׂאת וְנוֹתֶנֶת בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת, וְהָיוּ אוֹנוֹת וּשְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאִין עַל שְׁמָהּ, וְאָמְרָה: שֶׁלִּי הֵן, שֶׁנָּפְלוּ לִי מִבֵּית אֲבִי אַבָּא אוֹ מִבֵּית אֲבִי אִמָּא – עָלֶיהָ לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה.
The baraita continues: And similarly, in the case of a woman, i.e., a widow, if her husband’s heirs see that she is engaging in commerce in the house with the property that had belonged to her husband, and there were bills of sale and other documents circulating with her name appearing on them as the owner, and she said: The money and property are mine alone, as they fell to me as an inheritance from the house of the father of my father or from the house of the father of my mother, and did not belong to my husband, it is upon her to bring proof. Rav Naḥman consequently holds in accordance with the opinion of Rav.
מַאי ״וְכֵן״? מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: אִשָּׁה, כֵּיוָן דִּשְׁבִיחָא לַהּ מִילְּתָא – דְּאָמְרִי קָא טָרְחָא קַמֵּי יַתְמֵי, לָא גָּזְלָה מִיַּתְמֵי; קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן:.
Having quoted the baraita, the Gemara seeks to clarify it, and asks: What is the purpose of the clause of the baraita that begins: And similarly, where the halakha appears to be identical to that of the first clause? Lest you say that in the case of the woman, since the matter is laudable for her, in that people say: She is toiling on behalf of orphans; she would not steal from the orphans, and is therefore deemed credible if she says that the property in the documents that bear her name is her own, the baraita teaches us that this assumption cannot be relied upon, and she must bring proof of ownership.
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים – בְּמַחְזִיק, אֲבָל בְּנוֹתֵן מַתָּנָה וְהָאַחִין שֶׁחָלְקוּ וְכוּ׳. אַטּוּ כֹּל הָנֵי דְּאָמְרִינַן, לָאו בְּנֵי חֲזָקָה נִינְהוּ?
§ The mishna teaches: In what case is this statement, that one establishes the presumption of ownership after profiting from the property for a certain duration, said? It is said in a case of one who has mere possession of the property, which does in some cases serve as proof of ownership. But in a case of one who gives a gift, or brothers who divided their inheritance, or one who takes possession of the property of a convert who died without heirs and his property is now ownerless, as soon as one locked the door of the property, or fenced it or breached its fence even a bit, this is considered taking possession of the property, and effects acquisition. The Gemara asks: Is that to say that all of these whom we previously said possessed the field for three years are not subject to the halakhot of taking possession of property in this manner?
חַסּוֹרֵי מְחַסְּרָא, וְהָכִי קָתָנֵי: בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים – בַּחֲזָקָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה, כְּגוֹן מוֹכֵר אוֹמֵר: ״לֹא מָכַרְתִּי״, וְלוֹקֵחַ אוֹמֵר: ״לָקַחְתִּי״;
The Gemara responds that the mishna is incomplete and this is what it is teaching: In what case is this statement said? It is said with regard to possession that is accompanied by a claim, i.e., when the possessor has a claim to counter that of the claimant, such as where the seller, i.e., the claimant, says: I did not sell, and the buyer, i.e., the possessor, says: I purchased. In that case, working and profiting from the land for three years establishes the presumption of ownership.
אֲבָל חֲזָקָה שֶׁאֵין עִמָּהּ טַעֲנָה – כְּגוֹן נוֹתֵן מַתָּנָה, וְהָאַחִין שֶׁחָלְקוּ, וְהַמַּחְזִיק בְּנִכְסֵי הַגֵּר – דִּלְמִקְנֵי בְּעָלְמָא הוּא; נָעַל, גָּדַר, פָּרַץ כׇּל שֶׁהוּא – הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה.
But with regard to possession that does not need to be accompanied by a claim, as the prior owner concedes that the one in possession is the owner, such as a case where another person gives one a gift, or there are brothers who divided their property, or there is one who takes possession of the property of a convert who died without heirs, where the function of possessing the item is only to acquire it and not to establish the presumption of ownership, if one locked the door of the property, or fenced it or breached its fence even a bit, this is considered taking possession of the property.
תָּנֵי רַב הוֹשַׁעְיָא בְּקִדּוּשִׁין דְּבֵי לֵוִי: נָעַל, גָּדַר, פָּרַץ כׇּל שֶׁהוּא בְּפָנָיו – הֲרֵי זוֹ חֲזָקָה. בְּפָנָיו – אִין, שֶׁלֹּא בְּפָנָיו – לָא? אָמַר רָבָא, הָכִי קָאָמַר: בְּפָנָיו – לָא צְרִיךְ לְמֵימַר לֵיהּ: ״לֵךְ חֲזֵק וּקְנִי״,
Rav Hoshaya teaches in the baraita of tractate Kiddushin that was taught in the school of Levi: If one locked the door of the property, or fenced it or breached its fence even a bit, if this was done in the presence of the seller, this is considered taking possession of the property. The Gemara asks: One could infer that in his presence, yes, he acquires it; but not in his presence, no, he does not acquire it. Why not? In any event he has taken possession. Rava said that this is what Rav Hoshaya is saying: If the act was performed in the seller’s presence, the seller need not say to him: Go, take possession, and thereby acquire the property. Since the buyer is performing the act in the seller’s presence, there is no need for the seller to specify that he consents to the buyer’s acquiring it.
