Masechet Bekhorot is sponsored by Ahava Leibtag in loving memory of her father, Arthur Aaron, Asher ben Yaakov Yehuda v’Esther on his first yahrzeit. “You always said Talmud Torah was the best s’char. This one’s for you, Daddy.”
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Summary
The braita states that an owner retains financial benefit (tovat hana’a) for priestly gifts, permitting an Israelite to accept payment from a fellow Israelite to direct teruma to a specific kohen who is a relative, whereas a kohen may not pay another kohen for it. The Gemara asks why the braita specifies teruma rather than other priestly gifts (matnot kehuna). It answers that teruma possesses intrinsic sanctity (kedushat haguf) and cannot be redeemed, so people will not mistakenly treat it as unconsecrated (chullin); whereas monetary-sanctity gifts (kedushat damim) might lead people to err, thinking they can redeem them for a small sum and treat them as chullin.
The Gemara outlines several lenient rulings regarding teruma from outside the Land of Israel (terumat chutz la’aretz): it is exempt from the prohibition of a kohen assisting at the threshing floor, it is nullified by a simple majority, one may eat from the produce before separating it, and its prohibition applies only to someone whose impurity issues directly from their body (such as a zav or nidda), and even then only for eating rather than touching. Ravina applies this to challa outside Israel: a woman in a state of nidda may separate challa, which may then be eaten by a young kohen; if no such kohen is present, she burns it in the oven and separates a second challa to maintain the practice of challa, which an adult kohen may eat. Following a query posed to Rav Nachman, Rav Amram, and Rami bar Chama on a boat, Rav Amram held like Rav that one who is impure from corpse contamination must immerse in a mikveh, though he does not need to wait for sunset; however, the Gemara clarifies that we do not hold like Rav, but rather like Shmuel, that if the impurity is from an external source, there is no prohibition to eat this teruma in a state of impurity.
The Mishna rules that a bekhor is eaten within its first year. Rav derives from the verse “before Hashem your God you shall eat it year by year” that a bekhor‘s year is calculated based on its own individual birth date rather than the calendar year. The school of Rebbi derives this law from sacrifices in general and derives a different law from the term “year by year”—that a bekhor may be eaten across two calendar years, specifically for two days and one night.
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Masechet Bekhorot is sponsored by Ahava Leibtag in loving memory of her father, Arthur Aaron, Asher ben Yaakov Yehuda v’Esther on his first yahrzeit. “You always said Talmud Torah was the best s’char. This one’s for you, Daddy.”
Today’s daf is sponsored by Judith Shapiro in honor of the upcoming Bar Mitzvah of her eldest grandson Avi Judah Shapiro and for the 13th yahrzeit of her brother David Tychman, z”l. “13 years ago Avi was born in the middle of a dark period for our family, when we lost both my mother and my brother. Avi’s birth brought us light and joy. He has grown into a mensch and continues to bring his family joy. We are proud of you Avi!”
Bekhorot 27
טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה לַבְּעָלִים.
the benefit of discretion for the owners of the produce, i.e., benefit accrued from the option of giving teruma and tithes to any priest or Levite of their choosing.
כֵּיצַד? יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמָה מִכִּרְיוֹ, וּמְצָאוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֵר, וְאָמַר לוֹ: ״הֵא לְךָ סֶלַע זֶה, וּתְנֵהוּ לְבֶן בִּתִּי כֹּהֵן״ — מוּתָּר. אִם הָיָה כֹּהֵן לְכֹהֵן — אָסוּר.
The baraita continues: How so? With regard to an Israelite who separated teruma from his pile of grain, and another Israelite found him and said to him: Take this sela coin for yourself and give the teruma and tithes to my daughter’s son who is a priest, it is permitted. But if it was a priest who gave the sela coin for the right to give the teruma and tithes to another priest, it is prohibited. Priests may not pay for the gifts that they receive.
וְתַנָּא מַאי טַעְמָא לָא קָאָמַר מַתְּנוֹת כְּהוּנָּה? אָמַר לָךְ: תְּרוּמָה, דִּקְדוּשַּׁת הַגּוּף הִיא, דְּכֵיוָן דְּלָא מִתַּחֲלָא — לָא אָתֵי לְמִיטְעֵי בַּהּ.
The Gemara asks: And according to the tanna of this baraita, what is the reason that he does not state that the owners also have the benefit of discretion with regard to the gifts of the priesthood, i.e., the foreleg, jaw, and maw, which must be given to the priest from every non-sacred animal that one slaughters? Why does he mention teruma alone? The Gemara answers that he could have said to you: In the case of teruma, which has inherent sanctity, and which therefore cannot be redeemed, the priest will not come to err with it and treat it as though it has no sanctity, even if the owner receives payment for it.
הָנֵי, כֵּיוָן דִּקְדוּשַּׁת דָּמִים נִינְהוּ, אָתֵי לְמִיטְעֵי בְּהוֹן, דְּבַר מִיתַּחַל קְדוּשְׁתַּיְיהוּ אַאַרְבְּעָה זוּזֵי, וְאָתֵא לְמִינְהַג בְּהֹן מִנְהָג דְּחוּלִּין.
By contrast, with regard to these gifts of the priesthood, since they have sanctity that inheres in their value, which means that once the priest has received them he may sell them, the priest might come to err with them by saying that the sanctity that they have can be redeemed with four zuz, i.e., the one sela, and he might come to treat them in the manner that one treats non-sacred food. This would be a mistake, as a priest must eat his priestly gifts in a dignified manner, i.e., roasted and with seasoning (see Ḥullin 132b).
אָמַר רָבָא: תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ — אֵין בָּהּ מִשּׁוּם כֹּהֵן הַמְסַיֵּיעַ בְּבֵית הַגְּרָנוֹת. רַב חָמָא יָהֵיב לֵיהּ לְשַׁמָּעֵיהּ.
§ On a related topic, Rava says: Teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael does not have any prohibition due to a priest assisting at the threshing floor. The Sages decreed that one must separate teruma from produce grown in certain places outside of Eretz Yisrael. Yet, the halakhot governing this teruma are not as stringent as those that apply to teruma from produce grown within Eretz Yisrael. Consequently, one may give such teruma to a priest for helping at the threshing floor. In support of this claim, the Gemara relates that Rav Ḥama gave teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael to his servant, who was a priest, as his wages.
אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ — בְּטֵילָה בְּרוֹב. רַבָּה מְבַטְּלָהּ בְּרוֹב, וְאוֹכֵל לָהּ בִּימֵי טוּמְאָתוֹ.
With regard to teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael, Shmuel says: Teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael that became mixed with non-sacred produce is nullified in a majority, unlike ordinary teruma, which requires one hundred parts of non-sacred produce to nullify it. The Gemara relates that Rabba, who was a priest, would nullify his teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael in a majority ab initio and eat it during his days of impurity. Both of these acts are prohibited in the case of teruma from produce grown in Eretz Yisrael.
רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, כִּי מִתְרְמֵי לֵיהּ חַמְרָא דִּתְרוּמָה, הֲוָה רָמֵי תְּרֵי נַטְלֵי דְּחוּלִּין וַחֲדָא נַטְלָא דִּתְרוּמָה, וְשָׁקֵיל חַד. מִיכָּן וְאֵילָךְ, רָמֵי חֲדָא וְשָׁקֵיל חֲדָא.
The Gemara relates: Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, when he would happen to have wine of teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael, would pour two jugs of non-sacred wine and one jug of teruma wine into a vat in order to nullify the teruma wine, and then take out one jug’s worth of wine to drink. Having done so, from here onward every time he received more teruma wine grown outside of Eretz Yisrael, he would pour one jug of teruma wine into the same vat, which still contained two jugs’ worth of wine, and take out one jug’s worth of wine.
וְאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, אוֹכֵל וְהוֹלֵךְ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַפְרִישׁ.
And Shmuel further says: Teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael does not need to be separated before one eats the produce. Rather, one may proceed to eat and afterward separate the teruma from the remainder.
וְאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אֵין תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֲסוּרָה אֶלָּא בְּמִי שֶׁהַטּוּמְאָה יוֹצְאָה עָלָיו מִגּוּפוֹ, וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי בַּאֲכִילָה, אֲבָל בִּנְגִיעָה — לֵית לַן בַּהּ.
And Shmuel also says: Teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael is prohibited only to a member of a priestly household whose impurity comes from his body, e.g., a man who experiences a seminal emission or a menstruating woman. It is not prohibited to a priest who came into contact with a corpse, an animal carcass, or the carcass of a creeping animal. And this statement, that such teruma is forbidden to one whose impurity comes from his body, applies only with regard to eating it. But with regard to touching teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael, we have no problem with it.
אָמַר רָבִינָא: הִילְכָּךְ, נִדָּה קוֹצָה חַלָּה, וְאוֹכֵל לָהּ כֹּהֵן קָטָן, וְאִי לֵיכָּא כֹּהֵן קָטָן — שָׁקְלָה לַהּ בְּרֵישׁ מַסָּא, וְשָׁדְיָא בְּתַנּוּרָא, וַהֲדַר מַפְרְשָׁא חַלָּה אַחֲרִיתִי, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֹא תִּשְׁתַּכַּח תּוֹרַת חַלָּה, וְאוֹכֵל לָהּ כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל.
Ravina says: Therefore, a menstruating woman, whose impurity comes from her body, may separate ḥalla from dough outside of Eretz Yisrael, and a minor priest, who has never experienced a seminal emission and is therefore ritually pure, may eat it. And if there is no minor priest available, she takes the ḥalla with the top of a skewer [massa] and throws it in the oven, and then separates another piece from the dough as ḥalla, not because it is necessary but so that the halakhic category of ḥalla should not be forgotten. And an adult priest may eat it, even if he is ritually impure.
רַב נַחְמָן וְרַב עַמְרָם וְרָמֵי בַּר חָמָא הֲווֹ קָאָזְלִי בְּאַרְבָּא, סְלֵיק רַב עַמְרָם לְאִפְּנוֹיֵי, אֲתַאי הָהִיא אִיתְּתָא עַלַּת קַמַּיְיהוּ, אֲמַרָה לְהוּ: טְמֵא מֵת מַהוּ שֶׁיִּטְבּוֹל וְאוֹכֵל תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן לְרָמֵי בַּר חָמָא:
The Gemara relates that Rav Naḥman, Rav Amram, and Rami bar Ḥama were traveling in a ferry. Rav Amram went to relieve himself. A certain woman came before Rav Naḥman and Rami bar Ḥama and said to them: In the case of one who is impure through contact with a corpse, what is the halakha with regard to whether he may immerse himself in a ritual bath and partake of teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael? Rav Naḥman said to Rami bar Ḥama:
וְכִי הַזָּאָה יֵשׁ לָנוּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָמֵי בַּר חָמָא: לָא לֵיחוּשׁ לֵיהּ לְסָבָא. אַדְּהָכִי אֲתָא רַב עַמְרָם, אֲמַר לְהוּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַב: טְמֵא מֵת טוֹבֵל וְאוֹכֵל בִּתְרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ.
But do we have sprinkling of the ashes of the red heifer? Since without such sprinkling one remains impure after contact with a corpse, how does it help to immerse in a ritual bath? Rami bar Ḥama said to him: Shouldn’t Rav Naḥman be concerned for the opinion of the old man, i.e., Rav Amram? Wouldn’t it be better to wait until he returns before answering? Meanwhile, Rav Amram came back. He said to them that this is what Rav says: One who became impure with impurity imparted by a corpse may immerse and partake of teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael.
וְלֵית הִלְכְתָא כְּוָותֵיהּ, דְּאָמַר מָר זוּטְרָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב שֵׁשֶׁת: טְמֵא שֶׁרֶץ טוֹבֵל וְאוֹכֵל בִּתְרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, וְלֵית הִלְכְתָא כְּוָותֵיהּ.
The Gemara comments: But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion. Mar Zutra said in the name of Rav Sheshet: One who became impure through contact with the carcass of a creeping animal may immerse in a ritual bath and partake of teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael. But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion.
בְּכוֹר נֶאֱכָל שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה כּוּ׳. מִדְּקָאָמַר ״נוֹלַד בּוֹ מוּם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁנָתוֹ״, לְמֵימְרָא דִּלְשָׁנָה דִּידֵיהּ מָנֵינַן. מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי?
§ The mishna teaches: The firstborn animal is eaten year by year, i.e., within its first year, whether it is blemished or unblemished. The Gemara comments: From the fact that the mishna says: If a blemish developed within its first year, rather than within the first year, that is to say that we count according to its year, not by the calendar year. In other words, the year is calculated from the day of the animal’s birth. From where is this matter derived?
דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תֹאכְלֶנּוּ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה״, אֵיזוֹהִי שָׁנָה שֶׁנִּכְנֶסֶת בַּחֲבֶרְתָּהּ? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: שָׁנָה שֶׁל בְּכוֹר.
It is derived from a verse, as Rav Yehuda says that Rav says that the verse states: “You shall eat it before the Lord your God, year by year [shana beshana] in the place that the Lord shall choose, you and your household” (Deuteronomy 15:20). The phrase “shana beshana,” which can also be translated as: A year in a year, indicates that the verse is referring to one year that enters another year. Which type of year enters another year? You must say that this is speaking of the year of the firstborn animal, which enters the following calendar year, since if the animal is born in the middle of the year, its first year includes part of the subsequent calendar year.
דְּבֵי רַב תָּנָא: ״שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה״ — יוֹם אֶחָד בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ, וְיוֹם אֶחָד בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ, לִימֵּד עַל הַבְּכוֹר שֶׁנֶּאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד.
The school of Rav taught that there is a different halakha derived from the phrase “year by year.” This phrase indicates that it may be eaten on one day of this year and one day of that next year. The verse thereby taught with regard to an unblemished firstborn animal, which is sacrificed in the Temple, that it is eaten for two days and one night, like a peace offering.
דְּבֵי רַב, מְנָא לְהוּ? יָלְפִי מִקֳּדָשִׁים, וְקָדָשִׁים גּוּפַיְיהוּ מְנָלַן? אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב: אָמַר קְרָא ״כֶּבֶשׂ בֶּן שְׁנָתוֹ״ — שְׁנָתוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ, וְלֹא שָׁנָה שֶׁל מִנְיַן עוֹלָם.
The Gemara asks: From where does the school of Rav derive the halakha that a firstborn must be eaten within its own year and that its year is not calculated according to the calendar year? They derive it from the halakha of other sacrificial animals, whose age is counted from their birth rather than by the calendar year. And with regard to the other sacrificial animals themselves, from where do we derive that their age is counted from their birth? Rav Aḥa bar Yaakov says that the verse states: “And when the days of her purification are fulfilled, for a son or for a daughter, she shall bring a lamb in its first year for a burnt offering, and a pigeon or a dove for a sin offering, to the door of the Tent of Meeting, to the priest” (Leviticus 12:6). This description of the lamb is referring to its own year, and not a year of the counting of the world.
וְרַב, נֶאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד, מְנָא לֵיהּ? נָפְקָא לֵיהּ מֵ״וּבְשָׂרָם יִהְיֶה לָּךְ כַּחֲזֵה הַתְּנוּפָה וּכְשׁוֹק הַיָּמִין״ — הִקִּישׁוֹ הַכָּתוּב לְחָזֶה וָשׁוֹק שֶׁל שְׁלָמִים: מָה לְהַלָּן שְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד, אַף כָּאן שְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד.
The Gemara asks: And Rav, from where does he derive that a firstborn is eaten for two days and one night? The Gemara answers: He derives it from a verse in which Moses spoke to Aaron and his sons with regard to eating the firstborn: “And their flesh shall be yours, as the breast of waving and as the right thigh, it shall be yours” (Numbers 18:18). The verse thereby juxtaposed the halakha of the firstborn with the breast and thigh of a peace offering. Just as there, it may be eaten for two days and one night, as stated explicitly in a verse (see Leviticus 7:16), so too here, a firstborn may be eaten for two days and one night.
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Tzur Hadassah, Israel
New York, United States
Shortly after the death of my father, David Malik z”l, I made the commitment to Daf Yomi. While riding to Ben Gurion airport in January, Siyum HaShas was playing on the radio; that was the nudge I needed to get started. The “everyday-ness” of the Daf has been a meaningful spiritual practice, especial after COVID began & I was temporarily unable to say Kaddish at daily in-person minyanim.
Wynnewood, United States
When I started studying Hebrew at Brown University’s Hillel, I had no idea that almost 38 years later, I’m doing Daf Yomi. My Shabbat haburah is led by Rabbanit Leah Sarna. The women are a hoot. I’m tracking the completion of each tractate by reading Ilana Kurshan’s memoir, If All the Seas Were Ink.
Pennsylvania, United States
A few years back, after reading Ilana Kurshan’s book, “If All The Seas Were Ink,” I began pondering the crazy, outlandish idea of beginning the Daf Yomi cycle. Beginning in December, 2019, a month before the previous cycle ended, I “auditioned” 30 different podcasts in 30 days, and ultimately chose to take the plunge with Hadran and Rabbanit Michelle. Such joy!
HUNTINGTON, United States
I started the daf at the beginning of this cycle in January 2020. My husband, my children, grandchildren and siblings have been very supportive. As someone who learned and taught Tanach and mefarshim for many years, it has been an amazing adventure to complete the six sedarim of Mishnah, and now to study Talmud on a daily basis along with Rabbanit Michelle and the wonderful women of Hadran.
Jerusalem, Israel
I learned daf more off than on 40 years ago. At the beginning of the current cycle, I decided to commit to learning daf regularly. Having Rabanit Michelle available as a learning partner has been amazing. Sometimes I learn with Hadran, sometimes with my husband, and sometimes on my own. It’s been fun to be part of an extended learning community.
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
Geri Goldstein got me started learning daf yomi when I was in Israel 2 years ago. It’s been a challenge and I’ve learned a lot though I’m sure I miss a lot. I quilt as I listen and I want to share what I’ve been working on.
Ottawa, Canada
When I was working and taking care of my children, learning was never on the list. Now that I have more time I have two different Gemora classes and the nach yomi as well as the mishna yomi daily.
Jerusalem, Israel
What a great experience to learn with Rabbanit Michelle Farber. I began with this cycle in January 2020 and have been comforted by the consistency and energy of this process throughout the isolation period of Covid. Week by week, I feel like I am exploring a treasure chest with sparkling gems and puzzling antiquities. The hunt is exhilarating.
Pennsylvania, United States
Ive been learning Gmara since 5th grade and always loved it. Have always wanted to do Daf Yomi and now with Michelle Farber’s online classes it made it much easier to do! Really enjoying the experience thank you!!
Neve Daniel, Israel
I had never heard of Daf Yomi and after reading the book, The Weight of Ink, I explored more about it. I discovered that it was only 6 months before a whole new cycle started and I was determined to give it a try. I tried to get a friend to join me on the journey but after the first few weeks they all dropped it. I haven’t missed a day of reading and of listening to the podcast.
Elkins Park, United States
Bekhorot 27
טוֹבַת הֲנָאָה לַבְּעָלִים.
the benefit of discretion for the owners of the produce, i.e., benefit accrued from the option of giving teruma and tithes to any priest or Levite of their choosing.
כֵּיצַד? יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמָה מִכִּרְיוֹ, וּמְצָאוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחֵר, וְאָמַר לוֹ: ״הֵא לְךָ סֶלַע זֶה, וּתְנֵהוּ לְבֶן בִּתִּי כֹּהֵן״ — מוּתָּר. אִם הָיָה כֹּהֵן לְכֹהֵן — אָסוּר.
The baraita continues: How so? With regard to an Israelite who separated teruma from his pile of grain, and another Israelite found him and said to him: Take this sela coin for yourself and give the teruma and tithes to my daughter’s son who is a priest, it is permitted. But if it was a priest who gave the sela coin for the right to give the teruma and tithes to another priest, it is prohibited. Priests may not pay for the gifts that they receive.
וְתַנָּא מַאי טַעְמָא לָא קָאָמַר מַתְּנוֹת כְּהוּנָּה? אָמַר לָךְ: תְּרוּמָה, דִּקְדוּשַּׁת הַגּוּף הִיא, דְּכֵיוָן דְּלָא מִתַּחֲלָא — לָא אָתֵי לְמִיטְעֵי בַּהּ.
The Gemara asks: And according to the tanna of this baraita, what is the reason that he does not state that the owners also have the benefit of discretion with regard to the gifts of the priesthood, i.e., the foreleg, jaw, and maw, which must be given to the priest from every non-sacred animal that one slaughters? Why does he mention teruma alone? The Gemara answers that he could have said to you: In the case of teruma, which has inherent sanctity, and which therefore cannot be redeemed, the priest will not come to err with it and treat it as though it has no sanctity, even if the owner receives payment for it.
הָנֵי, כֵּיוָן דִּקְדוּשַּׁת דָּמִים נִינְהוּ, אָתֵי לְמִיטְעֵי בְּהוֹן, דְּבַר מִיתַּחַל קְדוּשְׁתַּיְיהוּ אַאַרְבְּעָה זוּזֵי, וְאָתֵא לְמִינְהַג בְּהֹן מִנְהָג דְּחוּלִּין.
By contrast, with regard to these gifts of the priesthood, since they have sanctity that inheres in their value, which means that once the priest has received them he may sell them, the priest might come to err with them by saying that the sanctity that they have can be redeemed with four zuz, i.e., the one sela, and he might come to treat them in the manner that one treats non-sacred food. This would be a mistake, as a priest must eat his priestly gifts in a dignified manner, i.e., roasted and with seasoning (see Ḥullin 132b).
אָמַר רָבָא: תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ — אֵין בָּהּ מִשּׁוּם כֹּהֵן הַמְסַיֵּיעַ בְּבֵית הַגְּרָנוֹת. רַב חָמָא יָהֵיב לֵיהּ לְשַׁמָּעֵיהּ.
§ On a related topic, Rava says: Teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael does not have any prohibition due to a priest assisting at the threshing floor. The Sages decreed that one must separate teruma from produce grown in certain places outside of Eretz Yisrael. Yet, the halakhot governing this teruma are not as stringent as those that apply to teruma from produce grown within Eretz Yisrael. Consequently, one may give such teruma to a priest for helping at the threshing floor. In support of this claim, the Gemara relates that Rav Ḥama gave teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael to his servant, who was a priest, as his wages.
אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ — בְּטֵילָה בְּרוֹב. רַבָּה מְבַטְּלָהּ בְּרוֹב, וְאוֹכֵל לָהּ בִּימֵי טוּמְאָתוֹ.
With regard to teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael, Shmuel says: Teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael that became mixed with non-sacred produce is nullified in a majority, unlike ordinary teruma, which requires one hundred parts of non-sacred produce to nullify it. The Gemara relates that Rabba, who was a priest, would nullify his teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael in a majority ab initio and eat it during his days of impurity. Both of these acts are prohibited in the case of teruma from produce grown in Eretz Yisrael.
רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, כִּי מִתְרְמֵי לֵיהּ חַמְרָא דִּתְרוּמָה, הֲוָה רָמֵי תְּרֵי נַטְלֵי דְּחוּלִּין וַחֲדָא נַטְלָא דִּתְרוּמָה, וְשָׁקֵיל חַד. מִיכָּן וְאֵילָךְ, רָמֵי חֲדָא וְשָׁקֵיל חֲדָא.
The Gemara relates: Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, when he would happen to have wine of teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael, would pour two jugs of non-sacred wine and one jug of teruma wine into a vat in order to nullify the teruma wine, and then take out one jug’s worth of wine to drink. Having done so, from here onward every time he received more teruma wine grown outside of Eretz Yisrael, he would pour one jug of teruma wine into the same vat, which still contained two jugs’ worth of wine, and take out one jug’s worth of wine.
וְאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, אוֹכֵל וְהוֹלֵךְ, וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַפְרִישׁ.
And Shmuel further says: Teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael does not need to be separated before one eats the produce. Rather, one may proceed to eat and afterward separate the teruma from the remainder.
וְאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: אֵין תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֲסוּרָה אֶלָּא בְּמִי שֶׁהַטּוּמְאָה יוֹצְאָה עָלָיו מִגּוּפוֹ, וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי בַּאֲכִילָה, אֲבָל בִּנְגִיעָה — לֵית לַן בַּהּ.
And Shmuel also says: Teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael is prohibited only to a member of a priestly household whose impurity comes from his body, e.g., a man who experiences a seminal emission or a menstruating woman. It is not prohibited to a priest who came into contact with a corpse, an animal carcass, or the carcass of a creeping animal. And this statement, that such teruma is forbidden to one whose impurity comes from his body, applies only with regard to eating it. But with regard to touching teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael, we have no problem with it.
אָמַר רָבִינָא: הִילְכָּךְ, נִדָּה קוֹצָה חַלָּה, וְאוֹכֵל לָהּ כֹּהֵן קָטָן, וְאִי לֵיכָּא כֹּהֵן קָטָן — שָׁקְלָה לַהּ בְּרֵישׁ מַסָּא, וְשָׁדְיָא בְּתַנּוּרָא, וַהֲדַר מַפְרְשָׁא חַלָּה אַחֲרִיתִי, כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֹא תִּשְׁתַּכַּח תּוֹרַת חַלָּה, וְאוֹכֵל לָהּ כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל.
Ravina says: Therefore, a menstruating woman, whose impurity comes from her body, may separate ḥalla from dough outside of Eretz Yisrael, and a minor priest, who has never experienced a seminal emission and is therefore ritually pure, may eat it. And if there is no minor priest available, she takes the ḥalla with the top of a skewer [massa] and throws it in the oven, and then separates another piece from the dough as ḥalla, not because it is necessary but so that the halakhic category of ḥalla should not be forgotten. And an adult priest may eat it, even if he is ritually impure.
רַב נַחְמָן וְרַב עַמְרָם וְרָמֵי בַּר חָמָא הֲווֹ קָאָזְלִי בְּאַרְבָּא, סְלֵיק רַב עַמְרָם לְאִפְּנוֹיֵי, אֲתַאי הָהִיא אִיתְּתָא עַלַּת קַמַּיְיהוּ, אֲמַרָה לְהוּ: טְמֵא מֵת מַהוּ שֶׁיִּטְבּוֹל וְאוֹכֵל תְּרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן לְרָמֵי בַּר חָמָא:
The Gemara relates that Rav Naḥman, Rav Amram, and Rami bar Ḥama were traveling in a ferry. Rav Amram went to relieve himself. A certain woman came before Rav Naḥman and Rami bar Ḥama and said to them: In the case of one who is impure through contact with a corpse, what is the halakha with regard to whether he may immerse himself in a ritual bath and partake of teruma from outside of Eretz Yisrael? Rav Naḥman said to Rami bar Ḥama:
וְכִי הַזָּאָה יֵשׁ לָנוּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רָמֵי בַּר חָמָא: לָא לֵיחוּשׁ לֵיהּ לְסָבָא. אַדְּהָכִי אֲתָא רַב עַמְרָם, אֲמַר לְהוּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַב: טְמֵא מֵת טוֹבֵל וְאוֹכֵל בִּתְרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ.
But do we have sprinkling of the ashes of the red heifer? Since without such sprinkling one remains impure after contact with a corpse, how does it help to immerse in a ritual bath? Rami bar Ḥama said to him: Shouldn’t Rav Naḥman be concerned for the opinion of the old man, i.e., Rav Amram? Wouldn’t it be better to wait until he returns before answering? Meanwhile, Rav Amram came back. He said to them that this is what Rav says: One who became impure with impurity imparted by a corpse may immerse and partake of teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael.
וְלֵית הִלְכְתָא כְּוָותֵיהּ, דְּאָמַר מָר זוּטְרָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב שֵׁשֶׁת: טְמֵא שֶׁרֶץ טוֹבֵל וְאוֹכֵל בִּתְרוּמַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ, וְלֵית הִלְכְתָא כְּוָותֵיהּ.
The Gemara comments: But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion. Mar Zutra said in the name of Rav Sheshet: One who became impure through contact with the carcass of a creeping animal may immerse in a ritual bath and partake of teruma from produce grown outside of Eretz Yisrael. But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion.
בְּכוֹר נֶאֱכָל שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה כּוּ׳. מִדְּקָאָמַר ״נוֹלַד בּוֹ מוּם בְּתוֹךְ שְׁנָתוֹ״, לְמֵימְרָא דִּלְשָׁנָה דִּידֵיהּ מָנֵינַן. מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי?
§ The mishna teaches: The firstborn animal is eaten year by year, i.e., within its first year, whether it is blemished or unblemished. The Gemara comments: From the fact that the mishna says: If a blemish developed within its first year, rather than within the first year, that is to say that we count according to its year, not by the calendar year. In other words, the year is calculated from the day of the animal’s birth. From where is this matter derived?
דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב, דְּאָמַר קְרָא: ״לִפְנֵי ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תֹאכְלֶנּוּ שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה״, אֵיזוֹהִי שָׁנָה שֶׁנִּכְנֶסֶת בַּחֲבֶרְתָּהּ? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: שָׁנָה שֶׁל בְּכוֹר.
It is derived from a verse, as Rav Yehuda says that Rav says that the verse states: “You shall eat it before the Lord your God, year by year [shana beshana] in the place that the Lord shall choose, you and your household” (Deuteronomy 15:20). The phrase “shana beshana,” which can also be translated as: A year in a year, indicates that the verse is referring to one year that enters another year. Which type of year enters another year? You must say that this is speaking of the year of the firstborn animal, which enters the following calendar year, since if the animal is born in the middle of the year, its first year includes part of the subsequent calendar year.
דְּבֵי רַב תָּנָא: ״שָׁנָה בְּשָׁנָה״ — יוֹם אֶחָד בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ, וְיוֹם אֶחָד בְּשָׁנָה זוֹ, לִימֵּד עַל הַבְּכוֹר שֶׁנֶּאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד.
The school of Rav taught that there is a different halakha derived from the phrase “year by year.” This phrase indicates that it may be eaten on one day of this year and one day of that next year. The verse thereby taught with regard to an unblemished firstborn animal, which is sacrificed in the Temple, that it is eaten for two days and one night, like a peace offering.
דְּבֵי רַב, מְנָא לְהוּ? יָלְפִי מִקֳּדָשִׁים, וְקָדָשִׁים גּוּפַיְיהוּ מְנָלַן? אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב: אָמַר קְרָא ״כֶּבֶשׂ בֶּן שְׁנָתוֹ״ — שְׁנָתוֹ שֶׁלּוֹ, וְלֹא שָׁנָה שֶׁל מִנְיַן עוֹלָם.
The Gemara asks: From where does the school of Rav derive the halakha that a firstborn must be eaten within its own year and that its year is not calculated according to the calendar year? They derive it from the halakha of other sacrificial animals, whose age is counted from their birth rather than by the calendar year. And with regard to the other sacrificial animals themselves, from where do we derive that their age is counted from their birth? Rav Aḥa bar Yaakov says that the verse states: “And when the days of her purification are fulfilled, for a son or for a daughter, she shall bring a lamb in its first year for a burnt offering, and a pigeon or a dove for a sin offering, to the door of the Tent of Meeting, to the priest” (Leviticus 12:6). This description of the lamb is referring to its own year, and not a year of the counting of the world.
וְרַב, נֶאֱכָל לִשְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד, מְנָא לֵיהּ? נָפְקָא לֵיהּ מֵ״וּבְשָׂרָם יִהְיֶה לָּךְ כַּחֲזֵה הַתְּנוּפָה וּכְשׁוֹק הַיָּמִין״ — הִקִּישׁוֹ הַכָּתוּב לְחָזֶה וָשׁוֹק שֶׁל שְׁלָמִים: מָה לְהַלָּן שְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד, אַף כָּאן שְׁנֵי יָמִים וְלַיְלָה אֶחָד.
The Gemara asks: And Rav, from where does he derive that a firstborn is eaten for two days and one night? The Gemara answers: He derives it from a verse in which Moses spoke to Aaron and his sons with regard to eating the firstborn: “And their flesh shall be yours, as the breast of waving and as the right thigh, it shall be yours” (Numbers 18:18). The verse thereby juxtaposed the halakha of the firstborn with the breast and thigh of a peace offering. Just as there, it may be eaten for two days and one night, as stated explicitly in a verse (see Leviticus 7:16), so too here, a firstborn may be eaten for two days and one night.
