Masechet Chullin is sponsored by Judi Felber in honor of the Hadran Community. “During my first cycle of Daf Yomi, just as we began Masechet Chullin, my son was injured while serving in the IDF. Throughout those two and a half months of difficulty and uncertainty, my fellow learners never left my side. With profound gratitude to the community that held me, encouraged me, and ensured I could keep up with the Daf during those trying times.”
This month’s learning is sponsored by Jonathan Loring in honor of his wife, Leah Ackner and their children Zev and Meira. “From the first day I met my wife in Hebrew class at JTS to watching her show kindness when we volunteered together to help those in need and even when I had to wait 9 years for a first date, my wife has always been an inspiration to me and everyone she meets. Thank you for these 20 years and B’Ezrat Hashem to many more! I love you wifesy.”
This month’s learning is dedicated for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah
This week’s learning is sponsored by Sarah Zahavi for the continued health and good outcome for Talia Nechama bat Chana.
Want to dedicate learning? Get started here:
Summary
A cat or a weasel (chulda) renders a bird a treifa through clawing (derisa), whereas only a cat can do so for small cattle such as young goats and lambs. Other predatory birds besides those explicitly listed in the Mishna can also render other birds a treifa by clawing, but only when targeting birds smaller than themselves, while a hawk (netz) can do so even to birds of its own size. According to an alternate version, ordinary predatory birds can claw birds of their own size or smaller, whereas the hawk can even render birds larger than itself a treifa. Furthermore, two conflicting versions are presented regarding Rav Kahana’s ruling in the name of Rav Shimi bar Ashi concerning foxes, debating whether or not they possess the capacity to render animals a treifa through clawing.
Abaye limits the laws of derisa to the predator’s front legs, specifying that it must be executed specifically with a claw and not with teeth, must be done with intent, and must occur while the prey is still alive. In a case where a lion was found among oxen and a dislodged claw was subsequently discovered on the back of one of the oxen, Rabba bar Rav Huna ruled in the name of Rav that there is no concern for derisa. He reasoned that while most lions do claw, their claws do not generally detach in the process; thus, it is more probable that the ox rubbed against a wall and accidentally picked up a nail embedded there. The Gemara initially rejects this argument, countering that while oxen frequently rub against walls, nails rarely stick to their backs in this manner, and since the lion remains a viable source, one should rule stringently. Ultimately, the Gemara concludes that because the logic can support either side, the ox retains its presumptive status of permissibility; as a matter of pure doubt, Rav remains consistent with his opinion stated elsewhere that we rule leniently in cases of uncertain clawing. Abaye restricts this leniency, clarifying that it only applies when an actual claw is found embedded rather than a mere mark, when the claw is moist rather than dry, and when there are only one, two, or three claws scattered at random rather than two or three found in a distinct row.
Rav and Shmuel disagree on whether to rule leniently or stringently in cases of doubt regarding derisa. While both agree to rule leniently in certain scenarios, they dispute a case where a lion entered among oxen and the lion remained silent while the oxen were found bellowing in distress. Ameimar ruled stringently in accordance with Shmuel, either because he rejected Rav’s view or because he believed Rav ultimately retracted his opinion, a shift suggested by a practical incident that occurred. Although several difficulties are raised regarding the specific details of that incident, they are successfully resolved. Rav Ashi similarly ruled leniently in a case of doubt.
If there is a doubt as to whether an animal was clawed, the Gemara rules that one may inspect the internal areas of the carcass to see if redness has formed from the venom; if no redness is present, the animal is permitted. This testing method was originally stated by the sons of Rabbi Chiya, though Rav Yosef pointed out that Shmuel himself had already articulated this principle. This discussion leads the Gemara to a series of inquiries – some regarding the laws of clawing and others concerning unrelated laws of treifot – all of which were concisely resolved by an authority who declared that each question had already been answered by a prior Rabbinic statement.
Today’s daily daf tools:
Masechet Chullin is sponsored by Judi Felber in honor of the Hadran Community. “During my first cycle of Daf Yomi, just as we began Masechet Chullin, my son was injured while serving in the IDF. Throughout those two and a half months of difficulty and uncertainty, my fellow learners never left my side. With profound gratitude to the community that held me, encouraged me, and ensured I could keep up with the Daf during those trying times.”
This month’s learning is sponsored by Jonathan Loring in honor of his wife, Leah Ackner and their children Zev and Meira. “From the first day I met my wife in Hebrew class at JTS to watching her show kindness when we volunteered together to help those in need and even when I had to wait 9 years for a first date, my wife has always been an inspiration to me and everyone she meets. Thank you for these 20 years and B’Ezrat Hashem to many more! I love you wifesy.”
This month’s learning is dedicated for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah
This week’s learning is sponsored by Sarah Zahavi for the continued health and good outcome for Talia Nechama bat Chana.
Chullin 53
יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְחָתוּל אוֹ אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְחָתוּל? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַף לְחוּלְדָּה יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה. יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְחוּלְדָּה אוֹ אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְחוּלְדָּה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַף לְחָתוּל אֵין דְּרוּסָה.
Does a cat render an animal a tereifa through clawing, or does a cat not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav said to him: Even a weasel, which is smaller than a cat, does render an animal a tereifa through clawing. Rav Kahana also asked him: Does a weasel render an animal a tereifa through clawing, or does a weasel not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav said to him: Even a cat does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing.
לְחָתוּל וּלְחוּלְדָּה, יֵשׁ לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה אוֹ אֵין לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לְחָתוּל יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה, לְחוּלְדָּה אֵין דְּרוּסָה.
Rav Kahana also asked him: With regard to a cat and a weasel, do they render an animal a tereifa through clawing, or do they not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav said to him: A cat does render an animal a tereifa through clawing, but a weasel does not render it a tereifa through clawing.
וְלָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״אַף לְחוּלְדָּה יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה״ – בְּעוֹפוֹת, הָא דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״אַף לְחָתוּל אֵין דְּרוּסָה״ – בְּאִימְּרֵי רַבְרְבֵי, הָא דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״לְחָתוּל יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה, לְחוּלְדָּה אֵין דְּרוּסָה״ – בִּגְדָיִים וּטְלָאִים.
The Gemara clarifies: And the apparent contradiction between these responses is not difficult. That which Rav said to him: Even a weasel does render an animal a tereifa through clawing, was stated about a case of clawed birds. That which he said to him: Even a cat does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing, was stated about a case of adult sheep. That which Rav said to him: A cat does render an animal a tereifa through clawing, but a weasel does not render it a tereifa through clawing, was stated about a case of kids and lambs.
בָּעֵי רַב אָשֵׁי: שְׁאָר עוֹפוֹת טְמֵאִין, יֵשׁ לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה אוֹ אֵין לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב הִלֵּל לְרַב אָשֵׁי: כִּי הֲוֵינַן בֵּי רַב כָּהֲנָא, אֲמַר: שְׁאָר עוֹפוֹת טְמֵאִין יֵשׁ לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה.
§ The mishna states that a small bird clawed by a hawk is a tereifa. Rav Ashi raises a dilemma: With regard to other non-kosher birds beside a hawk, do they render a bird a tereifa through clawing, or do they not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav Hillel said to Rav Ashi: When we were in the study hall of Rav Kahana, he said: Other non-kosher birds do render a bird a tereifa through clawing.
וְהָאֲנַן תְּנַן: ״וּדְרוּסַת הַנֵּץ בְּעוֹף הַדַּק״! דְּרוּסַת הָנֵץ בְּדִכְוָותֵיהּ, וְאִינָךְ בִּדְזוּטְרָא מִינַּיְיהוּ. וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: דְּרוּסַת הַנֵּץ בִּדְרַבִּי מִינֵּיהּ, וְאִינָךְ בְּדִכְוָותַיְיהוּ.
The Gemara asks: But didn’t we learn in the mishna: Or if it was clawed by a hawk in the case of a small bird, it is a tereifa? Apparently, only a hawk renders a small bird a tereifa through clawing. The Gemara responds: The mishna means that a small bird clawed by a hawk is rendered a tereifa even in a case where it is as large as the hawk. But these other non-kosher birds can render a small bird a tereifa only in a case where it is smaller than them. And there are those who say: A small bird clawed by a hawk is rendered a tereifa even in a case where it is larger than the hawk. But these other non-kosher birds can render a small bird a tereifa only in a case where it is, at most, as large as them.
אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב שִׁימִי בַּר אָשֵׁי: אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְשׁוּעָל. אִינִי? וְהָא כִּי אֲתָא רַב דִּימִי אָמַר: מַעֲשֵׂה וְדָרַס שׁוּעָל רָחֵל בַּמֶּרְחָץ שֶׁל בֵּית הִינֵי, וּבָא מַעֲשֶׂה לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים, וְאָמְרוּ: יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה! אָמַר רַב סָפְרָא: הָהִיא חָתוּל הֲוָה.
§ Rav Kahana said in the name of Rav Shimi bar Ashi: A fox does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing. The Gemara asks: Is that so? But when Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia he said: There was an incident in which a fox clawed a ewe in the bathhouse of Beit Hini, and the incident came before the Sages, and they said: This is a case of clawing. Rav Safra said in response: In that case the predator was a cat, not a fox.
אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי, אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב שִׁימִי בַּר אָשֵׁי: יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְשׁוּעָל. אִינִי? וְהָא כִּי אֲתָא רַב דִּימִי אָמַר: מַעֲשֶׂה וְדָרַס שׁוּעָל רָחֵל בַּמֶּרְחָץ שֶׁל בֵּית הִינֵי, וּבָא מַעֲשֶׂה לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים, וְאָמְרוּ: אֵין דְּרוּסָה! אָמַר רַב סָפְרָא: הָהוּא כֶּלֶב הֲוָה. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: נָקְטִינַן אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְכֶלֶב.
There are those who say the above exchange differently: Rav Kahana said in the name of Rav Shimi bar Ashi: A fox does render an animal a tereifa through clawing. The Gemara asks: Is that so? But when Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia he said: There was an incident in which a fox clawed a ewe in the bathhouse of Beit Hini, and the incident came before the Sages, and they said: This is not a case of clawing. Rav Safra said in response: In that case the predator was a dog, not a fox. And Rav Yosef said: We have a tradition that a dog does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: נָקְטִינַן, אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא בַּיָּד, לְאַפּוֹקֵי רֶגֶל דְּלָא. אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא בְּצִפּוֹרֶן, לְאַפּוֹקֵי שֵׁן דְּלָא. אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא מִדַּעַת, לְאַפּוֹקֵי שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעַת דְּלָא. אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא מֵחַיִּים, לְאַפּוֹקֵי לְאַחַר מִיתָה דְּלָא.
§ With regard to the definition of clawing that renders an animal a tereifa, Abaye said: We have a tradition: Clawing is only with the foreleg, to the exclusion of clawing with the hind leg, which does not render the animal a tereifa. Additionally, clawing is only with the claw, to the exclusion of savaging with the tooth, which does not render the animal a tereifa, because the teeth contain no venom. And clawing is only through an intentional act, to the exclusion of an unintentional act, which does not render the animal a tereifa, e.g., if the predator accidentally fell on the prey with its claws outstretched. And clawing is only while the predator is alive, to the exclusion of a case where it clawed an animal after death, which does not render the animal a tereifa.
אָמְרִי: הַשְׁתָּא שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעַת אָמְרַתְּ לָא, לְאַחַר מִיתָה מִיבַּעְיָא? לָא צְרִיכָא, דְּדָרֵיס וּפַסְקוּהָ לִידֵיהּ. מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: בַּהֲדֵי דְּדָרֵיס שָׁדֵי זִיהֲרֵיהּ, קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן: בַּהֲדֵי דְּשָׁלֵיף שָׁדֵי זִיהֲרֵיהּ.
The Sages say: Now that you said that an unintentional act of clawing does not render an animal a tereifa, is it necessary to say that clawing after death is ineffective? The Gemara responds: No, it is necessary to teach this halakha for a case where the predator clawed while still alive, and they cut off its hand with its claws still inside the prey’s flesh. Lest you say: It injects its venom while it claws, Abaye teaches us that it injects its venom while it withdraws its claws. Accordingly, where the venom has yet to be injected before its death, i.e., before its hand is severed, the animal is kosher.
אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: אֲרִי שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְבֵין הַשְּׁוָורִים, וְנִמְצָא צִפּוֹרֶן בְּגַבּוֹ שֶׁל אֶחָד מֵהֶן – אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא אֲרִי דְּרָסוֹ. מַאי טַעְמָא? רוֹב אֲרָיוֹת דּוֹרְסִין וּמִיעוּטָן אֵין דּוֹרְסִין, וְכׇל הַדּוֹרֵס – אֵין צִפׇּרְנוֹ נִשְׁמֶטֶת, וְזֹאת, הוֹאִיל וְצִפּוֹרֶן יוֹשֶׁבֶת לוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ – אֵימַר בַּכּוֹתֶל נִתְחַכֵּךְ.
§ Rabba bar Rav Huna says that Rav says: If a lion entered among the oxen, and afterward a claw was found stuck in the back of one of the oxen, one need not be concerned that perhaps the lion clawed it. What is the reason for this? Even though a majority of lions claw their prey and only a minority of them do not claw, still, it is known with regard to any lion that claws that its claw is not ripped out in the process. And therefore, with regard to this ox, since a claw sits in its back, say that it rubbed against a wall that had a claw embedded in it.
אַדְּרַבָּה, רוֹב שְׁוָורִים מִתְחַכְּכִין, וּמִיעוּטָן אֵין מִתְחַכְּכִין, וְכׇל הַמִּתְחַכֵּךְ – אֵין צִפּוֹרֶן יוֹשֶׁבֶת לוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ, וְזֶה, הוֹאִיל וְצִפּוֹרֶן יוֹשֶׁבֶת לוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ, אֵימַר אֲרִי דְּרָסוֹ!
The Gemara objects: On the contrary, say that even though a majority of oxen rub against the wall and only a minority do not rub, still, it is known with regard to any ox that rubs that a claw does not sit in its back. And therefore, with regard to this ox, since a claw sits in its back, say that the lion clawed it.
אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר הָכִי, וְאִיכָּא לְמֵימַר הָכִי – אוֹקֵי (מִילְּתָא) [תּוֹרָא] אַחֶזְקֵיהּ, הָוֵה לֵיהּ סְפֵק דְּרוּסָה; וְרַב לְטַעְמֵיהּ, דְּאָמַר: אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה.
The Gemara responds: One can say this, and one can say that. Therefore, establish the matter according to its presumptive status, in which case the ox is not a tereifa. Accordingly, the ox is permitted because this case is one of uncertainty as to whether the animal was clawed, and Rav conforms to his standard line of reasoning, as he says: One need not be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לָא אֲמַרַן אֶלָּא צִפּוֹרֶן, אֲבָל מְקוֹם צִפּוֹרֶן – חוֹשְׁשִׁין, וְצִפּוֹרֶן נָמֵי לָא אֲמַרַן אֶלָּא לַחָה, אֲבָל יְבֵשָׁה – עָבְדָה דְּמִשְׁתַּמְטָא.
Abaye said: We said that one need not be concerned that the lion clawed the ox only when the claw was found in its back, since it is known that a claw is not ripped out during clawing. But if only the spot of a claw was found, i.e., a perforation, one must be concerned. And even if the claw was found in its back, we said that one need not be concerned only when it was moist, since this indicates it was well connected to the flesh. Accordingly, if the lion had clawed the ox, this claw would not have been ripped out. But if the claw was dry, one must be concerned, because it happens that such a claw is ripped out during clawing.
וְלַחָה נָמֵי לָא אֲמַרַן, אֶלָּא חֲדָא, אֲבָל תַּרְתֵּי וּתְלָת – חָיְישִׁינַן, וְהוּא דְּקָיְימָא בְּדָרָא דְּסִיחוּפֵיהּ.
And with regard to a moist claw as well, we said that one need not be concerned only when one claw was found in its back. But if there were two or three claws embedded in its back, we must be concerned, because multiple claws were not likely to be embedded in the wall. And this is the halakha only where they are situated in a row as they are in the paw of a lion.
אִיתְּמַר: רַב אָמַר: אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה, וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה.
§ It was stated: Rav says: One need not be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed. And Shmuel says: One must be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed, and the animal must be inspected.
דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא, סָפֵק עָל, סָפֵק לָא עָל – אֵימָא לָא עָל. סְפֵק כַּלְבָּא, סְפֵק שׁוּנָרָא – אֵימָא כַּלְבָּא. עָל, שְׁתֵיק וְיָתֵיב בֵּינַיְיהוּ – אֵימַר שְׁלָמָא שַׁוִּי. קְטַע רֵישֵׁיהּ דְּחַד מִינַּיְיהוּ – נָח מֵרִיתְחֵיהּ. אִיהוּ קָא מְעַוֵּאי וְאִינְהוּ קָמְקַרְקְרָן – בַּעוֹתֵי קָא מְבַעֲתִי
The Gemara explains: Everyone agrees that in a case where it is uncertain whether a predator entered the pen or coop and uncertain whether it did not enter, I will say that it did not enter. Furthermore, if it is known that an animal entered but it is uncertain whether it was a dog and uncertain whether it was a cat, I will say that it was a dog, which cannot render an animal a tereifa through clawing. And even if a predator entered, but it was quiet and sat among the animals, I will say it made peace with them, as though it were tame, and did not claw them. And if it decapitated one of them, I will say that its anger subsided afterward, and it did not claw other animals. And if it was roaring and they were clucking, I will say that they are only frightening
אַהֲדָדֵי. כִּי פְּלִיגִי דְּאִיהוּ קָא שָׁתֵיק וְאִינְהוּ קָמְקַרְקְרָן: מָר סָבַר מַעֲשֶׂה קָא עָבֵיד בְּהוּ, וּמָר סָבַר מֵחֲמַת בִּעֲתוּתֵיהּ הוּא דְּקָא עָבְדָן.
each other, and one need not be concerned. They disagree when the lion is quiet and the birds are clucking. One Sage, Shmuel, holds: They are clucking because it is acting upon them, i.e., clawing them, and one Sage, Rav, holds that they are doing this out of fear of the predator, but it is not necessarily clawing them.
אָמַר אַמֵּימָר: הִלְכְתָא חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב אָשֵׁי לְאַמֵּימָר: הַאי דְּרַב מַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא שְׁמִיעַ לִי, כְּלוֹמַר, לָא סְבִירָא לִי.
Ameimar said: The halakha is that one must be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed. Rav Ashi said to Ameimar: What about this statement of Rav that one need not be concerned? Ameimar said to him: I did not hear that statement; that is to say, I do not hold in accordance with it.
וְאִי בָּעֵית אֵימָא: הֲדַר בֵּיהּ רַב לְגַבֵּי דִּשְׁמוּאֵל, דְּהָהוּא שַׁרְקָפָא דִּסְפֵק דְּרוּסוֹת, דַּאֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב, שַׁדְּרִינְהוּ לְקַמֵּיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַנְקִינְהוּ וּשְׁדָנְהוּ בְּנַהֲרָא. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ לָא הֲדַר בֵּיהּ – לִישְׁרִינְהוּ?
Or if you wish, say instead that Rav retracted his statement and conceded to Shmuel that one must be concerned in a case of uncertainty. As there was a certain basket of birds concerning which there was uncertainty as to whether they had been clawed by a hawk that entered among them, which came before Rav. Rav sent them before Shmuel to issue a ruling, and Shmuel strangled them and threw them in the river. And if it enters your mind that Rav did not retract his statement, then let him permit them for consumption. Why did he send them to Shmuel?
אֶלָּא מַאי הֲדַר בֵּיהּ? לֵיסְרִינְהוּ! אֶלָּא, אַתְרֵיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל הֲוָה.
The Gemara rejects this: Rather, what will you say, that Rav really did retract? If so, let him prohibit them for consumption without sending them to Shmuel. Rather, he sent the birds to Shmuel because it was Shmuel’s place, and although Rav disagreed with Shmuel, it would be improper to issue a contradictory ruling.
לְמָה לִּי לְמִיחְנְקִינְהוּ? לִישְׁדִּינְהוּ הָכִי בְּנַהֲרָא! מְפָרְחָן וְסָלְקָן.
The Gemara asks: Why do I need Shmuel to strangle the birds? Let him simply throw them into the river as is. The Gemara responds: Shmuel was concerned lest they fly and leave the river and eventually end up in the possession of an unwitting Jew.
וּלְשַׁהִינְהוּ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֶשׁ? אָתֵי בְּהוּ לִידֵי תַקָּלָה. וְלִיזַבְּנִינְהוּ לְגוֹיִם? אָתוּ לְזַבּוֹנִינְהוּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל.
The Gemara objects: But let him delay killing them for twelve months. If they survive it will prove that they are not tereifot, and they will be permitted. The Gemara responds: Shmuel was concerned lest people encounter a stumbling block, as they might forget that these birds are prohibited and eat them before twelve months have passed. The Gemara asks: But let him sell them to gentiles so that they will not be a stumbling block. The Gemara responds: Shmuel was concerned that perhaps the gentiles will come to sell them back to Jews.
וְלִיחְנְקִינְהוּ וְלִישְׁדִּינְהוּ לְאַשְׁפָּה? וְלִיטַעְמָיךְ, נִישְׁדִּינְהוּ לִכְלָבִים! אֶלָּא, לְפַרְסוֹמֵי מִלְּתָא דְּאִיסּוּרָא.
The Gemara objects: But let him strangle them and throw them into the garbage. Why did Shmuel throw them into the river? The Gemara responds: And according to your reasoning, we should throw them to the dogs, as at least then they will come to some use. Rather, Shmuel threw them into the river, a public place, in order to publicize the matter of the prohibition.
הָהוּא בַּר אֲוָוזָא דַּהֲוָה בֵּי רַב אָשֵׁי, עָל לְבֵינֵי קְנַיָּא, נְפַק אֲתָא כִּי מְמַסְמַס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא. אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: לָא אָמְרִינַן סְפֵק כַּלְבָּא סְפֵק שׁוּנָרָא – אֵימַר כַּלְבָּא? הָכָא נָמֵי, סְפֵק קַנְיָא סְפֵק שׁוּנָרָא – אֵימַר קַנְיָא מַחְיֵיהּ.
The Gemara relates that there was a certain duck that was in the house of Rav Ashi. The duck entered between the reeds, and it came out with its throat stained with blood. Rav Ashi said: Do we not say: If it is uncertain whether the predator was a dog and uncertain whether it was a cat, I will say that it was a dog, which cannot claw an animal effectively? Here, too, since it is uncertain whether the duck was injured by a reed and uncertain whether it was injured by a cat, I will say that a reed struck it, and the duck is not a tereifa.
אָמְרִי בְּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא: דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ – צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים.
§ The sons of Rabbi Ḥiyya, Yehuda and Ḥizkiyya, said: A clawed animal, about which the Sages said one must be concerned, requires inspection of the flesh adjacent to the intestines. If the flesh surrounding the intestines reddened, the animal is a tereifa, because the venom will eventually penetrate the body cavity and perforate the intestines themselves.
אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: הָא דִּבְנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא – כְּבָר פָּירְשַׁהּ שְׁמוּאֵל, דְּאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן אַנְטִיגְנוֹס: דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ – צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים.
Rav Yosef said: This statement of the sons of Rabbi Ḥiyya was already explained by Shmuel, as Shmuel says in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Antigonus: A clawed animal, about which they said one must be concerned, requires inspection adjacent to the intestines.
בָּעֵי אִילְפָא: יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְסִימָנִים אוֹ אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְסִימָנִים? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: הָא דְּבָעֵי אִילְפָא – כְּבָר פֵּירְשַׁהּ רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא, דְּאָמַר רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא אָמַר רַב: דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד בֵּית הֶחָלָל כּוּלּוֹ, וַאֲפִילּוּ בְּסִימָנִין.
Ilfa raises a dilemma: Is there clawing with regard to the simanim, or is there no clawing with regard to the simanim? Does the venom penetrate the simanim as it does the intestines? Rabbi Zeira said: This dilemma that Ilfa raises was already explained by Rav Ḥanan bar Rava, as Rav Ḥanan bar Rava says that Rav says: A clawed animal, about which they said one must be concerned, requires inspection of the flesh adjacent to the entire body cavity, and even in the area of the simanim.
בָּעֵי אִילְפָא: סִימָנִין שֶׁנִּדַּלְדְּלוּ, בְּכַמָּה? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: הָא דְּבָעֵי אִילְפָא – כְּבָר פֵּירְשַׁהּ רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה, דְּאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: סִימָנִים שֶׁנִּדַּלְדְּלוּ בְּרוּבָּן.
Ilfa raises another dilemma: With regard to simanim that were detached, how much detachment renders the animal a tereifa? Rabbi Zeira said: This dilemma that Ilfa raises was already explained by Rabba bar bar Ḥana, as Rabba bar bar Ḥana says that Shmuel says: With regard to simanim that were detached, if they were detached in their majority the animal is a tereifa.
בָּעֵי רַב אַמֵּי: הֲמַסְמָסָה מַהוּ? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: הָא דְּבָעֵי רַב אַמֵּי – כְּבָר פֵּירְשַׁהּ רַב יְהוּדָה, דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: בִּדְרוּסָה, עַד שֶׁיַּאֲדִים בָּשָׂר כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים; נִתְמַסְמֵס הַבָּשָׂר – רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִילּוּ אֵינוֹ.
Rav Ami raises a dilemma: What is the halakha with regard to an animal that was clawed in an area not surrounding the body cavity, such as the legs, and rot was found in the flesh of that area? Rabbi Zeira said: This dilemma that Rav Ami raises was already explained by Rav Yehuda, as Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: With regard to a clawed animal, the injury does not render it a tereifa unless the flesh adjacent to the intestine reddens; but if the flesh rotted, one views the rotten area as if it does not exist. If the animal would be a tereifa when missing this flesh, it is also a tereifa if the flesh rotted.
הֵיכִי דָּמֵי נִתְמַסְמֵס? אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: כֹּל שֶׁהָרוֹפֵא גּוֹרְדוֹ וּמַעֲמִידוֹ עַל בָּשָׂר חַי. אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: כִּי הֲוֵינַן בֵּי רַב כָּהֲנָא, אַיְיתוֹ קַמַּן הָהִיא רֵיאָה, דְּכִי הֲווֹ מוֹתְבִי לַהּ – יָתְבָה שַׁפִּיר, וְכִי הֲווֹ מַדְלוּ לַהּ – הֲוָה תָּלְחָה וְנָפְלָה תִּילְחֵי תִּילְחֵי, וְטָרֵיפְנָא לַהּ מִדְּרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ.
The Gemara asks: What is considered rotten flesh? Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: It is any flesh in such a state that the doctor scrapes it off and leaves the animal with its raw flesh exposed so that it will heal. Rav Ashi said: When we were in the study hall of Rav Kahana they brought before us a certain lung that, when they would set it down, would sit well, but when they would pick it up it would disintegrate and fall into pieces. And we deemed it a tereifa based on the statement of Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, that one views rotten flesh as if it does not exist. Since the animal would be a tereifa if missing the lung (see 42a), it is also a tereifa if the lung is rotten.
רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: בְּקוֹץ – עַד שֶׁתִּינָּקֵב לֶחָלָל, בִּדְרוּסָה – מִשֶּׁיַּאֲדִים בָּשָׂר כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים. רַב זְבִיד מַתְנֵי הָכִי: בִּדְרוּסָה – מִשֶּׁיַּאֲדִים בָּשָׂר כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים, בְּסִימָנִים – עַד שֶׁיַּאֲדִימוּ סִימָנִים עַצְמָם.
Rav Naḥman said: If an animal was pierced by a thorn, it is not a tereifa until it is perforated to the cavity of the body. But in the case of a clawed animal, once the flesh adjacent to the intestines reddens, it is a tereifa. Rav Zevid would teach the halakha in this manner: In the case of a clawed animal, once the flesh adjacent to the intestines reddens it is a tereifa; but if it was clawed in the simanim, it is not a tereifa unless the simanim themselves redden. If only the flesh around them reddens, the animal is kosher, since the venom may not penetrate to the simanim themselves.
אָמַר רַב פַּפִּי, בָּעֵי רַב בִּיבִי בַּר אַבָּיֵי:
Rav Pappi said: Rav Beivai bar Abaye raises a dilemma:
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When the new cycle began, I thought, If not now, when? I’d just turned 72. I feel like a tourist on a tour bus passing astonishing scenery each day. Rabbanit Michelle is my beloved tour guide. When the cycle ends, I’ll be 80. I pray that I’ll have strength and mind to continue the journey to glimpse a little more. My grandchildren think having a daf-learning savta is cool!
Jerusalem, Israel
I was exposed to Talmud in high school, but I was truly inspired after my daughter and I decided to attend the Women’s Siyum Shas in 2020. We knew that this was a historic moment. We were blown away, overcome with emotion at the euphoria of the revolution. Right then, I knew I would continue. My commitment deepened with the every-morning Virtual Beit Midrash on Zoom with R. Michelle.
Zichron Yaakov, Israel
Richmond, CA, United States
Chullin 53
יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְחָתוּל אוֹ אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְחָתוּל? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַף לְחוּלְדָּה יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה. יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְחוּלְדָּה אוֹ אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְחוּלְדָּה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַף לְחָתוּל אֵין דְּרוּסָה.
Does a cat render an animal a tereifa through clawing, or does a cat not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav said to him: Even a weasel, which is smaller than a cat, does render an animal a tereifa through clawing. Rav Kahana also asked him: Does a weasel render an animal a tereifa through clawing, or does a weasel not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav said to him: Even a cat does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing.
לְחָתוּל וּלְחוּלְדָּה, יֵשׁ לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה אוֹ אֵין לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לְחָתוּל יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה, לְחוּלְדָּה אֵין דְּרוּסָה.
Rav Kahana also asked him: With regard to a cat and a weasel, do they render an animal a tereifa through clawing, or do they not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav said to him: A cat does render an animal a tereifa through clawing, but a weasel does not render it a tereifa through clawing.
וְלָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״אַף לְחוּלְדָּה יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה״ – בְּעוֹפוֹת, הָא דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״אַף לְחָתוּל אֵין דְּרוּסָה״ – בְּאִימְּרֵי רַבְרְבֵי, הָא דַּאֲמַר לֵיהּ ״לְחָתוּל יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה, לְחוּלְדָּה אֵין דְּרוּסָה״ – בִּגְדָיִים וּטְלָאִים.
The Gemara clarifies: And the apparent contradiction between these responses is not difficult. That which Rav said to him: Even a weasel does render an animal a tereifa through clawing, was stated about a case of clawed birds. That which he said to him: Even a cat does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing, was stated about a case of adult sheep. That which Rav said to him: A cat does render an animal a tereifa through clawing, but a weasel does not render it a tereifa through clawing, was stated about a case of kids and lambs.
בָּעֵי רַב אָשֵׁי: שְׁאָר עוֹפוֹת טְמֵאִין, יֵשׁ לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה אוֹ אֵין לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב הִלֵּל לְרַב אָשֵׁי: כִּי הֲוֵינַן בֵּי רַב כָּהֲנָא, אֲמַר: שְׁאָר עוֹפוֹת טְמֵאִין יֵשׁ לָהֶן דְּרוּסָה.
§ The mishna states that a small bird clawed by a hawk is a tereifa. Rav Ashi raises a dilemma: With regard to other non-kosher birds beside a hawk, do they render a bird a tereifa through clawing, or do they not render it a tereifa through clawing? Rav Hillel said to Rav Ashi: When we were in the study hall of Rav Kahana, he said: Other non-kosher birds do render a bird a tereifa through clawing.
וְהָאֲנַן תְּנַן: ״וּדְרוּסַת הַנֵּץ בְּעוֹף הַדַּק״! דְּרוּסַת הָנֵץ בְּדִכְוָותֵיהּ, וְאִינָךְ בִּדְזוּטְרָא מִינַּיְיהוּ. וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: דְּרוּסַת הַנֵּץ בִּדְרַבִּי מִינֵּיהּ, וְאִינָךְ בְּדִכְוָותַיְיהוּ.
The Gemara asks: But didn’t we learn in the mishna: Or if it was clawed by a hawk in the case of a small bird, it is a tereifa? Apparently, only a hawk renders a small bird a tereifa through clawing. The Gemara responds: The mishna means that a small bird clawed by a hawk is rendered a tereifa even in a case where it is as large as the hawk. But these other non-kosher birds can render a small bird a tereifa only in a case where it is smaller than them. And there are those who say: A small bird clawed by a hawk is rendered a tereifa even in a case where it is larger than the hawk. But these other non-kosher birds can render a small bird a tereifa only in a case where it is, at most, as large as them.
אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב שִׁימִי בַּר אָשֵׁי: אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְשׁוּעָל. אִינִי? וְהָא כִּי אֲתָא רַב דִּימִי אָמַר: מַעֲשֵׂה וְדָרַס שׁוּעָל רָחֵל בַּמֶּרְחָץ שֶׁל בֵּית הִינֵי, וּבָא מַעֲשֶׂה לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים, וְאָמְרוּ: יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה! אָמַר רַב סָפְרָא: הָהִיא חָתוּל הֲוָה.
§ Rav Kahana said in the name of Rav Shimi bar Ashi: A fox does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing. The Gemara asks: Is that so? But when Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia he said: There was an incident in which a fox clawed a ewe in the bathhouse of Beit Hini, and the incident came before the Sages, and they said: This is a case of clawing. Rav Safra said in response: In that case the predator was a cat, not a fox.
אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי, אָמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב שִׁימִי בַּר אָשֵׁי: יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְשׁוּעָל. אִינִי? וְהָא כִּי אֲתָא רַב דִּימִי אָמַר: מַעֲשֶׂה וְדָרַס שׁוּעָל רָחֵל בַּמֶּרְחָץ שֶׁל בֵּית הִינֵי, וּבָא מַעֲשֶׂה לִפְנֵי חֲכָמִים, וְאָמְרוּ: אֵין דְּרוּסָה! אָמַר רַב סָפְרָא: הָהוּא כֶּלֶב הֲוָה. אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: נָקְטִינַן אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְכֶלֶב.
There are those who say the above exchange differently: Rav Kahana said in the name of Rav Shimi bar Ashi: A fox does render an animal a tereifa through clawing. The Gemara asks: Is that so? But when Rav Dimi came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia he said: There was an incident in which a fox clawed a ewe in the bathhouse of Beit Hini, and the incident came before the Sages, and they said: This is not a case of clawing. Rav Safra said in response: In that case the predator was a dog, not a fox. And Rav Yosef said: We have a tradition that a dog does not render an animal a tereifa through clawing.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: נָקְטִינַן, אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא בַּיָּד, לְאַפּוֹקֵי רֶגֶל דְּלָא. אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא בְּצִפּוֹרֶן, לְאַפּוֹקֵי שֵׁן דְּלָא. אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא מִדַּעַת, לְאַפּוֹקֵי שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעַת דְּלָא. אֵין דְּרוּסָה אֶלָּא מֵחַיִּים, לְאַפּוֹקֵי לְאַחַר מִיתָה דְּלָא.
§ With regard to the definition of clawing that renders an animal a tereifa, Abaye said: We have a tradition: Clawing is only with the foreleg, to the exclusion of clawing with the hind leg, which does not render the animal a tereifa. Additionally, clawing is only with the claw, to the exclusion of savaging with the tooth, which does not render the animal a tereifa, because the teeth contain no venom. And clawing is only through an intentional act, to the exclusion of an unintentional act, which does not render the animal a tereifa, e.g., if the predator accidentally fell on the prey with its claws outstretched. And clawing is only while the predator is alive, to the exclusion of a case where it clawed an animal after death, which does not render the animal a tereifa.
אָמְרִי: הַשְׁתָּא שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעַת אָמְרַתְּ לָא, לְאַחַר מִיתָה מִיבַּעְיָא? לָא צְרִיכָא, דְּדָרֵיס וּפַסְקוּהָ לִידֵיהּ. מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: בַּהֲדֵי דְּדָרֵיס שָׁדֵי זִיהֲרֵיהּ, קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן: בַּהֲדֵי דְּשָׁלֵיף שָׁדֵי זִיהֲרֵיהּ.
The Sages say: Now that you said that an unintentional act of clawing does not render an animal a tereifa, is it necessary to say that clawing after death is ineffective? The Gemara responds: No, it is necessary to teach this halakha for a case where the predator clawed while still alive, and they cut off its hand with its claws still inside the prey’s flesh. Lest you say: It injects its venom while it claws, Abaye teaches us that it injects its venom while it withdraws its claws. Accordingly, where the venom has yet to be injected before its death, i.e., before its hand is severed, the animal is kosher.
אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב: אֲרִי שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְבֵין הַשְּׁוָורִים, וְנִמְצָא צִפּוֹרֶן בְּגַבּוֹ שֶׁל אֶחָד מֵהֶן – אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא אֲרִי דְּרָסוֹ. מַאי טַעְמָא? רוֹב אֲרָיוֹת דּוֹרְסִין וּמִיעוּטָן אֵין דּוֹרְסִין, וְכׇל הַדּוֹרֵס – אֵין צִפׇּרְנוֹ נִשְׁמֶטֶת, וְזֹאת, הוֹאִיל וְצִפּוֹרֶן יוֹשֶׁבֶת לוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ – אֵימַר בַּכּוֹתֶל נִתְחַכֵּךְ.
§ Rabba bar Rav Huna says that Rav says: If a lion entered among the oxen, and afterward a claw was found stuck in the back of one of the oxen, one need not be concerned that perhaps the lion clawed it. What is the reason for this? Even though a majority of lions claw their prey and only a minority of them do not claw, still, it is known with regard to any lion that claws that its claw is not ripped out in the process. And therefore, with regard to this ox, since a claw sits in its back, say that it rubbed against a wall that had a claw embedded in it.
אַדְּרַבָּה, רוֹב שְׁוָורִים מִתְחַכְּכִין, וּמִיעוּטָן אֵין מִתְחַכְּכִין, וְכׇל הַמִּתְחַכֵּךְ – אֵין צִפּוֹרֶן יוֹשֶׁבֶת לוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ, וְזֶה, הוֹאִיל וְצִפּוֹרֶן יוֹשֶׁבֶת לוֹ בְּגַבּוֹ, אֵימַר אֲרִי דְּרָסוֹ!
The Gemara objects: On the contrary, say that even though a majority of oxen rub against the wall and only a minority do not rub, still, it is known with regard to any ox that rubs that a claw does not sit in its back. And therefore, with regard to this ox, since a claw sits in its back, say that the lion clawed it.
אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר הָכִי, וְאִיכָּא לְמֵימַר הָכִי – אוֹקֵי (מִילְּתָא) [תּוֹרָא] אַחֶזְקֵיהּ, הָוֵה לֵיהּ סְפֵק דְּרוּסָה; וְרַב לְטַעְמֵיהּ, דְּאָמַר: אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה.
The Gemara responds: One can say this, and one can say that. Therefore, establish the matter according to its presumptive status, in which case the ox is not a tereifa. Accordingly, the ox is permitted because this case is one of uncertainty as to whether the animal was clawed, and Rav conforms to his standard line of reasoning, as he says: One need not be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: לָא אֲמַרַן אֶלָּא צִפּוֹרֶן, אֲבָל מְקוֹם צִפּוֹרֶן – חוֹשְׁשִׁין, וְצִפּוֹרֶן נָמֵי לָא אֲמַרַן אֶלָּא לַחָה, אֲבָל יְבֵשָׁה – עָבְדָה דְּמִשְׁתַּמְטָא.
Abaye said: We said that one need not be concerned that the lion clawed the ox only when the claw was found in its back, since it is known that a claw is not ripped out during clawing. But if only the spot of a claw was found, i.e., a perforation, one must be concerned. And even if the claw was found in its back, we said that one need not be concerned only when it was moist, since this indicates it was well connected to the flesh. Accordingly, if the lion had clawed the ox, this claw would not have been ripped out. But if the claw was dry, one must be concerned, because it happens that such a claw is ripped out during clawing.
וְלַחָה נָמֵי לָא אֲמַרַן, אֶלָּא חֲדָא, אֲבָל תַּרְתֵּי וּתְלָת – חָיְישִׁינַן, וְהוּא דְּקָיְימָא בְּדָרָא דְּסִיחוּפֵיהּ.
And with regard to a moist claw as well, we said that one need not be concerned only when one claw was found in its back. But if there were two or three claws embedded in its back, we must be concerned, because multiple claws were not likely to be embedded in the wall. And this is the halakha only where they are situated in a row as they are in the paw of a lion.
אִיתְּמַר: רַב אָמַר: אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה, וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה.
§ It was stated: Rav says: One need not be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed. And Shmuel says: One must be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed, and the animal must be inspected.
דְּכוּלֵּי עָלְמָא, סָפֵק עָל, סָפֵק לָא עָל – אֵימָא לָא עָל. סְפֵק כַּלְבָּא, סְפֵק שׁוּנָרָא – אֵימָא כַּלְבָּא. עָל, שְׁתֵיק וְיָתֵיב בֵּינַיְיהוּ – אֵימַר שְׁלָמָא שַׁוִּי. קְטַע רֵישֵׁיהּ דְּחַד מִינַּיְיהוּ – נָח מֵרִיתְחֵיהּ. אִיהוּ קָא מְעַוֵּאי וְאִינְהוּ קָמְקַרְקְרָן – בַּעוֹתֵי קָא מְבַעֲתִי
The Gemara explains: Everyone agrees that in a case where it is uncertain whether a predator entered the pen or coop and uncertain whether it did not enter, I will say that it did not enter. Furthermore, if it is known that an animal entered but it is uncertain whether it was a dog and uncertain whether it was a cat, I will say that it was a dog, which cannot render an animal a tereifa through clawing. And even if a predator entered, but it was quiet and sat among the animals, I will say it made peace with them, as though it were tame, and did not claw them. And if it decapitated one of them, I will say that its anger subsided afterward, and it did not claw other animals. And if it was roaring and they were clucking, I will say that they are only frightening
אַהֲדָדֵי. כִּי פְּלִיגִי דְּאִיהוּ קָא שָׁתֵיק וְאִינְהוּ קָמְקַרְקְרָן: מָר סָבַר מַעֲשֶׂה קָא עָבֵיד בְּהוּ, וּמָר סָבַר מֵחֲמַת בִּעֲתוּתֵיהּ הוּא דְּקָא עָבְדָן.
each other, and one need not be concerned. They disagree when the lion is quiet and the birds are clucking. One Sage, Shmuel, holds: They are clucking because it is acting upon them, i.e., clawing them, and one Sage, Rav, holds that they are doing this out of fear of the predator, but it is not necessarily clawing them.
אָמַר אַמֵּימָר: הִלְכְתָא חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב אָשֵׁי לְאַמֵּימָר: הַאי דְּרַב מַאי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא שְׁמִיעַ לִי, כְּלוֹמַר, לָא סְבִירָא לִי.
Ameimar said: The halakha is that one must be concerned in a case of uncertainty as to whether an animal was clawed. Rav Ashi said to Ameimar: What about this statement of Rav that one need not be concerned? Ameimar said to him: I did not hear that statement; that is to say, I do not hold in accordance with it.
וְאִי בָּעֵית אֵימָא: הֲדַר בֵּיהּ רַב לְגַבֵּי דִּשְׁמוּאֵל, דְּהָהוּא שַׁרְקָפָא דִּסְפֵק דְּרוּסוֹת, דַּאֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב, שַׁדְּרִינְהוּ לְקַמֵּיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַנְקִינְהוּ וּשְׁדָנְהוּ בְּנַהֲרָא. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ לָא הֲדַר בֵּיהּ – לִישְׁרִינְהוּ?
Or if you wish, say instead that Rav retracted his statement and conceded to Shmuel that one must be concerned in a case of uncertainty. As there was a certain basket of birds concerning which there was uncertainty as to whether they had been clawed by a hawk that entered among them, which came before Rav. Rav sent them before Shmuel to issue a ruling, and Shmuel strangled them and threw them in the river. And if it enters your mind that Rav did not retract his statement, then let him permit them for consumption. Why did he send them to Shmuel?
אֶלָּא מַאי הֲדַר בֵּיהּ? לֵיסְרִינְהוּ! אֶלָּא, אַתְרֵיהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל הֲוָה.
The Gemara rejects this: Rather, what will you say, that Rav really did retract? If so, let him prohibit them for consumption without sending them to Shmuel. Rather, he sent the birds to Shmuel because it was Shmuel’s place, and although Rav disagreed with Shmuel, it would be improper to issue a contradictory ruling.
לְמָה לִּי לְמִיחְנְקִינְהוּ? לִישְׁדִּינְהוּ הָכִי בְּנַהֲרָא! מְפָרְחָן וְסָלְקָן.
The Gemara asks: Why do I need Shmuel to strangle the birds? Let him simply throw them into the river as is. The Gemara responds: Shmuel was concerned lest they fly and leave the river and eventually end up in the possession of an unwitting Jew.
וּלְשַׁהִינְהוּ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חוֹדֶשׁ? אָתֵי בְּהוּ לִידֵי תַקָּלָה. וְלִיזַבְּנִינְהוּ לְגוֹיִם? אָתוּ לְזַבּוֹנִינְהוּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל.
The Gemara objects: But let him delay killing them for twelve months. If they survive it will prove that they are not tereifot, and they will be permitted. The Gemara responds: Shmuel was concerned lest people encounter a stumbling block, as they might forget that these birds are prohibited and eat them before twelve months have passed. The Gemara asks: But let him sell them to gentiles so that they will not be a stumbling block. The Gemara responds: Shmuel was concerned that perhaps the gentiles will come to sell them back to Jews.
וְלִיחְנְקִינְהוּ וְלִישְׁדִּינְהוּ לְאַשְׁפָּה? וְלִיטַעְמָיךְ, נִישְׁדִּינְהוּ לִכְלָבִים! אֶלָּא, לְפַרְסוֹמֵי מִלְּתָא דְּאִיסּוּרָא.
The Gemara objects: But let him strangle them and throw them into the garbage. Why did Shmuel throw them into the river? The Gemara responds: And according to your reasoning, we should throw them to the dogs, as at least then they will come to some use. Rather, Shmuel threw them into the river, a public place, in order to publicize the matter of the prohibition.
הָהוּא בַּר אֲוָוזָא דַּהֲוָה בֵּי רַב אָשֵׁי, עָל לְבֵינֵי קְנַיָּא, נְפַק אֲתָא כִּי מְמַסְמַס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא. אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: לָא אָמְרִינַן סְפֵק כַּלְבָּא סְפֵק שׁוּנָרָא – אֵימַר כַּלְבָּא? הָכָא נָמֵי, סְפֵק קַנְיָא סְפֵק שׁוּנָרָא – אֵימַר קַנְיָא מַחְיֵיהּ.
The Gemara relates that there was a certain duck that was in the house of Rav Ashi. The duck entered between the reeds, and it came out with its throat stained with blood. Rav Ashi said: Do we not say: If it is uncertain whether the predator was a dog and uncertain whether it was a cat, I will say that it was a dog, which cannot claw an animal effectively? Here, too, since it is uncertain whether the duck was injured by a reed and uncertain whether it was injured by a cat, I will say that a reed struck it, and the duck is not a tereifa.
אָמְרִי בְּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא: דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ – צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים.
§ The sons of Rabbi Ḥiyya, Yehuda and Ḥizkiyya, said: A clawed animal, about which the Sages said one must be concerned, requires inspection of the flesh adjacent to the intestines. If the flesh surrounding the intestines reddened, the animal is a tereifa, because the venom will eventually penetrate the body cavity and perforate the intestines themselves.
אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: הָא דִּבְנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא – כְּבָר פָּירְשַׁהּ שְׁמוּאֵל, דְּאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן אַנְטִיגְנוֹס: דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ – צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים.
Rav Yosef said: This statement of the sons of Rabbi Ḥiyya was already explained by Shmuel, as Shmuel says in the name of Rabbi Ḥanina ben Antigonus: A clawed animal, about which they said one must be concerned, requires inspection adjacent to the intestines.
בָּעֵי אִילְפָא: יֵשׁ דְּרוּסָה לְסִימָנִים אוֹ אֵין דְּרוּסָה לְסִימָנִים? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: הָא דְּבָעֵי אִילְפָא – כְּבָר פֵּירְשַׁהּ רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא, דְּאָמַר רַב חָנָן בַּר רָבָא אָמַר רַב: דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד בֵּית הֶחָלָל כּוּלּוֹ, וַאֲפִילּוּ בְּסִימָנִין.
Ilfa raises a dilemma: Is there clawing with regard to the simanim, or is there no clawing with regard to the simanim? Does the venom penetrate the simanim as it does the intestines? Rabbi Zeira said: This dilemma that Ilfa raises was already explained by Rav Ḥanan bar Rava, as Rav Ḥanan bar Rava says that Rav says: A clawed animal, about which they said one must be concerned, requires inspection of the flesh adjacent to the entire body cavity, and even in the area of the simanim.
בָּעֵי אִילְפָא: סִימָנִין שֶׁנִּדַּלְדְּלוּ, בְּכַמָּה? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: הָא דְּבָעֵי אִילְפָא – כְּבָר פֵּירְשַׁהּ רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה, דְּאָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: סִימָנִים שֶׁנִּדַּלְדְּלוּ בְּרוּבָּן.
Ilfa raises another dilemma: With regard to simanim that were detached, how much detachment renders the animal a tereifa? Rabbi Zeira said: This dilemma that Ilfa raises was already explained by Rabba bar bar Ḥana, as Rabba bar bar Ḥana says that Shmuel says: With regard to simanim that were detached, if they were detached in their majority the animal is a tereifa.
בָּעֵי רַב אַמֵּי: הֲמַסְמָסָה מַהוּ? אָמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא: הָא דְּבָעֵי רַב אַמֵּי – כְּבָר פֵּירְשַׁהּ רַב יְהוּדָה, דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: בִּדְרוּסָה, עַד שֶׁיַּאֲדִים בָּשָׂר כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים; נִתְמַסְמֵס הַבָּשָׂר – רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִילּוּ אֵינוֹ.
Rav Ami raises a dilemma: What is the halakha with regard to an animal that was clawed in an area not surrounding the body cavity, such as the legs, and rot was found in the flesh of that area? Rabbi Zeira said: This dilemma that Rav Ami raises was already explained by Rav Yehuda, as Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: With regard to a clawed animal, the injury does not render it a tereifa unless the flesh adjacent to the intestine reddens; but if the flesh rotted, one views the rotten area as if it does not exist. If the animal would be a tereifa when missing this flesh, it is also a tereifa if the flesh rotted.
הֵיכִי דָּמֵי נִתְמַסְמֵס? אָמַר רַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ: כֹּל שֶׁהָרוֹפֵא גּוֹרְדוֹ וּמַעֲמִידוֹ עַל בָּשָׂר חַי. אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: כִּי הֲוֵינַן בֵּי רַב כָּהֲנָא, אַיְיתוֹ קַמַּן הָהִיא רֵיאָה, דְּכִי הֲווֹ מוֹתְבִי לַהּ – יָתְבָה שַׁפִּיר, וְכִי הֲווֹ מַדְלוּ לַהּ – הֲוָה תָּלְחָה וְנָפְלָה תִּילְחֵי תִּילְחֵי, וְטָרֵיפְנָא לַהּ מִדְּרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ.
The Gemara asks: What is considered rotten flesh? Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, said: It is any flesh in such a state that the doctor scrapes it off and leaves the animal with its raw flesh exposed so that it will heal. Rav Ashi said: When we were in the study hall of Rav Kahana they brought before us a certain lung that, when they would set it down, would sit well, but when they would pick it up it would disintegrate and fall into pieces. And we deemed it a tereifa based on the statement of Rav Huna, son of Rav Yehoshua, that one views rotten flesh as if it does not exist. Since the animal would be a tereifa if missing the lung (see 42a), it is also a tereifa if the lung is rotten.
רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: בְּקוֹץ – עַד שֶׁתִּינָּקֵב לֶחָלָל, בִּדְרוּסָה – מִשֶּׁיַּאֲדִים בָּשָׂר כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים. רַב זְבִיד מַתְנֵי הָכִי: בִּדְרוּסָה – מִשֶּׁיַּאֲדִים בָּשָׂר כְּנֶגֶד בְּנֵי מֵעַיִים, בְּסִימָנִים – עַד שֶׁיַּאֲדִימוּ סִימָנִים עַצְמָם.
Rav Naḥman said: If an animal was pierced by a thorn, it is not a tereifa until it is perforated to the cavity of the body. But in the case of a clawed animal, once the flesh adjacent to the intestines reddens, it is a tereifa. Rav Zevid would teach the halakha in this manner: In the case of a clawed animal, once the flesh adjacent to the intestines reddens it is a tereifa; but if it was clawed in the simanim, it is not a tereifa unless the simanim themselves redden. If only the flesh around them reddens, the animal is kosher, since the venom may not penetrate to the simanim themselves.
אָמַר רַב פַּפִּי, בָּעֵי רַב בִּיבִי בַּר אַבָּיֵי:
Rav Pappi said: Rav Beivai bar Abaye raises a dilemma:
