What is the difference between a marcheshet and machavat meal offering? Details regarding the meal offering of the Omer are discussed. Is there a difference between the way it is done on Shabbat (in the event that the day after Pesach falls out on Shabbat) and the way it is done on a regular day?
This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
This week’s learning is dedicated of the safety of our nation, the soldiers and citizens of Israel, and for the liberation of the Iranian people. May we soon see the realization of “ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה וששון ויקר”.
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This week’s learning is sponsored for the merit and safety of Haymanut (Emuna) Kasau, who was 9 years old when she disappeared from her home in Tzfat two years ago, on the 16th of Adar, 5784 (February 25, 2024), and whose whereabouts remain unknown.
This week’s learning is dedicated of the safety of our nation, the soldiers and citizens of Israel, and for the liberation of the Iranian people. May we soon see the realization of “ליהודים היתה אורה ושמחה וששון ויקר”.
Menachot 63
מַתְנִי׳ הָאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי בְּמַחֲבַת״ – לֹא יָבִיא בְּמַרְחֶשֶׁת, ״בְּמַרְחֶשֶׁת״ – לֹא יָבִיא בְּמַחֲבַת. מָה בֵּין מַחֲבַת לְמַרְחֶשֶׁת? מַרְחֶשֶׁת יֵשׁ לָהּ כִּיסּוּי, מַחֲבַת אֵין לָהּ כִּיסּוּי, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: מַרְחֶשֶׁת עֲמוּקָּה וּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ רוֹחֲשִׁין (רַכִּין), מַחֲבַת צָפָה וּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ קָשִׁין.
MISHNA: One who takes a vow to bring a meal offering to the Temple and says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering prepared in a maḥavat, may not bring one prepared in a marḥeshet. Similarly, if he says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering prepared in a marḥeshet, he may not bring one prepared in a maḥavat. The mishna clarifies: What is the difference between a maḥavat and a marḥeshet? A marḥeshet has a cover, whereas a maḥavat does not have a cover; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili. Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel says: A marḥeshet is deep, and due to the large amount of oil, its product is soft because it moves about [roḥashin] in the oil. A maḥavat is flat, as the sides of the pan are level with the pan, and due to the small amount of oil, its product is hard.
גְּמָ׳ מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי? אִילֵּימָא מַרְחֶשֶׁת, דְּאָתְיָא אַרִחוּשֵׁי הַלֵּב, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״רָחַשׁ לִבִּי דָּבָר טוֹב״, וּמַחֲבַת, דְּאָתְיָא אַמַּחְבּוֹאֵי הַפֶּה, כִּדְאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: ״מְנַבַּח נַבּוֹחֵי״.
GEMARA: The Gemara inquires: As the Torah does not describe the different vessels, what is the reason for the interpretation of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, explaining that a marḥeshet has a cover and a maḥavat does not have a cover? If we say that the term marḥeshet indicates that the offering comes to atone for the sinful musings [raḥashei] of the heart, as it is written: “My heart muses [raḥash] on a goodly matter” (Psalms 45:2), and therefore this meal offering must be prepared in a covered vessel just as the thoughts of the heart are hidden, this interpretation is insufficient. And if we say that the term maḥavat indicates that the offering comes to atone for transgressions committed with the corners of [ammaḥavo’ei] the mouth, as people say with regard to someone who speaks loudly: He is barking [minbaḥ nevuḥei], and therefore this meal offering must be prepared in an open vessel, this interpretation is also insufficient.
אֵימָא אִיפְּכָא: מַחֲבַת, דְּאָתְיָא אַמַּחְבּוֹאֵי הַלֵּב, דִּכְתִיב ״לָמָּה נַחְבֵּאתָ לִבְרֹחַ״; מַרְחֶשֶׁת, דְּאָתְיָא אַרִחוּשֵׁי [הַפֶּה], כִּדְאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: ״הֲוָה מְרַחֲשָׁן שִׂיפְוָותֵיהּ״. אֶלָּא גְּמָרָא גְּמִירִי לַהּ.
The reason these interpretations are insufficient is that one can also say the opposite, and suggest that the name maḥavat indicates that the offering must be prepared in a closed vessel, as it comes to atone for the secret musings of the heart, as it is written that Laban said to Jacob: “Why did you flee secretly [naḥbeita]” (Genesis 31:27). Likewise, with regard to marḥeshet, one can say that it must be prepared in an open vessel, as it comes to atone for whispers [reḥushei] of the mouth which are heard and revealed, as people say: His lips were whispering [meraḥashan]. Therefore, Rabbi Yosei HaGelili cannot derive the meanings of the terms marḥeshet and maḥavat from the verses; rather, his interpretation is learned as a tradition.
רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר כּוּ׳. מַרְחֶשֶׁת עֲמוּקָּה – דִּכְתִיב ״וְכׇל נַעֲשָׂה בַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת״, מַחֲבַת צָפָה – דִּכְתִיב ״וְעַל מַחֲבַת״.
§ The mishna teaches: Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel says that a marḥeshet is deep, whereas a maḥavat is flat. The Gemara explains the reason for this opinion: A marḥeshet is deep, as it is written with regard to this meal offering: “And all that is made in the marḥeshet” (Leviticus 7:9). The use of the term “in” indicates that this meal offering is prepared inside a vessel, i.e., a deep container. Conversely, a maḥavat is flat, with the sides of the pan level with the pan, as it is written with regard to this meal offering: “And on the maḥavat” (Leviticus 7:9). The use of the term “on” indicates that it is prepared on the vessel, not inside it. Therefore, a flat vessel is required.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: הָאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי מַרְחֶשֶׁת״ יְהֵא מוּנָּח עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ.
§ The mishna teaches that if one vows: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering prepared in a marḥeshet, he is obligated to bring a meal offering of that type. With regard to this, the Sages taught that Beit Shammai say: With regard to one who says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a marḥeshet, without using the term: Meal offering, or the preposition: In, in such a case the money for the meal offering should be placed in a safe place until the prophet Elijah comes heralding the Messiah, and clarifies what should be done.
מְסַפְּקָא לְהוּ, אִי עַל שׁוּם כְּלִי נִקְרְאוּ, אוֹ עַל שׁוּם מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן.
The Gemara elaborates: Beit Shammai are uncertain with regard to the source of the terms marḥeshet and maḥavat, whether the offerings are called these names due to the specific vessel in which each meal offering is prepared, or whether they are called these names due to the manner of their preparation. The significance of this distinction is that if the term marḥeshet is referring to a specific type of vessel, then if one takes a vow: It is incumbent upon me to bring a marḥeshet, he must bring an actual vessel of that type, whereas if the term is referring to the manner of preparation of the meal offering then he is obligated to bring that type of meal offering. Since Beit Shammai are uncertain which is the correct interpretation, they rule that he must wait until the prophet Elijah comes.
וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: כְּלִי הָיָה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וּ״מַרְחֶשֶׁת״ שְׁמוֹ, וְדוֹמֶה כְּמִין כַּלְבּוֹס עָמוֹק, וּכְשֶׁבָּצֵק מוּנָּח בְּתוֹכוֹ – דּוֹמֶה כְּמִין תַּפּוּחֵי הַבָּרָתִים וּכְמִין בִּלְוָטֵי הַיְּוָונִים.
And Beit Hillel say that there is no uncertainty about this matter, as there was a particular vessel in the Temple, and its name was marḥeshet. And this vessel resembled a type of deep kelabus, which is a vessel with indentations, and when dough is placed inside it, it gets pressed against the indentations and takes their shape. The dough resembles a type of apple of berotim trees, or a type of acorn [balutei] of the Greek oak trees. Therefore, one who takes a vow: It is incumbent upon me to bring a marḥeshet, must bring this type of vessel to the Temple as a donation.
וְאוֹמֵר: ״וְכׇל נַעֲשָׂה בַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת וְעַל מַחֲבַת״, אַלְמָא עַל שׁוּם הַכֵּלִים נִקְרְאוּ, וְלֹא עַל שׁוּם מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם.
And the verse states two different prepositions with regard to these vessels: “And all that is made in the marḥeshet and on the maḥavat” (Leviticus 7:9). It does not state simply: And all that is made in the marḥeshet and the maḥavat. Since it seems from the verse that when using the marḥeshet the meal offering is prepared inside the vessel and when using the maḥavat it is prepared on the vessel, evidently they are called these names due to the vessel in which the meal offering is prepared, not due to the manner of their preparation.
מַתְנִי׳ הֲרֵי עָלַי בְּתַנּוּר – לֹא יָבִיא מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה רְעָפִים, וּמַאֲפֵה יוֹרוֹת הָעַרְבִיִּים. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: רָצָה – מֵבִיא מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח.
MISHNA: If one says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering baked in an oven, he may not bring a meal offering baked on a small oven [kupaḥ], nor a meal offering baked on roofing tiles, nor a meal offering baked in the baking pits of the Arabs. Rabbi Yehuda says: If he so wishes, he may bring a meal offering baked on a kupaḥ.
הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֶה – לֹא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין; רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא קׇרְבָּן אֶחָד.
If one says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, without specifying loaves or wafers, he may not bring half the required offering in the form of loaves and the other half in the form of wafers; rather, they must all be of one form or the other. Rabbi Shimon deems this permitted, due to the fact that both loaves and wafers are written with regard to this meal offering, which indicates that it is one offering of two possible forms.
גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״מַאֲפֵה תַנּוּר״, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה רְעָפִים, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה יוֹרוֹת הָעַרְבִיִּים.
GEMARA: The Sages taught in a baraita: When the verse states: “And when you bring a meal offering baked in an oven” (Leviticus 2:4), this emphasizes that it must be prepared in an oven, and not baked on a kupaḥ, nor baked on roofing tiles, nor baked in the baking pits of the Arabs, in accordance with the opinion of the first tanna in the mishna.
רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: ״תַּנּוּר״ ״תַּנּוּר״ שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים, לְהַכְשִׁיר מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: ״תַּנּוּר״ ״תַּנּוּר״ שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים, אֶחָד שֶׁתְּהֵא אֲפִיָּיתָן בְּתַנּוּר, וְאֶחָד שֶׁיְּהֵא הֶקְדֵּישָׁן בַּתַּנּוּר.
Rabbi Yehuda says: In this verse it states “oven,” and it also states “oven” in another verse: “And every meal offering that is baked in the oven” (Leviticus 7:9). Since it is written two times, and these terms are restrictions, one follows the hermeneutical principle that a restrictive expression following a restrictive expression serves only to amplify the halakha and include additional cases. Consequently, this derivation serves to render fit a meal offering baked on a kupaḥ, and it too is deemed an oven. Rabbi Shimon says: The terms “oven” and “oven,” which are written a total of two times, serve to teach two halakhot: One instance teaches that their baking should be in an oven, and the other one teaches that their consecration is in an oven, i.e., meal offerings are not consecrated in service vessels but rather in the oven.
וּמִי אִית לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הַאי סְבָרָא? וְהָתְנַן: רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם הֱוֵי רָגִיל לוֹמַר שְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם וְלֶחֶם הַפָּנִים כְּשֵׁרוֹת בָּעֲזָרָה, וּכְשֵׁרוֹת בְּבֵית פָּאגֵי.
The Gemara asks: And does Rabbi Shimon hold in accordance with this line of reasoning? But didn’t we learn in a mishna (95b) that Rabbi Shimon says: One should always be accustomed to say that the two loaves and the shewbread are valid if they are kneaded, shaped, or baked in the Temple courtyard, and that they are also valid if they are prepared in the place called Beit Pagei, which is outside the walls of the Temple Mount? As these offerings are not disqualified by being taken outside the Temple, evidently they are not consecrated in the oven.
אָמַר רָבָא: אֵימָא, שֶׁיְּהֵא הֶקְדֵּישָׁן לְשׁוּם תַּנּוּר.
Rava said in response: Rabbi Shimon maintains that the oven does not consecrate meal offerings, and as for his statement in the baraita concerning the two derivations, one should say that the other derivation from the term “oven” teaches that their consecration by the owner must be explicit, i.e., from the outset he must say that he is sanctifying his meal offering for the sake of a meal offering baked in an oven.
הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֵה, לֹא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה [וְכוּ׳]. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״וְכִי תַּקְרִיב״ – כְּשֶׁתַּקְרִיב, לַעֲשׂוֹת דְּבַר רְשׁוּת.
§ The mishna teaches that if one says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, he may not bring half the required offering in the form of loaves and half in the form of wafers, whereas Rabbi Shimon deems this permitted, as it is one offering. The Sages taught in a baraita: The verse states: “And when you bring a meal offering baked in an oven” (Leviticus 2:4). The phrase: “And when you bring,” indicates that this offering is not obligatory. Rather, when you wish you may bring, i.e., the verse teaches how to perform the meal offering baked in an oven as a voluntary matter.
״קׇרְבַּן מִנְחָה״ – אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה: מִנַּיִן לְאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֶה״, שֶׁלֹּא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״קׇרְבָּן מִנְחָה״ – קׇרְבָּן אֶחָד אָמַרְתִּי לָךְ, וְלֹא שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלֹשָׁה קׇרְבָּנוֹת.
With regard to the term: “A meal offering,” Rabbi Yehuda says: From where is it derived with regard to one who says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, that he must not bring half of the bread in the form of loaves and half in the form of wafers? The verse states: “A meal offering,” which indicates: I told you to bring one offering, i.e., all ten loaves from one type, and not two or three offerings of different types, as allowed by Rabbi Shimon.
אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן:
The baraita continues: Rabbi Shimon said to Rabbi Yehuda:
וְכִי נֶאֱמַר ״קׇרְבָּן״ ״קׇרְבָּן״ שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים? וַהֲלֹא לֹא נֶאֱמַר אֶלָּא קׇרְבָּן אֶחָד, וְנֶאֱמַר בּוֹ חַלּוֹת וּרְקִיקִין.
And is it stated with regard to a meal offering baked in an oven: “Offering,” and again: Offering, for a total of two times, once in connection to a meal offering of loaves and once in connection to a meal offering of wafers? If that were the case, it would indicate that these are two types of offerings. But doesn’t it actually say “offering” only one time: “And when you bring a meal offering baked in an oven, it shall be unleavened loaves of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers spread with oil” (Leviticus 2:4)? And it is stated with regard to this meal offering both loaves and wafers, which indicates that these are two varieties of the same offering.
מֵעַתָּה, רָצָה לְהָבִיא חַלּוֹת – מֵבִיא, רְקִיקִין – מֵבִיא, מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין – מֵבִיא, וּבוֹלְלָן וְקוֹמֵץ מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם, וְאִם קָמַץ וְעָלָה בְּיָדוֹ מֵאֶחָד עַל שְׁנֵיהֶם – יָצָא.
Rabbi Shimon continues: From now it may be inferred that if one wants to bring ten loaves he may bring ten loaves, and if he prefers to bring ten wafers, he may bring ten wafers, and if he decides that half of them should be loaves and half of them wafers, he may bring it in this manner. And if he brings part as loaves and part as wafers, how does he proceed? He mingles all of them and removes a handful from both of them. And if he removed a handful and it happened that only part of one type, either loaves or wafers, came up in his hand for both of them, he has fulfilled his obligation, as they are both part of a single offering.
רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן לְאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֶה״, שֶׁלֹּא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכׇל מִנְחָה אֲשֶׁר תֵּאָפֶה בַּתַּנּוּר״, ״וְכׇל נַעֲשָׂה בַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת וְעַל מַחֲבַת לַכֹּהֵן הַמַּקְרִיב אֹתָהּ לוֹ תִהְיֶה״, ״וְכׇל מִנְחָה בְלוּלָה בַשֶּׁמֶן וַחֲרֵבָה לְכׇל בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן תִּהְיֶה״.
Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda says: From where is it derived with regard to one who says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, that he may not bring half of the offering as loaves and half as wafers? He answers: The verse states: “And every meal offering that is baked in an oven, and every one that is made in the deep pan, and on the shallow pan, shall belong to the priest who sacrifices it. And every meal offering, mixed with oil, or dry, shall belong to all the sons of Aaron, one as well as another” (Leviticus 7:9–10).
מָה ״וְכׇל״ הָאָמוּר לְמַטָּה שְׁנֵי מִינִין חֲלוּקִין, אַף ״וְכׇל״ הָאָמוּר לְמַעְלָה שְׁנֵי מִינִין חֲלוּקִין.
The verses juxtapose the meal offering baked in an oven to the meal offering prepared on the pan and the meal offering prepared in the deep pan, and similarly to the meal offering brought as a gift, alluded to by the phrase: “Mixed with oil,” and to the meal offering of a sinner, which is called: “Dry.” This teaches that just as the term: “And every” (Leviticus 7:10), stated below with regard to those meal offerings, is referring to two different types of meal offering, so too, the term: “And every” (Leviticus 7:9), stated above, with regard to the two forms of meal offering baked in an oven, is referring to two different types of meal offering, and therefore one may not bring part as loaves and part as wafers.
וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, שַׁפִּיר קָאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? אָמַר לָךְ: כֵּיוָן דִּכְתִיב ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״ ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״, כְּמַאן דִּכְתִיב ״קׇרְבָּן״ ״קׇרְבָּן״ דָּמֵי.
The Gemara asks: And how does Rabbi Yehuda, who maintains that loaves and wafers are two different types of meal offerings baked in an oven, respond to Rabbi Shimon’s proof? After all, Rabbi Shimon is saying well when he points out that the verse mentions “offering” only once. The Gemara explains: Rabbi Yehuda could have said to you: Since it is written: “With oil,” and: “With oil,” in the verse: “It shall be unleavened loaves of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers spread with oil” (Leviticus 2:4), it is considered as though it is written “offering” and “offering,” and therefore these are deemed two different types of meal offering.
וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, אִי לָא כְּתִיב ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״ ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא דַּוְוקָא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין, אֲבָל חַלּוֹת לְחוֹדַיְיהוּ וּרְקִיקִין לְחוֹדַיְיהוּ אֵימָא לָא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.
The Gemara asks: And how does Rabbi Shimon respond to this claim? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon maintains that the repetition of the term “with oil” teaches a different halakha. If it were not written “with oil,” and again “with oil,” I would say that a meal offering baked in an oven must be specifically brought half as loaves and half as wafers, and if he wanted to bring only loaves alone or wafers alone, I would say that he may not bring a meal offering in this manner. The repetition of the term “with oil” teaches us that a meal offering baked in an oven can comprise ten loaves, or ten wafers, or a combination of both types.
רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַיְינוּ אֲבוּהּ? אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְיהוּ דְּאִי עֲבַד.
The Gemara further inquires: The baraita states that Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, holds that loaves and wafers are two different types of meal offerings. The opinion of Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, is the same as that of his father, Rabbi Yehuda, whose opinion is also mentioned in the baraita. Why is it necessary to cite Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda’s opinion separately? The Gemara explains: It is necessary to cite the opinion of Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda, because there is a practical difference between his ruling and that of his father; as, if someone transgressed and performed the sacrifice of a meal offering baked in an oven by bringing a mixture of loaves and wafers, according to Rabbi Yehuda the offering is valid after the fact, whereas Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda deems it not valid even after the fact.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ כׇּל הַמְּנָחוֹת.
מַתְנִי׳ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: עוֹמֶר הָיָה בָּא בַּשַּׁבָּת מִשָּׁלֹשׁ סְאִין, וּבַחוֹל מֵחָמֵשׁ, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד שַׁבָּת וְאֶחָד חוֹל מִשָּׁלֹשׁ הָיָה בָּא.
MISHNA: Rabbi Yishmael says: When the day of the sacrifice of the omer meal offering would occur on Shabbat, the labors performed that would otherwise be prohibited were kept to a minimum, and the one-tenth of an ephah of flour that was brought as an offering was processed from three se’a of reaped barley. And if it occurred during the week, the flour was processed from five se’a of reaped barley. And the Rabbis say: Both on Shabbat and during the week, the omer offering would come from three se’a of reaped barley.
רַבִּי חֲנִינָא סְגַן הַכֹּהֲנִים אוֹמֵר: בַּשַּׁבָּת הָיָה נִקְצָר בְּיָחִיד, וּבְמַגָּל אֶחָד, וּבְקוּפָּה אַחַת, וּבַחוֹל – בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה, בְּשָׁלֹשׁ קוּפּוֹת, וְשָׁלֹשׁ מַגָּלוֹת. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד שַׁבָּת וְאֶחָד חוֹל – בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה, בְּשָׁלֹשׁ קוּפּוֹת, וּבְשָׁלֹשׁ מַגָּלוֹת.
Rabbi Ḥanina, the deputy High Priest, says: On Shabbat the barley was reaped by an individual and with one sickle and with one basket into which the barley was placed; and during the week, it was reaped by three people with three baskets and three sickles. And the Rabbis say: Both on Shabbat and during the week, it was reaped by three people with three baskets and with three sickles.
גְּמָ׳ בִּשְׁלָמָא רַבָּנַן קָא סָבְרִי: עִשָּׂרוֹן מוּבְחָר (בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה) [מִשָּׁלֹשׁ] סְאִין אָתֵי, וְלָא שְׁנָא בְּחוֹל וְלָא שְׁנָא בְּשַׁבָּת.
GEMARA: Rabbi Yishmael and the Rabbis disagree in the mishna with regard to how many se’a of barley were reaped for the omer meal offering on Shabbat. According to Rabbi Yishmael three se’a were reaped when the offering was brought on a Shabbat, and five se’a were reaped when the offering was brought on a weekday. The Rabbis maintain that both during the week and on Shabbat, three se’a were reaped. The Gemara asks: Granted the opinion of the Rabbis is clear, as they maintain that a select tenth of an ephah of flour comes from three se’a of reaped barley, and therefore there is no difference whether the barley is reaped during the week or whether it is reaped on Shabbat, as a select tenth is required.
אֶלָּא רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, מַאי קָסָבַר? אִי קָסָבַר: עִשָּׂרוֹן מוּבְחָר לָא אָתֵי אֶלָּא מֵחָמֵשׁ – אֲפִילּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת נָמֵי! אִי מִשָּׁלֹשׁ אָתֵי – אֲפִילּוּ בַּחוֹל נָמֵי!
Rather, there is a question with regard to the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, who differentiates between Shabbat and during the week. What does he hold? If he holds that a select tenth of an ephah of flour can come only from five se’a of reaped barley, then even on Shabbat five se’a should also be required. And if the select tenth of an ephah of flour can come from even three se’a, then even on a weekday three should suffice.
אָמַר רָבָא: קָסָבַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, עִשָּׂרוֹן מוּבְחָר בְּלָא טִירְחָא אָתֵי מֵחָמֵשׁ, בְּטִירְחָא אָתֵי מִשָּׁלֹשׁ. בַּחוֹל מַיְיתִינַן מֵחָמֵשׁ, דְּהָכִי שְׁבִיחָא מִילְּתָא. בְּשַׁבָּת – מוּטָב שֶׁיַּרְבֶּה בִּמְלָאכָה אַחַת בְּהַרְקָדָה, וְאַל יַרְבֶּה בִּמְלָאכוֹת הַרְבֵּה.
Rava said: Rabbi Yishmael holds that a select tenth of an ephah of flour can come without exertion from five se’a, and with exertion from three. Therefore, on a weekday we reap and bring flour from five se’a, as this produces a better final product, since only the highest-quality flour of each se’a is selected. On Shabbat, it is preferable that one should increase the effort involved in one prohibited labor, that of sifting the flour numerous times, and one should not increase the number of prohibited acts involved in performing many prohibited labors, such as reaping and winnowing, which are required for the processing of five se’a.
אָמַר רַבָּה: רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה אָמְרוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד, דְּתַנְיָא: אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת – מַפְשִׁיט אֶת הַפֶּסַח עַד הֶחָזֶה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: עַד שֶׁיַּפְשִׁיט אֶת כּוּלּוֹ.
§ Rabba said: Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, said the same thing. As it is taught in a baraita: If the fourteenth of Nisan occurs on Shabbat, when the Paschal offering is sacrificed but not roasted until Shabbat ends, one flays the Paschal offering up to the breast, to enable removal of the parts of the animal that are sacrificed upon the altar on Shabbat, and flays the rest of the animal after Shabbat. Further skinning is only to facilitate eating the animal and therefore it does not override Shabbat. This is the statement of Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka. And the Rabbis say: One has not performed the obligation properly unless he flays it in its entirety.
מִי לָא אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה הָתָם, כֹּל הֵיכָא דְּאֶפְשָׁר לָא טָרְחִינַן? הָכָא נָמֵי, כֵּיוָן דְּאֶפְשָׁר – לָא טָרְחִינַן.
The Gemara explains why the statements of Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, are the same. Didn’t Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, say there that anywhere that it is possible to perform the necessary task without an additional action, we do not exert ourselves on Shabbat? Here, too, since it is possible to perform the necessary task without the extra flaying, we do not exert ourselves.
מִמַּאי? דִּלְמָא עַד כָּאן לָא קָאָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל הָכָא, אֶלָּא דְּלֵיכָּא בִּזְיוֹן קָדָשִׁים, אֲבָל הָתָם דְּאִיכָּא בִּזְיוֹן קֳדָשִׁים,
The Gemara rejects this comparison: From where is this conclusion reached? Perhaps Rabbi Yishmael states his ruling only here, in the case of reaping three se’a on Shabbat, where there is no degradation of consecrated items. But there, where there is degradation of consecrated items, as the animal will be left half-flayed overnight,
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Menachot 63
מַתְנִי׳ הָאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי בְּמַחֲבַת״ – לֹא יָבִיא בְּמַרְחֶשֶׁת, ״בְּמַרְחֶשֶׁת״ – לֹא יָבִיא בְּמַחֲבַת. מָה בֵּין מַחֲבַת לְמַרְחֶשֶׁת? מַרְחֶשֶׁת יֵשׁ לָהּ כִּיסּוּי, מַחֲבַת אֵין לָהּ כִּיסּוּי, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי. רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: מַרְחֶשֶׁת עֲמוּקָּה וּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ רוֹחֲשִׁין (רַכִּין), מַחֲבַת צָפָה וּמַעֲשֶׂיהָ קָשִׁין.
MISHNA: One who takes a vow to bring a meal offering to the Temple and says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering prepared in a maḥavat, may not bring one prepared in a marḥeshet. Similarly, if he says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering prepared in a marḥeshet, he may not bring one prepared in a maḥavat. The mishna clarifies: What is the difference between a maḥavat and a marḥeshet? A marḥeshet has a cover, whereas a maḥavat does not have a cover; this is the statement of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili. Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel says: A marḥeshet is deep, and due to the large amount of oil, its product is soft because it moves about [roḥashin] in the oil. A maḥavat is flat, as the sides of the pan are level with the pan, and due to the small amount of oil, its product is hard.
גְּמָ׳ מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי? אִילֵּימָא מַרְחֶשֶׁת, דְּאָתְיָא אַרִחוּשֵׁי הַלֵּב, כְּדִכְתִיב: ״רָחַשׁ לִבִּי דָּבָר טוֹב״, וּמַחֲבַת, דְּאָתְיָא אַמַּחְבּוֹאֵי הַפֶּה, כִּדְאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: ״מְנַבַּח נַבּוֹחֵי״.
GEMARA: The Gemara inquires: As the Torah does not describe the different vessels, what is the reason for the interpretation of Rabbi Yosei HaGelili, explaining that a marḥeshet has a cover and a maḥavat does not have a cover? If we say that the term marḥeshet indicates that the offering comes to atone for the sinful musings [raḥashei] of the heart, as it is written: “My heart muses [raḥash] on a goodly matter” (Psalms 45:2), and therefore this meal offering must be prepared in a covered vessel just as the thoughts of the heart are hidden, this interpretation is insufficient. And if we say that the term maḥavat indicates that the offering comes to atone for transgressions committed with the corners of [ammaḥavo’ei] the mouth, as people say with regard to someone who speaks loudly: He is barking [minbaḥ nevuḥei], and therefore this meal offering must be prepared in an open vessel, this interpretation is also insufficient.
אֵימָא אִיפְּכָא: מַחֲבַת, דְּאָתְיָא אַמַּחְבּוֹאֵי הַלֵּב, דִּכְתִיב ״לָמָּה נַחְבֵּאתָ לִבְרֹחַ״; מַרְחֶשֶׁת, דְּאָתְיָא אַרִחוּשֵׁי [הַפֶּה], כִּדְאָמְרִי אִינָשֵׁי: ״הֲוָה מְרַחֲשָׁן שִׂיפְוָותֵיהּ״. אֶלָּא גְּמָרָא גְּמִירִי לַהּ.
The reason these interpretations are insufficient is that one can also say the opposite, and suggest that the name maḥavat indicates that the offering must be prepared in a closed vessel, as it comes to atone for the secret musings of the heart, as it is written that Laban said to Jacob: “Why did you flee secretly [naḥbeita]” (Genesis 31:27). Likewise, with regard to marḥeshet, one can say that it must be prepared in an open vessel, as it comes to atone for whispers [reḥushei] of the mouth which are heard and revealed, as people say: His lips were whispering [meraḥashan]. Therefore, Rabbi Yosei HaGelili cannot derive the meanings of the terms marḥeshet and maḥavat from the verses; rather, his interpretation is learned as a tradition.
רַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר כּוּ׳. מַרְחֶשֶׁת עֲמוּקָּה – דִּכְתִיב ״וְכׇל נַעֲשָׂה בַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת״, מַחֲבַת צָפָה – דִּכְתִיב ״וְעַל מַחֲבַת״.
§ The mishna teaches: Rabbi Ḥanina ben Gamliel says that a marḥeshet is deep, whereas a maḥavat is flat. The Gemara explains the reason for this opinion: A marḥeshet is deep, as it is written with regard to this meal offering: “And all that is made in the marḥeshet” (Leviticus 7:9). The use of the term “in” indicates that this meal offering is prepared inside a vessel, i.e., a deep container. Conversely, a maḥavat is flat, with the sides of the pan level with the pan, as it is written with regard to this meal offering: “And on the maḥavat” (Leviticus 7:9). The use of the term “on” indicates that it is prepared on the vessel, not inside it. Therefore, a flat vessel is required.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים: הָאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי מַרְחֶשֶׁת״ יְהֵא מוּנָּח עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ.
§ The mishna teaches that if one vows: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering prepared in a marḥeshet, he is obligated to bring a meal offering of that type. With regard to this, the Sages taught that Beit Shammai say: With regard to one who says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a marḥeshet, without using the term: Meal offering, or the preposition: In, in such a case the money for the meal offering should be placed in a safe place until the prophet Elijah comes heralding the Messiah, and clarifies what should be done.
מְסַפְּקָא לְהוּ, אִי עַל שׁוּם כְּלִי נִקְרְאוּ, אוֹ עַל שׁוּם מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן.
The Gemara elaborates: Beit Shammai are uncertain with regard to the source of the terms marḥeshet and maḥavat, whether the offerings are called these names due to the specific vessel in which each meal offering is prepared, or whether they are called these names due to the manner of their preparation. The significance of this distinction is that if the term marḥeshet is referring to a specific type of vessel, then if one takes a vow: It is incumbent upon me to bring a marḥeshet, he must bring an actual vessel of that type, whereas if the term is referring to the manner of preparation of the meal offering then he is obligated to bring that type of meal offering. Since Beit Shammai are uncertain which is the correct interpretation, they rule that he must wait until the prophet Elijah comes.
וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים: כְּלִי הָיָה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וּ״מַרְחֶשֶׁת״ שְׁמוֹ, וְדוֹמֶה כְּמִין כַּלְבּוֹס עָמוֹק, וּכְשֶׁבָּצֵק מוּנָּח בְּתוֹכוֹ – דּוֹמֶה כְּמִין תַּפּוּחֵי הַבָּרָתִים וּכְמִין בִּלְוָטֵי הַיְּוָונִים.
And Beit Hillel say that there is no uncertainty about this matter, as there was a particular vessel in the Temple, and its name was marḥeshet. And this vessel resembled a type of deep kelabus, which is a vessel with indentations, and when dough is placed inside it, it gets pressed against the indentations and takes their shape. The dough resembles a type of apple of berotim trees, or a type of acorn [balutei] of the Greek oak trees. Therefore, one who takes a vow: It is incumbent upon me to bring a marḥeshet, must bring this type of vessel to the Temple as a donation.
וְאוֹמֵר: ״וְכׇל נַעֲשָׂה בַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת וְעַל מַחֲבַת״, אַלְמָא עַל שׁוּם הַכֵּלִים נִקְרְאוּ, וְלֹא עַל שׁוּם מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם.
And the verse states two different prepositions with regard to these vessels: “And all that is made in the marḥeshet and on the maḥavat” (Leviticus 7:9). It does not state simply: And all that is made in the marḥeshet and the maḥavat. Since it seems from the verse that when using the marḥeshet the meal offering is prepared inside the vessel and when using the maḥavat it is prepared on the vessel, evidently they are called these names due to the vessel in which the meal offering is prepared, not due to the manner of their preparation.
מַתְנִי׳ הֲרֵי עָלַי בְּתַנּוּר – לֹא יָבִיא מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה רְעָפִים, וּמַאֲפֵה יוֹרוֹת הָעַרְבִיִּים. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: רָצָה – מֵבִיא מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח.
MISHNA: If one says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a meal offering baked in an oven, he may not bring a meal offering baked on a small oven [kupaḥ], nor a meal offering baked on roofing tiles, nor a meal offering baked in the baking pits of the Arabs. Rabbi Yehuda says: If he so wishes, he may bring a meal offering baked on a kupaḥ.
הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֶה – לֹא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין; רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא קׇרְבָּן אֶחָד.
If one says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, without specifying loaves or wafers, he may not bring half the required offering in the form of loaves and the other half in the form of wafers; rather, they must all be of one form or the other. Rabbi Shimon deems this permitted, due to the fact that both loaves and wafers are written with regard to this meal offering, which indicates that it is one offering of two possible forms.
גְּמָ׳ תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״מַאֲפֵה תַנּוּר״, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה רְעָפִים, וְלֹא מַאֲפֵה יוֹרוֹת הָעַרְבִיִּים.
GEMARA: The Sages taught in a baraita: When the verse states: “And when you bring a meal offering baked in an oven” (Leviticus 2:4), this emphasizes that it must be prepared in an oven, and not baked on a kupaḥ, nor baked on roofing tiles, nor baked in the baking pits of the Arabs, in accordance with the opinion of the first tanna in the mishna.
רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: ״תַּנּוּר״ ״תַּנּוּר״ שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים, לְהַכְשִׁיר מַאֲפֵה כוּפָּח. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: ״תַּנּוּר״ ״תַּנּוּר״ שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים, אֶחָד שֶׁתְּהֵא אֲפִיָּיתָן בְּתַנּוּר, וְאֶחָד שֶׁיְּהֵא הֶקְדֵּישָׁן בַּתַּנּוּר.
Rabbi Yehuda says: In this verse it states “oven,” and it also states “oven” in another verse: “And every meal offering that is baked in the oven” (Leviticus 7:9). Since it is written two times, and these terms are restrictions, one follows the hermeneutical principle that a restrictive expression following a restrictive expression serves only to amplify the halakha and include additional cases. Consequently, this derivation serves to render fit a meal offering baked on a kupaḥ, and it too is deemed an oven. Rabbi Shimon says: The terms “oven” and “oven,” which are written a total of two times, serve to teach two halakhot: One instance teaches that their baking should be in an oven, and the other one teaches that their consecration is in an oven, i.e., meal offerings are not consecrated in service vessels but rather in the oven.
וּמִי אִית לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הַאי סְבָרָא? וְהָתְנַן: רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם הֱוֵי רָגִיל לוֹמַר שְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם וְלֶחֶם הַפָּנִים כְּשֵׁרוֹת בָּעֲזָרָה, וּכְשֵׁרוֹת בְּבֵית פָּאגֵי.
The Gemara asks: And does Rabbi Shimon hold in accordance with this line of reasoning? But didn’t we learn in a mishna (95b) that Rabbi Shimon says: One should always be accustomed to say that the two loaves and the shewbread are valid if they are kneaded, shaped, or baked in the Temple courtyard, and that they are also valid if they are prepared in the place called Beit Pagei, which is outside the walls of the Temple Mount? As these offerings are not disqualified by being taken outside the Temple, evidently they are not consecrated in the oven.
אָמַר רָבָא: אֵימָא, שֶׁיְּהֵא הֶקְדֵּישָׁן לְשׁוּם תַּנּוּר.
Rava said in response: Rabbi Shimon maintains that the oven does not consecrate meal offerings, and as for his statement in the baraita concerning the two derivations, one should say that the other derivation from the term “oven” teaches that their consecration by the owner must be explicit, i.e., from the outset he must say that he is sanctifying his meal offering for the sake of a meal offering baked in an oven.
הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֵה, לֹא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה [וְכוּ׳]. תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״וְכִי תַּקְרִיב״ – כְּשֶׁתַּקְרִיב, לַעֲשׂוֹת דְּבַר רְשׁוּת.
§ The mishna teaches that if one says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, he may not bring half the required offering in the form of loaves and half in the form of wafers, whereas Rabbi Shimon deems this permitted, as it is one offering. The Sages taught in a baraita: The verse states: “And when you bring a meal offering baked in an oven” (Leviticus 2:4). The phrase: “And when you bring,” indicates that this offering is not obligatory. Rather, when you wish you may bring, i.e., the verse teaches how to perform the meal offering baked in an oven as a voluntary matter.
״קׇרְבַּן מִנְחָה״ – אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה: מִנַּיִן לְאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֶה״, שֶׁלֹּא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״קׇרְבָּן מִנְחָה״ – קׇרְבָּן אֶחָד אָמַרְתִּי לָךְ, וְלֹא שְׁנַיִם וּשְׁלֹשָׁה קׇרְבָּנוֹת.
With regard to the term: “A meal offering,” Rabbi Yehuda says: From where is it derived with regard to one who says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, that he must not bring half of the bread in the form of loaves and half in the form of wafers? The verse states: “A meal offering,” which indicates: I told you to bring one offering, i.e., all ten loaves from one type, and not two or three offerings of different types, as allowed by Rabbi Shimon.
אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן:
The baraita continues: Rabbi Shimon said to Rabbi Yehuda:
וְכִי נֶאֱמַר ״קׇרְבָּן״ ״קׇרְבָּן״ שְׁנֵי פְּעָמִים? וַהֲלֹא לֹא נֶאֱמַר אֶלָּא קׇרְבָּן אֶחָד, וְנֶאֱמַר בּוֹ חַלּוֹת וּרְקִיקִין.
And is it stated with regard to a meal offering baked in an oven: “Offering,” and again: Offering, for a total of two times, once in connection to a meal offering of loaves and once in connection to a meal offering of wafers? If that were the case, it would indicate that these are two types of offerings. But doesn’t it actually say “offering” only one time: “And when you bring a meal offering baked in an oven, it shall be unleavened loaves of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers spread with oil” (Leviticus 2:4)? And it is stated with regard to this meal offering both loaves and wafers, which indicates that these are two varieties of the same offering.
מֵעַתָּה, רָצָה לְהָבִיא חַלּוֹת – מֵבִיא, רְקִיקִין – מֵבִיא, מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין – מֵבִיא, וּבוֹלְלָן וְקוֹמֵץ מִשְּׁנֵיהֶם, וְאִם קָמַץ וְעָלָה בְּיָדוֹ מֵאֶחָד עַל שְׁנֵיהֶם – יָצָא.
Rabbi Shimon continues: From now it may be inferred that if one wants to bring ten loaves he may bring ten loaves, and if he prefers to bring ten wafers, he may bring ten wafers, and if he decides that half of them should be loaves and half of them wafers, he may bring it in this manner. And if he brings part as loaves and part as wafers, how does he proceed? He mingles all of them and removes a handful from both of them. And if he removed a handful and it happened that only part of one type, either loaves or wafers, came up in his hand for both of them, he has fulfilled his obligation, as they are both part of a single offering.
רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן לְאוֹמֵר ״הֲרֵי עָלַי מִנְחַת מַאֲפֶה״, שֶׁלֹּא יָבִיא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְכׇל מִנְחָה אֲשֶׁר תֵּאָפֶה בַּתַּנּוּר״, ״וְכׇל נַעֲשָׂה בַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת וְעַל מַחֲבַת לַכֹּהֵן הַמַּקְרִיב אֹתָהּ לוֹ תִהְיֶה״, ״וְכׇל מִנְחָה בְלוּלָה בַשֶּׁמֶן וַחֲרֵבָה לְכׇל בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן תִּהְיֶה״.
Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda says: From where is it derived with regard to one who says: It is incumbent upon me to bring a baked meal offering, that he may not bring half of the offering as loaves and half as wafers? He answers: The verse states: “And every meal offering that is baked in an oven, and every one that is made in the deep pan, and on the shallow pan, shall belong to the priest who sacrifices it. And every meal offering, mixed with oil, or dry, shall belong to all the sons of Aaron, one as well as another” (Leviticus 7:9–10).
מָה ״וְכׇל״ הָאָמוּר לְמַטָּה שְׁנֵי מִינִין חֲלוּקִין, אַף ״וְכׇל״ הָאָמוּר לְמַעְלָה שְׁנֵי מִינִין חֲלוּקִין.
The verses juxtapose the meal offering baked in an oven to the meal offering prepared on the pan and the meal offering prepared in the deep pan, and similarly to the meal offering brought as a gift, alluded to by the phrase: “Mixed with oil,” and to the meal offering of a sinner, which is called: “Dry.” This teaches that just as the term: “And every” (Leviticus 7:10), stated below with regard to those meal offerings, is referring to two different types of meal offering, so too, the term: “And every” (Leviticus 7:9), stated above, with regard to the two forms of meal offering baked in an oven, is referring to two different types of meal offering, and therefore one may not bring part as loaves and part as wafers.
וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, שַׁפִּיר קָאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? אָמַר לָךְ: כֵּיוָן דִּכְתִיב ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״ ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״, כְּמַאן דִּכְתִיב ״קׇרְבָּן״ ״קׇרְבָּן״ דָּמֵי.
The Gemara asks: And how does Rabbi Yehuda, who maintains that loaves and wafers are two different types of meal offerings baked in an oven, respond to Rabbi Shimon’s proof? After all, Rabbi Shimon is saying well when he points out that the verse mentions “offering” only once. The Gemara explains: Rabbi Yehuda could have said to you: Since it is written: “With oil,” and: “With oil,” in the verse: “It shall be unleavened loaves of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers spread with oil” (Leviticus 2:4), it is considered as though it is written “offering” and “offering,” and therefore these are deemed two different types of meal offering.
וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, אִי לָא כְּתִיב ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״ ״בְּשֶׁמֶן״, הֲוָה אָמֵינָא דַּוְוקָא מֶחֱצָה חַלּוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה רְקִיקִין, אֲבָל חַלּוֹת לְחוֹדַיְיהוּ וּרְקִיקִין לְחוֹדַיְיהוּ אֵימָא לָא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן.
The Gemara asks: And how does Rabbi Shimon respond to this claim? The Gemara answers: Rabbi Shimon maintains that the repetition of the term “with oil” teaches a different halakha. If it were not written “with oil,” and again “with oil,” I would say that a meal offering baked in an oven must be specifically brought half as loaves and half as wafers, and if he wanted to bring only loaves alone or wafers alone, I would say that he may not bring a meal offering in this manner. The repetition of the term “with oil” teaches us that a meal offering baked in an oven can comprise ten loaves, or ten wafers, or a combination of both types.
רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַיְינוּ אֲבוּהּ? אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְיהוּ דְּאִי עֲבַד.
The Gemara further inquires: The baraita states that Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, holds that loaves and wafers are two different types of meal offerings. The opinion of Rabbi Yosei, son of Rabbi Yehuda, is the same as that of his father, Rabbi Yehuda, whose opinion is also mentioned in the baraita. Why is it necessary to cite Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda’s opinion separately? The Gemara explains: It is necessary to cite the opinion of Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda, because there is a practical difference between his ruling and that of his father; as, if someone transgressed and performed the sacrifice of a meal offering baked in an oven by bringing a mixture of loaves and wafers, according to Rabbi Yehuda the offering is valid after the fact, whereas Rabbi Yosei bar Rabbi Yehuda deems it not valid even after the fact.
הֲדַרַן עֲלָךְ כׇּל הַמְּנָחוֹת.
מַתְנִי׳ רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: עוֹמֶר הָיָה בָּא בַּשַּׁבָּת מִשָּׁלֹשׁ סְאִין, וּבַחוֹל מֵחָמֵשׁ, וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד שַׁבָּת וְאֶחָד חוֹל מִשָּׁלֹשׁ הָיָה בָּא.
MISHNA: Rabbi Yishmael says: When the day of the sacrifice of the omer meal offering would occur on Shabbat, the labors performed that would otherwise be prohibited were kept to a minimum, and the one-tenth of an ephah of flour that was brought as an offering was processed from three se’a of reaped barley. And if it occurred during the week, the flour was processed from five se’a of reaped barley. And the Rabbis say: Both on Shabbat and during the week, the omer offering would come from three se’a of reaped barley.
רַבִּי חֲנִינָא סְגַן הַכֹּהֲנִים אוֹמֵר: בַּשַּׁבָּת הָיָה נִקְצָר בְּיָחִיד, וּבְמַגָּל אֶחָד, וּבְקוּפָּה אַחַת, וּבַחוֹל – בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה, בְּשָׁלֹשׁ קוּפּוֹת, וְשָׁלֹשׁ מַגָּלוֹת. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: אֶחָד שַׁבָּת וְאֶחָד חוֹל – בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה, בְּשָׁלֹשׁ קוּפּוֹת, וּבְשָׁלֹשׁ מַגָּלוֹת.
Rabbi Ḥanina, the deputy High Priest, says: On Shabbat the barley was reaped by an individual and with one sickle and with one basket into which the barley was placed; and during the week, it was reaped by three people with three baskets and three sickles. And the Rabbis say: Both on Shabbat and during the week, it was reaped by three people with three baskets and with three sickles.
גְּמָ׳ בִּשְׁלָמָא רַבָּנַן קָא סָבְרִי: עִשָּׂרוֹן מוּבְחָר (בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה) [מִשָּׁלֹשׁ] סְאִין אָתֵי, וְלָא שְׁנָא בְּחוֹל וְלָא שְׁנָא בְּשַׁבָּת.
GEMARA: Rabbi Yishmael and the Rabbis disagree in the mishna with regard to how many se’a of barley were reaped for the omer meal offering on Shabbat. According to Rabbi Yishmael three se’a were reaped when the offering was brought on a Shabbat, and five se’a were reaped when the offering was brought on a weekday. The Rabbis maintain that both during the week and on Shabbat, three se’a were reaped. The Gemara asks: Granted the opinion of the Rabbis is clear, as they maintain that a select tenth of an ephah of flour comes from three se’a of reaped barley, and therefore there is no difference whether the barley is reaped during the week or whether it is reaped on Shabbat, as a select tenth is required.
אֶלָּא רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, מַאי קָסָבַר? אִי קָסָבַר: עִשָּׂרוֹן מוּבְחָר לָא אָתֵי אֶלָּא מֵחָמֵשׁ – אֲפִילּוּ בְּשַׁבָּת נָמֵי! אִי מִשָּׁלֹשׁ אָתֵי – אֲפִילּוּ בַּחוֹל נָמֵי!
Rather, there is a question with regard to the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael, who differentiates between Shabbat and during the week. What does he hold? If he holds that a select tenth of an ephah of flour can come only from five se’a of reaped barley, then even on Shabbat five se’a should also be required. And if the select tenth of an ephah of flour can come from even three se’a, then even on a weekday three should suffice.
אָמַר רָבָא: קָסָבַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, עִשָּׂרוֹן מוּבְחָר בְּלָא טִירְחָא אָתֵי מֵחָמֵשׁ, בְּטִירְחָא אָתֵי מִשָּׁלֹשׁ. בַּחוֹל מַיְיתִינַן מֵחָמֵשׁ, דְּהָכִי שְׁבִיחָא מִילְּתָא. בְּשַׁבָּת – מוּטָב שֶׁיַּרְבֶּה בִּמְלָאכָה אַחַת בְּהַרְקָדָה, וְאַל יַרְבֶּה בִּמְלָאכוֹת הַרְבֵּה.
Rava said: Rabbi Yishmael holds that a select tenth of an ephah of flour can come without exertion from five se’a, and with exertion from three. Therefore, on a weekday we reap and bring flour from five se’a, as this produces a better final product, since only the highest-quality flour of each se’a is selected. On Shabbat, it is preferable that one should increase the effort involved in one prohibited labor, that of sifting the flour numerous times, and one should not increase the number of prohibited acts involved in performing many prohibited labors, such as reaping and winnowing, which are required for the processing of five se’a.
אָמַר רַבָּה: רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל וְרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה אָמְרוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד, דְּתַנְיָא: אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת – מַפְשִׁיט אֶת הַפֶּסַח עַד הֶחָזֶה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים: עַד שֶׁיַּפְשִׁיט אֶת כּוּלּוֹ.
§ Rabba said: Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, said the same thing. As it is taught in a baraita: If the fourteenth of Nisan occurs on Shabbat, when the Paschal offering is sacrificed but not roasted until Shabbat ends, one flays the Paschal offering up to the breast, to enable removal of the parts of the animal that are sacrificed upon the altar on Shabbat, and flays the rest of the animal after Shabbat. Further skinning is only to facilitate eating the animal and therefore it does not override Shabbat. This is the statement of Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka. And the Rabbis say: One has not performed the obligation properly unless he flays it in its entirety.
מִי לָא אָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בֶּן בְּרוֹקָה הָתָם, כֹּל הֵיכָא דְּאֶפְשָׁר לָא טָרְחִינַן? הָכָא נָמֵי, כֵּיוָן דְּאֶפְשָׁר – לָא טָרְחִינַן.
The Gemara explains why the statements of Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, are the same. Didn’t Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, say there that anywhere that it is possible to perform the necessary task without an additional action, we do not exert ourselves on Shabbat? Here, too, since it is possible to perform the necessary task without the extra flaying, we do not exert ourselves.
מִמַּאי? דִּלְמָא עַד כָּאן לָא קָאָמַר רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל הָכָא, אֶלָּא דְּלֵיכָּא בִּזְיוֹן קָדָשִׁים, אֲבָל הָתָם דְּאִיכָּא בִּזְיוֹן קֳדָשִׁים,
The Gemara rejects this comparison: From where is this conclusion reached? Perhaps Rabbi Yishmael states his ruling only here, in the case of reaping three se’a on Shabbat, where there is no degradation of consecrated items. But there, where there is degradation of consecrated items, as the animal will be left half-flayed overnight,
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