Pesachim 48

מן המאתים ממותר שתי מאות שנשתיירו בבור מכאן לערלה שבטילה במאתים

The phrase: Out of two hundred, is expounded with regard to wine brought as a libation: From the remaining two hundred portions that remain in the vat. This is referring to a case where wine prohibited as produce grown during a tree or vine’s first three years [orla] is mixed with permitted wine. The halakha is that this wine mixture may be brought as a libation only if there is two hundred times more permitted wine than prohibited wine. From here it is derived that orla is nullified in a mixture of two hundred.

ממשקה ישראל מן המותר לישראל מכאן אמרו אין מביאין נסכין מן הטבל

The phrase: From the well-watered pastures of Israel, means that sacrifices may be offered only from that which is permitted to Israel. From here, the Sages stated: One may not offer libations from untithed produce [tevel], since Jews are prohibited from eating tevel.

יכול לא יביא מן המוקצה אמרת מה טבל מיוחד שאיסור גופו גרם לו אף כל שאיסור גופו גרם לו יצא מוקצה שאין איסור גופו גרם לו אלא איסור דבר אחר גרם לו ואי אמרת איסור מוקצה דאורייתא מה לי איסור גופו מה לי איסור דבר אחר

I might have thought that one may not offer an animal that is set-aside on Shabbat or during a Festival; therefore, you have said: Just as tevel is unique in that its inherent prohibition caused it to be prohibited for Jews to eat, so too, anything whose inherent prohibition caused it to be prohibited for Jews to eat is invalid as an offering. This excludes an animal that has been set aside, which does not have an inherent prohibition that caused it to be prohibited for eating; rather, a different prohibition, i.e., the prohibition of utilizing set-aside objects on Shabbat, caused it to be prohibited for eating. And if you say the prohibition of utilizing set-aside material is by Torah law, what difference is there to me if a food is inherently prohibited; and what difference is there to me if it is prohibited due to a different prohibition? If there is a distinction between these prohibitions, it must be that the prohibition of utilizing set-aside material is by rabbinic law, and therefore, like many other rabbinic decrees, it does not apply in the Temple.

ועוד הא את הוא דאמרת חילוק מלאכות לשבת ואין חילוק מלאכות ליום טוב

And furthermore, Abaye said to Rabba: It is possible to challenge your interpretation of the baraita from a different angle. Wasn’t it you who said, as cited in tractate Makkot, that there is division of labors with regard to Shabbat, and therefore one is required to bring two sin-offerings if he performed two prohibited labors of different primary categories in one lapse of awareness, or if he performed a prohibited labor twice, during separate lapses of awareness; however, there is no division of labors with regard to a Festival, and therefore one is not punished with multiple floggings for performing multiple prohibited labors? Consequently, how could one be liable for multiple floggings for the prohibition of utilizing set-aside materials and for cooking the sciatic nerve on a Festival?

אלא אפיק הבערה ועייל עצי אשירה ואזהרה מהכא ולא ידבק בידך מאומה מן החרם

Rather, in order to make this baraita consistent with Rabba’s opinion, remove the prohibition of kindling a fire and add in its place the prohibition of using the wood of a tree designated for idolatry [asheira]. And the warning, i.e., the source of the negative commandment associated with using this wood, is derived from here, a verse that relates to an idolatrous city that is burned: “Nothing from the spoil shall cling to your hand” (Deuteronomy 13:18).

אמר ליה רב אחא בריה דרבא לאביי ונלקי נמי משום ולא תביא תועבה אל ביתך

Rav Aḥa, son of Rava, said to Abaye: If this case is referring to using wood from an asheira, one should also be flogged due to having transgressed the prohibition of: “You shall not bring an abominable thing into your home” (Deuteronomy 7:26). However, this would add an extra negative commandment to the list enumerated in the baraita.

אלא אפיק הבערה ועייל עצי הקדש ואזהרה מהכא ואשריהם תשרפון באש לא תעשון כן לה׳ אלהיכם

Rather, remove the prohibition of kindling a fire and add in its place the prohibition of burning consecrated wood. And the warning, i.e., the source of this negative command, is from here: “And you shall burn their asheira trees with fire…you shall not do this to the Lord your God” (Deuteronomy 12:3–4). Therefore, one who burns a consecrated item in a destructive manner is punished with lashes. In conclusion, no adequate proof can be adduced from the baraita to reject Rabba’s opinion.

אמר רמי בר חמא הא דרב חסדא ורבה מחלוקת דרבי אליעזר ורבי יהושע היא דרבי אליעזר סבר אמרינן הואיל ורבי יהושע סבר לא אמרינן הואיל

Rami bar Ḥama said: This dispute between Rav Ḥisda and Rabba with regard to the principle: Since, etc., is a matter of dispute between Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua in the mishna. As, Rabbi Eliezer, who says that ḥalla should be separated only after the bread has been baked, holds that we say the principle: Since, etc. Since any portion of the dough could potentially be eaten if another part of the dough is designated as ḥalla, therefore, one is permitted to bake bread without separating ḥalla from it ab initio. And Rabbi Yehoshua holds: We do not say the principle: Since, etc.

אמר רב פפא ודילמא עד כאן לא קאמר רבי אליעזר התם דאמרינן הואיל אלא דבעידנא דקא עיילי לתנורא כל חדא וחדא חזיא ליה לדידיה אבל הכא דלאורחין הוא דחזי לדידיה לא חזי אימא הכי נמי דלא אמרינן הואיל

Rav Pappa said that this claim can be rejected in the following manner: Perhaps Rabbi Eliezer only stated that we say the principle: Since, etc., there, in the case of the separation of ḥalla, because at the time that it was placed into the oven, each and every loaf was fit for him, and there was no indication as to which loaf he would designate as ḥalla. However, here, in a case where the bread one is baking on the Festival is fit for guests but is not fit for him, say that so too, even according to the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer we do not say the principle: Since, etc.

אמר רב שישא בריה דרב אידי ודילמא לא היא עד כאן לא קאמר רבי יהושע התם דלא אמרינן הואיל אלא דאיכא חדא דלא חזיא לא לדידיה ולא לאורחין אבל הכא דחזי מיהת לאורחין אימא הכי נמי אמרינן הואיל

Rav Sheisha, son of Rav Idi, rejected Rami bar Ḥama’s statement for a different reason and said: Perhaps that is not so. Rabbi Yehoshua only stated that we do not say the principle: Since, etc., there, where there is one portion of the bread that is not fit for him or for guests, because the piece that is designated as ḥalla cannot be eaten by anyone due to the fact that it is ritually impure. However, here, in the case of one who is baking bread during the Festival so that it can be eaten on a weekday, when it is at least fit for guests, say that so too, even according to the opinion of Rabbi Yehoshua, we say the principle: Since, etc.

אמרוה [רבנן] קמיה דרבי ירמיה ורבי זירא רבי ירמיה קיבלה רבי זירא לא קיבלה אמר ליה רבי ירמיה לרבי זירא מילתא דקשיא לן ואתיא כמה שני במאי פליגי רבי אליעזר ורבי יהושע השתא אמרוה משמיה דגברא רבה ולא ניקבלה

The Gemara recounts: The Sages said Rami bar Ḥama’s statement before Rabbi Yirmeya and Rabbi Zeira. Rabbi Yirmeya accepted it and Rabbi Zeira did not accept it. Rabbi Yirmeya said to Rabbi Zeira: The following matter has been difficult for us to explain for several years: With regard to what principle did Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Yehoshua disagree? Now an explanation has been stated in the name of a great man. Shall we not accept it?

אמר ליה היכי אקבלה דתנינא אמר ליה רבי יהושע לדבריך הרי הוא עובר משום לא תעשה כל מלאכה ושתיק ליה ואי איתא לימא ליה טעמא דידי משום הואיל

He said to him: How can I accept it? We already learned in a baraita with regard to their dispute: Rabbi Yehoshua said to Rabbi Eliezer: According to your statement, one violates the prohibition: “You shall not perform any labor” (Exodus 20:9). Rabbi Eliezer could not respond to this claim and was silent. But if it is as Rami bar Ḥama explained, Rabbi Eliezer should have said to him: The reason for my opinion is due to the principle: Since, etc., on the basis of which no prohibited labor has been performed.

אמר ליה וליטעמיך הא דתנינא בברייתא אמר לו רבי אליעזר לדבריך הרי הוא עובר משום בל יראה ובל ימצא ושתיק ליה הכי נמי דלא אהדר ליה הא קא מהדר ליה במתניתין דתנן לא זהו חמץ שמוזהרין עליו משום בל יראה ובל ימצא אלא שתיק ליה בברייתא ומהדר ליה במתניתין הכי נמי אימור שתיק ליה במתניתין ואהדר ליה במכילתא אחריתי

Rabbi Yirmeya said to him: According to your reasoning, with regard to that which we already learned in a baraita, that Rabbi Eliezer said to him: According to your statement, he transgresses the prohibitions: It shall not be seen, and: It shall not be found, and in response to this challenge Rabbi Yehoshua was silent, did he too not respond to Rabbi Eliezer? He responded to him in the mishna, as we learned in the mishna that Rabbi Yehoshua said: This is not the leavened bread about which we are warned with the prohibitions: It shall not be seen, and: It shall not be found. Rather, it must be explained in the following manner: He appeared to be silent in the baraita simply because his response was not recorded, but he responded in the mishna. So too, here it is possible to say that he appeared silent in the mishna, but he responded in a different tractate.

תניא רבי אומר הלכה כרבי אליעזר ורבי יצחק אמר הלכה כבן בתירא

It was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: The halakha with regard to the separation of ḥalla from impure dough during Passover is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer. And Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of ben Beteira.

וכמה שיעור עיסה רבי ישמעאל בנו של רבי יוחנן בן ברוקה אומר בחיטין קבין ובשעורין שלשת קבין רבי נתן אומר משום רבי אליעזר חילוף הדברים

The Gemara asks: How much dough may be kneaded at once on Passover without concern that the dough will become leavened in the process? Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, says: With regard to wheat, one may use the amount of flour that comes from two kav of grain; and with regard to barley, one may use the amount of flour that comes from three kav. Rabbi Natan says in the name of Rabbi Eliezer: The matters are reversed. One may knead the flour produced from three kav of wheat or two kav of barley without concern that it will become leavened.

והתניא רבי ישמעאל בנו של רבי יוחנן בן ברוקה אומר בחטין שלשת קבין ובשעורין ארבעה קבין לא קשיא הא בחסיכתא הא במעלייתא

The Gemara asks: Wasn’t it taught in a different baraita that Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, says: With regard to wheat, one may use the amount of flour that comes from three kav of grain, and with regard to barley, one may use the amount of flour that comes from four kav? The Gemara answers: This is not difficult, as this latter baraita is referring to low-quality grain, and that baraita is referring to high-quality grain. One can obtain a higher proportion of flour from high-quality grain than from low-quality grain, which contains a greater amount of chaff.

אמר רב פפא שמע מינה גריעין חיטי חסיכתא מחיטי מעלייתא טפי מדגריען שערי חסיכתא משערי מעלייתא דאילו התם תילתא והכא ריבעא

Rav Pappa said: Learn from this that the extent to which low-quality wheat is worse than high-quality wheat is greater than the extent to which low-quality barley is worse than high-quality barley, i.e., the discrepancy between the different levels of quality is more significant with regard to wheat, as there, in the case of wheat, they differ by one-third; and here, in the case of barley, they differ by only one-fourth.

אמר רב קבא מלוגנאה לפיסחא וכן לחלה (והתניא)

Rav said: A kav from the place Melogna is the amount that can be used to prepare dough for Passover. And similarly, with regard to ḥalla, that is the minimum amount of dough from which ḥalla must be separated. The Gemara asks: Wasn’t it taught in a baraita:

חמשת רבעים קמח ועוד חייבין בחלה הכי קאמר קבא מלוגנאי נמי אהאי שיעורא קאי

Dough made from five-quarters of a log of flour and a bit more obligates one to separate ḥalla? The Gemara answers that this is what Rav is saying: A kav from Melogna is the same measure as this, as it is not a regular kav but a larger measure, identical to the amount from which one is required to separate ḥalla.

אמר רב יוסף הני נשי דידן נהוג למיפא קפיזא קפיזא לפיסחא אמר ליה אביי מאי דעתיך לחומרא חומרא דאתי לידי קולא הוא דקא מפקע לה מחלה

Rav Yosef said: These women of our family ordinarily bake kefiza by kefiza, i.e., three-quarters of a log at a time, on Passover, since it is easier to prevent small quantities of dough from becoming leavened. Abaye said to him: What is your opinion? Do you tell them to do this in order to be stringent? That is a stringency that leads to a leniency, as by working with small quantities one removes the dough from the obligation to separate ḥalla.

אמר ליה דעבדן כרבי אליעזר (דתניא) רבי אליעזר אומר הרודה ונותן לסל הסל מצרפן לחלה ואמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל הלכה כרבי אליעזר

Rav Yosef said to him: They do separate ḥalla from the dough, in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer. As it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer says: One who removes loaves of bread from an oven and places them in a basket, the basket combines them to reach the quantity from which one is required to separate ḥalla, even if each of the loaves would not attain the necessary measure for separating ḥalla on their own. And Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer. Therefore, the women of Rav Yosef’s household would put all the finished matzot into a basket and separate ḥalla from them.

אמר ליה והא איתמר עלה אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי לא שנו אלא ככרות של בבל שנושכות זו מזו אבל כעכין לא הא איתמר עלה אמר רבי חנינא אפילו כעכין

Abaye said to him: But wasn’t it stated with regard to that baraita that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: They taught that a basket combines the loaves only with regard to Babylonian loaves that bite from one another. In other words, the loaves are slightly attached, and when one separates them, a bit from one loaf comes off with the other loaf. However, it does not apply to long, rod-like loaves [ke’akhin] that were baked separately. Therefore, that principle cannot be applied to the case discussed here, in which each batch of matza was baked on its own. Rav Yosef answered: Wasn’t it stated with regard to that baraita that Rabbi Ḥanina said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Eliezer even with regard to long, rod-like loaves? This indicates that Rav Yosef accepted the view of Rabbi Ḥanina.

בעי רבי ירמיה טבלא שאין לה לבזבזין מהו תוך כלי בעינן והא ליכא או דילמא אויר כלי בעינן והא איכא תיקו:

In light of this discussion, Rabbi Yirmeya raised a dilemma: With regard to a board without a rim [levizbezin], what is the halakha? Is it considered to be a vessel that combines loaves baked separately into one unit with regard to ḥalla? Do we require the inside of the vessel in order to combine the loaves, and that is lacking, since the board is flat rather than concave? Or perhaps we require the airspace of the vessel, and that is present in this case? The Gemara concludes: Let it stand unresolved.

תניא רבי אליעזר אומר הסל מצרפן רבי יהושע אומר תנור מצרפן רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר ככרות של בבל שנושכות זו מזו מצטרפות:

It was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Eliezer says: A basket combines different loaves placed in it with regard to the obligation to separate ḥalla. Rabbi Yehoshua says: An oven combines them. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Babylonian loaves that bite from one another are combined; however, if the loaves are connected to any lesser degree, e.g., if they are together in an oven or basket, they are not considered combined for the purpose of separating ḥalla.

מתני׳ רבן גמליאל אומר שלש נשים לשות כאחת ואופות בתנור אחד זו אחר זו

MISHNA: Rabban Gamliel says: Three women may knead their dough as one, meaning at one time, and bake the batches of dough in one oven, one after the other, and they need not be concerned that their dough will become leavened while they are waiting to use the oven.

וחכמים אומרים שלש נשים עוסקות בבצק כאחת אחת לשה ואחת עורכת ואחת אופה

And the Rabbis say: Three women may be engaged in preparing dough as one, in the following manner: One kneads her dough as another one arranges her own dough so it takes the form of matza, while another one bakes her dough.

רבי עקיבא אומר לא כל הנשים ולא כל העצים ולא כל התנורים שוין זה הכלל תפח תלטוש בצונן:

Rabbi Akiva says: Not all women, not all wood, and not all ovens are the same, and therefore no set rules should be established. Rather, this is the principle: If the dough begins to rise, she should spread cold water in which she immersed her hands, onto the dough, in order to stop the leavening process.

גמ׳ תנו רבנן לשה היא מקטפת וחבירתה לשה תחתיה מקטפת היא אופה וחבירתה מקטפת תחתיה והשלישית לשה אופה היא לשה וחבירתה אופה תחתיה והשלישית מקטפת וחוזרת חלילה כל זמן שעוסקות בבצק אינו בא לידי חימוץ:

GEMARA: The Sages taught in a baraita: When the woman who kneads first completes her kneading, she arranges her dough and another woman kneads in her place. When the first woman finishes arranging her dough, she bakes and another woman arranges her dough in her place, and the third woman kneads her dough. When the first woman finishes baking, she kneads the dough for her next batch, and another woman bakes in her place, and the third woman arranges her dough, and they continue in turn. As long as they are engaged in handling the dough, it will not become leavened.

רבי עקיבא אומר לא כל הנשים וכו׳: תניא אמר רבי עקיבא דנתי לפני רבן גמליאל ילמדינו רבינו בנשים זריזות או בנשים שאין זריזות בעצים לחים או בעצים יבשים בתנור חם או בתנור צונן אמר לי אין לך אלא מה ששנו חכמים זה הכלל תפח תלטוש בצונן:

It was taught in the mishna that Rabbi Akiva says that not all women, not all wood, and not all ovens are the same. It was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Akiva said: I deliberated this matter before Rabban Gamliel, asking: May our master teach us if your statement, cited in the mishna, was said with regard to diligent women or women who are not diligent? Was it said with regard to an oven fueled with moist wood or dry wood? Was it said with regard to a hot oven or a cold oven? Rabban Gamliel himself said to me: You have only what the Sages taught, which is that this is the principle: If the dough begins to rise such that there is a concern that it may become leavened, she should spread cold water onto the dough to prevent it from becoming leavened.

מתני׳ שיאור ישרף והאוכלו פטור סידוק ישרף והאוכלו חייב כרת

MISHNA: Dough at the beginning of the leavening process [siur], must be burned, but one who eats it is exempt from the punishment of karet because the dough had not become fully leavened. Dough that has reached the stage of cracking must be burned, and one who eats it intentionally is liable to receive karet, as he has intentionally eaten leavened bread during Passover.

איזהו שיאור כקרני חגבים סידוק שנתערבו סדקין זה בזה דברי רבי יהודה וחכמים אומרים זה וזה האוכלו חייב כרת ואיזהו שיאור כל שהכסיפו פניו כאדם שעמדו שערותיו:

What is considered siur? Dough that has been leavened to the point that it has cracks that look like the antennae of locusts. The stage of cracking occurs later in the leavening process, when the cracks intermingle. This is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda. And the Rabbis say: One who intentionally eats either this or that, dough with cracks like locust antennae or with cracks that have become intermingled, is liable to receive karet, as once dough begins to crack it has certainly become leavened. And what is siur? It is any dough whose surface has becomes pale like the face of a person whose hair stands on end due to fear.

גמ׳ תנו רבנן איזהו שיאור כל שהכסיפו פניו כאדם שעמדו שערותיו סידוק כקרני חגבים דברי רבי מאיר וחכמים אומרים איזהו שיאור כקרני חגבים סידוק שנתערבו סדקין זה בזה וזה וזה האוכלו חייב כרת

GEMARA: The Sages taught: What is siur? It is any dough whose surface has become pale like the face of a person whose hair stands on end due to fear. Cracking is considered to have occurred when cracks like the antennae of locusts appear. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. And the Rabbis say: What is siur? It is when the dough forms cracks like the antennae of locusts, and cracking is when the cracks intermingle. And one who intentionally eats either this or that is liable to receive karet.

והאנן תנן שיאור ישרף והאוכלו פטור דברי רבי יהודה אימא לרבי מאיר זה וזה האוכלו חייב כרת

The Gemara asks: But didn’t we learn in the mishna that siur must be burned but that one who eats it is exempt from karet; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda. The opinion attributed to the Rabbis in the baraita appears to be the same as that which is attributed to Rabbi Yehuda in the mishna, but according to Rabbi Yehuda, one who eats siur is exempt from karet. The Gemara answers: Say that the baraita should be understood in the following manner: According to the opinion of Rabbi Meir, whose opinion was mentioned previously, one who intentionally eats either this or that is liable to receive karet, whereas according to the Rabbis he is exempt.

אמר רבא מאי טעמא דרבי מאיר אין לך כל סדק וסדק מלמעלה שאין לו כמה סדקים מלמטה:

Rava said: What is the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir? It is that there is no crack above that does not have several cracks below. Therefore, even if only one small crack appears on the surface, it is a sign that the inside of the dough is filled with cracks and has become leavened.