Today's Daf Yomi
June 28, 2021 | י״ח בתמוז תשפ״א
This month's shiurim are sponsored by Fredda Cohen and Eric Nussbaum in memory of her beloved father, Mitchell Cohen, Michael ben Shraga Faivel haLevi, whose 27th yahrzeit falls on 16 Tammuz. He was kind, sweet and funny, and had a big open heart for klal Yisrael v'chol yoshvei tevel.
And for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah.
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This month's learning is sponsored by the students at the Emerging Scholars of Yeshivat Maharat in honor of Rabbanit Michelle and all your work!
Yoma 78
Today’s daf is sponsored by Natasha Shabbat in honor of the second yahrtzeit of her father. “My teacher, David ben Shalom haKohen v’Sarah was a brilliant doctor and a lifelong learner and teacher. He would have been very proud of me for taking on the commitment to Daf Yomi and very interested to hear all about it. I still want to call him every day to tell him what I’ve learned in today’s Daf.”
In the book of Ezekiel there is a description of a stream that will come out of the Holy of Holies in the future and will create a mikveh at the entrance to King David’s house. Is it permissible to pass through water on Shabbat wearing shoes or sandals? Does the prohibition of washing include other things that cool people off? Is it related to the action or to the result? On what does it depend? Stories are brought about rabbis who wet a cloth before Yom Kippur or Tisha B’av and used it to wash their face, hands and feet. What was the difference between what they did on Yom Kippur and Tisha b’av and why? Rabbi Elazar is asked about wearing cork shoes on Yom Kippur. Various rabbis are brought who wore shoes made of different materials (not leather) on Yom Kippur. Is it the same for public fast days? Rami Bar Hama raises a difficulty from a source about a prosthetic leg. Abaye and Rava each resolve the difficulty differently. Why is it permitted to bathe and anoint children but not to wear shoes? The mishna that permits certain people to wash or wear shoes is only according to Rabbi Chanania ben Tradiyon as in a braita it appears that the rabbis disagree and do not permit it. Why are those people permitted, according to him?
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מפכין עתידין להיות יוצאין מתחת מפתן הבית מכאן ואילך היה מתגבר ועולה עד שמגיע לפתח בית דוד כיון שמגיע לפתח בית דוד נעשה כנחל שוטף שבו רוחצין זבין וזבות נדות ויולדות שנאמר ביום ההוא יהיה מקור נפתח לבית דוד וליושבי ירושלם לחטאת ולנדה
in the future, will bubble from under the threshold of the Temple. From this point forward, the spring will grow in strength and rise until it reaches the opening of David’s house, i.e., his grave, which is outside of Jerusalem. When it reaches the opening of David’s house, it will become a flowing river in which zavim and zavot, menstruating women, and women after childbirth will bathe to purify themselves. As it is stated: “On that day there shall be a fountain opened for the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for purification and for sprinkling” (Zechariah 13:1).
אמר רב יוסף מכאן רמז לנדה שצריכה לישב עד צוארה במים ולית הילכתא כוותיה
Rav Yosef said: From here, there is an allusion that a menstruating woman must be able to sit up to her neck in water, i.e., that this is the appropriate depth for waters of a ritual bath to purify. The Gemara comments: But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion. Rather, the depth of the water is irrelevant. As long as the water can cover an entire adult body, the ritual bath is kosher.
(תינח יום הכפורים דליכא מנעל) שבת דאיכא מנעל מאי אמר נחמיה חתניה דבי נשיאה אנא חזיתיה לרבי אמי ורבי אסי דמטו עורקומא דמיא ועברוה דרך מלבוש
§ The Gemara investigates the permissibility of crossing water in order to fulfill a mitzva: It works out well that on Yom Kippur it is permitted because there are no shoes, and there is no problem going through water barefoot. However, on Shabbat, when there are shoes, what is the halakha? Is one permitted to cross water wearing shoes? Is there a concern that his shoe might come off and he may pick it up, thereby violating the prohibition of carrying out? Neḥemya, the son-in-law of the Nasi, said: I saw Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi come to a pool of water that they had to cross on Shabbat, and they crossed it while wearing their shoes without removing them first.
תינח מנעל סנדל מאי איכא למימר אמר רב ריחומי אנא חזיתיה לרבינא דעבר דרך מלבוש רב אשי אמר סנדל לכתחלה לא
The Gemara asks: It works out well that shoes are permitted, since one can tie them tightly, but what is there to say about sandals? Since they do not fit tightly on the foot, they might come off in the water. Rav Riḥumi said: I saw Ravina cross a river while wearing sandals on his feet. Rav Ashi said: If he is wearing sandals, he should not cross the water ab initio, lest the sandal fall off his foot and he violate the prohibition of carrying on Shabbat by picking it up.
ריש גלותא איקלע להגרוניא לבי רב נתן רפרם וכולהו רבנן אתו לפירקא רבינא לא אתא למחר בעי רפרם לאפוקי לרבינא מדעתיה דריש גלותא אמר ליה מאי טעמא לא אתא מר לפירקא אמר ליה הוה כאיב לי כרעאי איבעי לך למיסם מסאני גבא דכרעא הוה
Incidental to this, the Gemara reports: The Exilarch came to deliver a lecture in Rav Natan’s study hall in Hagronya. Rafram and all the Sages came to the lecture, but Ravina did not come. The next day, when he came, Rafram wanted to remove any anger towards Ravina from the mind of the Exilarch, for missing the lecture. Rafram therefore asked Ravina: What is the reason that the Master did not come to the lecture? He said to him: My foot hurt. He said to him: You should have put shoes on. Ravina answered him: It was the back of the foot that hurt, so wearing shoes would have been hard for me.
איבעי לך למרמא סנדלא אמר ליה עורקמא דמיא הוה באורחא איבעי לך למעבריה דרך מלבוש אמר ליה לא סבר לה מר להא דאמר רב אשי סנדל לכתחלה לא
Rafram said to Ravina: You should have worn sandals, which leave the heel exposed. He said to him: There was a pool of water on the way that I would have had to cross. He said to him: You should have crossed it wearing the sandals. He said to him: Does the Master not hold with that which Rav Ashi said: One should not wear sandals when crossing a river on Shabbat, ab initio? From this conversation, the Exilarch understood that Ravina meant no disrespect in not attending the lecture.
תני יהודה בר גרוגרות אסור לישב על גבי טינא ביום הכפורים אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי ובטינא מטפחת אמר אביי ובטופח על מנת להטפיח אמר רב יהודה מותר להצטנן בפירות רב יהודה מצטנן בקרא
§ The Gemara continues to discuss the laws of Yom Kippur: Yehuda bar Gerogarot taught: It is prohibited to sit on damp clay on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: This prohibition applies only when the clay is dripping wet, when one feels its wetness when touching it. Abaye said in clarification: It must be dripping wet enough to make something else wet. Rav Yehuda said: One is permitted to cool off with fruit on Yom Kippur, and it is not considered bathing. Similarly, when Rav Yehuda suffered from the heat on Yom Kippur he cooled off by putting a squash on himself.
רבה מצטנן בינוקא רבא מצטנן בכסא דכספא אמר רב פפא כסא דכספא מלא אסור חסר שרי דפחרא אידי ואידי אסור משום דמישחל שחיל רב אמר כסא דכספא חסר נמי אסור משום דמזדריב
Rabba cooled off by placing a baby [yanuka] next to him, because a baby’s body is cold. Rava cooled off with a silver cup. Rav Pappa said: If the silver cup is full, it is prohibited; however, if it is not full, it is permitted. With regard to a ceramic cup, both this and that are prohibited, since the water seeps through the cup, causing a violation of the prohibition of bathing. Rav Ashi said: A silver cup that is not full is also prohibited because it can slip [mizderiv] from his hand and spill.
זעירא בר חמא אושפיזכנין דרבי אמי ורבי אסי ורבי יהושע בן לוי ודכולהו רבנן דקיסרי הוה אמר ליה לרב יוסף בריה דרבי יהושע בן לוי בר אריא תא אימא לך מילתא מעליתא דהוה עביד אבוך מטפחת היה לו בערב יום הכפורים ושורה אותה במים ועושה אותה כמין כלים נגובין ולמחר מקנח בה פניו ידיו ורגליו ערב תשעה באב שורה אותה במים ולמחר מעבירה על גבי עיניו
Ze’eira bar Ḥama, the host of the home where Rabbi Ami, and Rabbi Asi, and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and all the Sages of Caesarea stayed, said to Rav Yosef, son of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: Son of a lion, come, I will tell you about a wonderful custom that your father used to perform. He had a cloth that he would prepare on the day before Yom Kippur by soaking it in water and wringing it out, making it almost like a dried cloth. And the next day he wiped his face, hands, and feet with it. On the day before the Ninth of Av, on which the prohibition of bathing is by rabbinic law and not Torah law, he would soak the cloth in water and the next day pass it over his eyes.
וכן כי אתא רבה בר מרי אמר בערב תשעה באב מביאין לו מטפחת ושורה אותה במים ומניחה תחת מראשותיו ולמחר מקנח פניו ידיו ורגליו בערב יום הכפורים מביאין לו מטפחת ושורה אותה במים ועושה אותה כמין כלים נגובין ולמחר מעבירה על גבי עיניו אמר ליה רבי יעקב לרבי ירמיה בר תחליפא איפכא אמרת לן ואותיבנך סחיטה
Similarly, when Rabba bar Mari came from Eretz Yisrael he said: The day before the Ninth of Av they bring one a cloth, and he may soak it in water and place it under his head. The next day, when only some moisture remains, he may wipe his face, hands, and feet with it. On the day before Yom Kippur, they bring one a cloth, and he may soak it in water and wring it out to make it like a dried cloth. The next day, he may pass it over his eyes. Rabbi Ya’akov said to Rabbi Yirmeya bar Taḥlifa: You told us the opposite. What you told us about Yom Kippur was really what he did on the Ninth of Av, and we objected to you with regard to the prohibition of wringing, since Yom Kippur has the same prohibition of wringing that Shabbat has.
אמר רב מנשיא בר תחליפא אמר רב עמרם אמר רבה בר בר חנה שאלו את רבי אלעזר זקן ויושב בישיבה צריך ליטול רשות להתיר בכורות או אינו צריך
§ Rav Menashya bar Taḥalifa said that Rav Amram said that Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: They asked Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat: Must an Elder who sits and studies Torah in a yeshiva receive permission from the Nasi to permit him to render firstborn animals permitted, like others who must get permission from the Nasi to render firstborn animals permitted, or not? A firstborn animal may not be eaten until it has a blemish. Knowing which blemishes are permanent and permit the animal to be eaten and which are temporary is specialized knowledge.
מאי קא מיבעי להו הכי קא מיבעי להו כי הא דאמר רב אידי בר אבין דבר זה הניחו להם לבי נשיאה כדי להתגדר בו צריך ליטול רשות או דילמא כיון דזקן ויושב בישיבה אין צריך עמד רבי צדוק בן חלוקה על רגליו ואמר אני ראיתי את רבי יוסי בן זימרא שזקן ויושב בישיבה היה ועמד במעלה מזקנו של זה ונטל רשות להתיר בכורות
The Gemara asks: What are they asking? What is the basis of the question? The Gemara explains: This is what they are asking, like this statement of Rav Idi bar Avin, who said: This matter, the authority of the Nasi to grant permission, was given to the house of the Nasi to raise its stature. Therefore, must permission be received, since the request itself honors the Nasi? Or, perhaps because the individual in question is an Elder who sits and studies Torah in a yeshiva, there is no need. Rav Tzadok ben Ḥaluka rose to his feet and said: I saw Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra, who was an Elder who sat in the yeshiva and who stood before the grandfather of this current Nasi, ask permission from him to permit firstborn animals.
אמר ליה רבי אבא לא כך היה מעשה אלא כך היה מעשה רבי יוסי בן זימרא כהן היה והכי קא מיבעיא ליה הלכה כרבי מאיר דאמר החשוד בדבר לא דנו ולא מעידו או דילמא הלכה כרבן שמעון בן גמליאל דאמר נאמן הוא על של חבירו ואינו נאמן על של עצמו ופשט ליה הלכה כרבן שמעון בן גמליאל
Rabbi Abba said to him: The way you described it was not how the incident was. Rather this was the incident: Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra was a priest, and he raised the following dilemma: Is the halakha in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, who said: One who is suspect in a certain area may not judge it and may not testify about it? Priests are suspected of inflicting blemishes on firstborn animals because after the destruction of the Temple, even priests may not benefit from a firstborn animal until it becomes blemished. The question was not one of seeking permission from the Nasi, but it was a question of halakha. Are priests who are Torah scholars also suspected of inflicting blemishes? Or perhaps the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who said: One who is suspect is believed about his fellow but is not believed about himself. He resolved the question for him: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.
קא מבעיא להו מהו לצאת בסנדל של
§ They raised another dilemma before them, the same Sages mentioned: What is the halakha with regard to going out in sandals made of
שעם ביום הכפורים עמד רבי יצחק בר נחמני על רגליו ואמר אני ראיתי את רבי יהושע בן לוי שיצא בסנדל של שעם ביום הכפורים ואמינא ליה בתענית צבור מאי אמר ליה לא שנא אמר רבה בר בר חנה אני ראיתי את רבי אלעזר דמן ננוה שיצא בסנדל של שעם בתענית צבור ואמינא ליה ביום הכפורים מאי אמר ליה לא שנא רב יהודה נפיק בדהיטני אביי נפיק בדהוצי רבא נפיק (בדיבלי) רבה בר רב הונא כריך סודרא אכרעיה ונפיק
cork on Yom Kippur? Is it considered a shoe, and therefore it may not be worn on Yom Kippur, or not? Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Naḥmani stood on his feet to testify and said: I saw that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi went out on Yom Kippur in cork sandals, and I said to him: What is the law on a communal fast that is decreed in a time of drought, when shoes are similarly prohibited? Are reed sandals permitted? He said to me: It is no different, and such sandals are permitted even on a communal fast day. Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: I saw Rabbi Elazar from Nineveh go out in cork sandals on a communal fast day, and I said to him: What is the law on Yom Kippur? He said to me: It is no different, and it is permitted. The Gemara reports: Rav Yehuda went out on Yom Kippur in reed sandals. Abaye went out in sandals made of palm fiber. Rava went out in sandals braided with reeds. None of these sandals are considered to be shoes. Rabba bar Rav Huna wrapped a scarf around his feet and went out.
מתיב רמי בר חמא הקיטע יוצא בקב שלו דברי רבי מאיר ורבי יוסי אוסר ותני עלה ושוין שאסור לצאת בו ביום הכפורים אמר אביי התם דאית ביה כתיתין ומשום תענוג
Rami bar Ḥama raised an objection: We learned that an amputee may go out with his wooden prosthetic leg on Shabbat, since it is like a shoe; these are the words of Rabbi Meir. But Rabbi Yosei prohibits it. And a baraita was taught in that regard as an addendum to that mishna: And they agree that it is prohibited to go out wearing it on Yom Kippur. As this indicates that even wooden shoes are prohibited, the materials worn by the aforementioned amora’im should also be prohibited. Abaye said: There, in the case of Yom Kippur, it is prohibited because there are rags in the prosthesis. The prohibition is not due to the shoes but due to the pleasure of the comfort, which is prohibited on Yom Kippur.
אמר ליה רבא ואי לאו מנא הוא כתיתין משוי ליה מנא ועוד כל תענוג דלאו מנעל הוא ביום הכפורים מי אסור והא רבה בר רב הונא הוה כריך סודרא אכרעיה ונפיק ועוד מדקתני סיפא אם יש לו בית קבול כתיתין טמא מכלל דרישא לאו בדאית ליה כתיתין עסקינן
Rava said to him: And if the prosthetic leg is not a garment, meaning that it is not a shoe, do the rags make it into a garment? Only shoes are forbidden, not other garments. And furthermore, any other kind of pleasure that is not the pleasure of wearing shoes, is it prohibited on Yom Kippur? Only certain afflictions are mandated on Yom Kippur; activities that are not specifically restricted by those afflictions are permitted. And Rabba bar Rav Huna would wrap a scarf on his feet and go out, demonstrating that the comfort provided by rags is permitted on Yom Kippur. Furthermore, the continuation of the baraita contradicts your explanation that the prohibition is due to the comfort provided by the rags. From the fact that it teaches in the latter clause: If the prosthetic leg has a receptacle designed for rags it is susceptible to ritual impurity like all wooden utensils which have receptacles, it may be inferred that in the first clause we are not dealing with a prosthetic leg that has a hollow space designed for rags. Abaye’s position is thereby rejected.
אלא אמר רבא לעולם דכולי עלמא מנעל הוא ובשבת בהא פליגי מר סבר גזרינן דילמא משתמיט ואתי לאתויי ארבע אמות ומר סבר לא גזרינן
Rather, Rava said: Actually, according to everyone, a prosthetic leg is considered to be a shoe, and with regard to Shabbat this is what they disagree about: One Sage, Rabbi Yosei holds that we decree a prohibition of wearing a prosthetic leg on Shabbat lest the leg slip off and one come to carry it four cubits in the public domain; and one Sage, Rabbi Meir, holds that we do not decree such a rule.
תנו רבנן תינוקות מותרין בכולן חוץ מנעילת הסנדל מאי שנא נעילת הסנדל דאמרי אינשי עבדו ליה הנך נמי אמרי אינשי עבדו ליה רחיצה וסיכה אימר מאתמול עבדי ליה
§ The Sages taught: Young children are permitted to perform all of the prohibited activities on Yom Kippur, except for wearing shoes. The Gemara asks: What is different about wearing shoes? It is because observers who see a child wearing shoes will say that adults did this for him, i.e., put them on for him, since he cannot do it for himself. But if that is the reason, with regard to those other prohibitions also, like bathing and smearing oil, they will say that adults did this for him, and children should be prohibited from those activities as well. The Gemara explains: With regard to bathing and smearing oil, they could say that they did this for him yesterday, since one cannot be certain when the child was bathed.
סנדל נמי אימר מאתמול עבדי ליה סנדל לא אפשר דמאתמול עבדי ליה דאמר שמואל האי מאן דבעי למיטעם טעמא דמיתותא ליסיים מסאני וליגני
The Gemara asks: If so, we could say this with regard to shoes as well. They could say that they did this for him yesterday. The Gemara answers: In the case of shoes, it is impossible to say an adult did it for him yesterday, since the child would not have worn shoes at night. As Shmuel said: He who desires a taste of death should put on shoes and go to sleep.
והא מותרין לכתחלה קתני אלא הנך דלאו רביתייהו גזרו בהו רבנן הנך דרביתייהו הוא לא גזרו בהו רבנן דאמר אביי אמרה לי אם רביתיה דינוקא מיא חמימי ומשחא גדל פורתא ביעתא בכותחא גדל פורתא תבורי מאני כי הא דרבה זבין להו מאני גזיזי דפחרא לבניה ומתברי להו
The Gemara asks: But the mishna is teaching that they are permitted to wear shoes ab initio. If so, it is permitted for an adult to perform these acts for a child even on the day of Yom Kippur, and the observer will not think that the adult has done anything wrong. Rather, we must explain the mishna as follows: The Sages decreed against performing those actions that are not necessary for the child’s growth, but the Sages did not decree against performing those actions that are necessary for the child’s growth. As Abaye said: My mother told me: A child’s growth requires hot water and oil for smearing. When he grows a little, he must eat egg with kutaḥa, a pickled dip made with milk. When he grows a little more, he must have vessels to break, since he will enjoy breaking them. This is like Rabba who bought cracked ceramic vessels for his children, and they broke them for their enjoyment.
המלך והכלה ירחצו את פניהם מתניתין מני רבי חנניא בן תרדיון היא דתניא המלך והכלה לא ירחצו את פניהם רבי חנניא בן תרדיון אומר משום רבי אליעזר המלך והכלה ירחצו את פניהם החיה לא תנעול את הסנדל רבי חנניא בן תרדיון אומר משום רבי אליעזר החיה תנעול את הסנדל
§ We learned in the mishna that according to Rabbi Eliezer, the king and the bride may wash their faces on Yom Kippur. The Gemara asks: Who is the tanna of the mishna? The Gemara answers: It is the opinion of Rabbi Ḥananya ben Teradyon, as it was taught in a baraita: The king and the bride may not wash their faces on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Ḥananya ben Teradyon says in the name of Rabbi Eliezer: A king and a bride may wash their faces. The Rabbis said: A new mother may not wear shoes on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Ḥananya ben Teradyon says in the name of Rabbi Eliezer: A new mother may wear shoes.
מאי טעמא מלך משום דכתיב מלך ביפיו תחזינה עיניך כלה מאי טעמא כדי שלא תתגנה על בעלה אמר ליה רב לרבי חייא כלה עד כמה אמר ליה כדתניא אין מונעין תכשיטין מן הכלה כל שלשים יום
The Gemara asks: According to Rabbi Eliezer’s opinion, what is the reason that the king may wear shoes? Because it is written: “Your eyes shall see the king in his beauty” (Isaiah 33:17). A king should always look regal before his nation. What is the reason that a bride may wash her face? So that she should not appear repulsive to her husband. Since it is only the beginning of their marriage, her husband may be disgusted at seeing her otherwise. Rav said to Rabbi Ḥiyya: For how long after her wedding is a woman considered a bride? He said to him: As it was taught in a baraita: If she becomes a mourner, we do not prevent the bride from wearing perfumes during the entire first thirty days of her marriage. This shows that for the first thirty days, her appearance is most critical.
החיה תנעול את הסנדל משום צינה
A new mother may wear shoes. What is the reason for this? Due to the cold there is concern that she will become ill, as she is weak from the birth.
אמר שמואל אם מחמת סכנת עקרב מותר
Shmuel said: If a man is worried about walking barefoot on Yom Kippur due to the danger of scorpions, he is permitted to wear shoes, since one need not put himself in danger.
האוכל ככותבת הגסה בעי רב פפא
§ We learned in the mishna: On Yom Kippur, one who eats food the volume of a large date is liable. Rav Pappa asked:
This month's shiurim are sponsored by Fredda Cohen and Eric Nussbaum in memory of her beloved father, Mitchell Cohen, Michael ben Shraga Faivel haLevi, whose 27th yahrzeit falls on 16 Tammuz. He was kind, sweet and funny, and had a big open heart for klal Yisrael v'chol yoshvei tevel.
And for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah.
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Yoma 78
The William Davidson Talmud | Powered by Sefaria
מפכין עתידין להיות יוצאין מתחת מפתן הבית מכאן ואילך היה מתגבר ועולה עד שמגיע לפתח בית דוד כיון שמגיע לפתח בית דוד נעשה כנחל שוטף שבו רוחצין זבין וזבות נדות ויולדות שנאמר ביום ההוא יהיה מקור נפתח לבית דוד וליושבי ירושלם לחטאת ולנדה
in the future, will bubble from under the threshold of the Temple. From this point forward, the spring will grow in strength and rise until it reaches the opening of David’s house, i.e., his grave, which is outside of Jerusalem. When it reaches the opening of David’s house, it will become a flowing river in which zavim and zavot, menstruating women, and women after childbirth will bathe to purify themselves. As it is stated: “On that day there shall be a fountain opened for the house of David and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem for purification and for sprinkling” (Zechariah 13:1).
אמר רב יוסף מכאן רמז לנדה שצריכה לישב עד צוארה במים ולית הילכתא כוותיה
Rav Yosef said: From here, there is an allusion that a menstruating woman must be able to sit up to her neck in water, i.e., that this is the appropriate depth for waters of a ritual bath to purify. The Gemara comments: But the halakha is not in accordance with his opinion. Rather, the depth of the water is irrelevant. As long as the water can cover an entire adult body, the ritual bath is kosher.
(תינח יום הכפורים דליכא מנעל) שבת דאיכא מנעל מאי אמר נחמיה חתניה דבי נשיאה אנא חזיתיה לרבי אמי ורבי אסי דמטו עורקומא דמיא ועברוה דרך מלבוש
§ The Gemara investigates the permissibility of crossing water in order to fulfill a mitzva: It works out well that on Yom Kippur it is permitted because there are no shoes, and there is no problem going through water barefoot. However, on Shabbat, when there are shoes, what is the halakha? Is one permitted to cross water wearing shoes? Is there a concern that his shoe might come off and he may pick it up, thereby violating the prohibition of carrying out? Neḥemya, the son-in-law of the Nasi, said: I saw Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi come to a pool of water that they had to cross on Shabbat, and they crossed it while wearing their shoes without removing them first.
תינח מנעל סנדל מאי איכא למימר אמר רב ריחומי אנא חזיתיה לרבינא דעבר דרך מלבוש רב אשי אמר סנדל לכתחלה לא
The Gemara asks: It works out well that shoes are permitted, since one can tie them tightly, but what is there to say about sandals? Since they do not fit tightly on the foot, they might come off in the water. Rav Riḥumi said: I saw Ravina cross a river while wearing sandals on his feet. Rav Ashi said: If he is wearing sandals, he should not cross the water ab initio, lest the sandal fall off his foot and he violate the prohibition of carrying on Shabbat by picking it up.
ריש גלותא איקלע להגרוניא לבי רב נתן רפרם וכולהו רבנן אתו לפירקא רבינא לא אתא למחר בעי רפרם לאפוקי לרבינא מדעתיה דריש גלותא אמר ליה מאי טעמא לא אתא מר לפירקא אמר ליה הוה כאיב לי כרעאי איבעי לך למיסם מסאני גבא דכרעא הוה
Incidental to this, the Gemara reports: The Exilarch came to deliver a lecture in Rav Natan’s study hall in Hagronya. Rafram and all the Sages came to the lecture, but Ravina did not come. The next day, when he came, Rafram wanted to remove any anger towards Ravina from the mind of the Exilarch, for missing the lecture. Rafram therefore asked Ravina: What is the reason that the Master did not come to the lecture? He said to him: My foot hurt. He said to him: You should have put shoes on. Ravina answered him: It was the back of the foot that hurt, so wearing shoes would have been hard for me.
איבעי לך למרמא סנדלא אמר ליה עורקמא דמיא הוה באורחא איבעי לך למעבריה דרך מלבוש אמר ליה לא סבר לה מר להא דאמר רב אשי סנדל לכתחלה לא
Rafram said to Ravina: You should have worn sandals, which leave the heel exposed. He said to him: There was a pool of water on the way that I would have had to cross. He said to him: You should have crossed it wearing the sandals. He said to him: Does the Master not hold with that which Rav Ashi said: One should not wear sandals when crossing a river on Shabbat, ab initio? From this conversation, the Exilarch understood that Ravina meant no disrespect in not attending the lecture.
תני יהודה בר גרוגרות אסור לישב על גבי טינא ביום הכפורים אמר רבי יהושע בן לוי ובטינא מטפחת אמר אביי ובטופח על מנת להטפיח אמר רב יהודה מותר להצטנן בפירות רב יהודה מצטנן בקרא
§ The Gemara continues to discuss the laws of Yom Kippur: Yehuda bar Gerogarot taught: It is prohibited to sit on damp clay on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said: This prohibition applies only when the clay is dripping wet, when one feels its wetness when touching it. Abaye said in clarification: It must be dripping wet enough to make something else wet. Rav Yehuda said: One is permitted to cool off with fruit on Yom Kippur, and it is not considered bathing. Similarly, when Rav Yehuda suffered from the heat on Yom Kippur he cooled off by putting a squash on himself.
רבה מצטנן בינוקא רבא מצטנן בכסא דכספא אמר רב פפא כסא דכספא מלא אסור חסר שרי דפחרא אידי ואידי אסור משום דמישחל שחיל רב אמר כסא דכספא חסר נמי אסור משום דמזדריב
Rabba cooled off by placing a baby [yanuka] next to him, because a baby’s body is cold. Rava cooled off with a silver cup. Rav Pappa said: If the silver cup is full, it is prohibited; however, if it is not full, it is permitted. With regard to a ceramic cup, both this and that are prohibited, since the water seeps through the cup, causing a violation of the prohibition of bathing. Rav Ashi said: A silver cup that is not full is also prohibited because it can slip [mizderiv] from his hand and spill.
זעירא בר חמא אושפיזכנין דרבי אמי ורבי אסי ורבי יהושע בן לוי ודכולהו רבנן דקיסרי הוה אמר ליה לרב יוסף בריה דרבי יהושע בן לוי בר אריא תא אימא לך מילתא מעליתא דהוה עביד אבוך מטפחת היה לו בערב יום הכפורים ושורה אותה במים ועושה אותה כמין כלים נגובין ולמחר מקנח בה פניו ידיו ורגליו ערב תשעה באב שורה אותה במים ולמחר מעבירה על גבי עיניו
Ze’eira bar Ḥama, the host of the home where Rabbi Ami, and Rabbi Asi, and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, and all the Sages of Caesarea stayed, said to Rav Yosef, son of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi: Son of a lion, come, I will tell you about a wonderful custom that your father used to perform. He had a cloth that he would prepare on the day before Yom Kippur by soaking it in water and wringing it out, making it almost like a dried cloth. And the next day he wiped his face, hands, and feet with it. On the day before the Ninth of Av, on which the prohibition of bathing is by rabbinic law and not Torah law, he would soak the cloth in water and the next day pass it over his eyes.
וכן כי אתא רבה בר מרי אמר בערב תשעה באב מביאין לו מטפחת ושורה אותה במים ומניחה תחת מראשותיו ולמחר מקנח פניו ידיו ורגליו בערב יום הכפורים מביאין לו מטפחת ושורה אותה במים ועושה אותה כמין כלים נגובין ולמחר מעבירה על גבי עיניו אמר ליה רבי יעקב לרבי ירמיה בר תחליפא איפכא אמרת לן ואותיבנך סחיטה
Similarly, when Rabba bar Mari came from Eretz Yisrael he said: The day before the Ninth of Av they bring one a cloth, and he may soak it in water and place it under his head. The next day, when only some moisture remains, he may wipe his face, hands, and feet with it. On the day before Yom Kippur, they bring one a cloth, and he may soak it in water and wring it out to make it like a dried cloth. The next day, he may pass it over his eyes. Rabbi Ya’akov said to Rabbi Yirmeya bar Taḥlifa: You told us the opposite. What you told us about Yom Kippur was really what he did on the Ninth of Av, and we objected to you with regard to the prohibition of wringing, since Yom Kippur has the same prohibition of wringing that Shabbat has.
אמר רב מנשיא בר תחליפא אמר רב עמרם אמר רבה בר בר חנה שאלו את רבי אלעזר זקן ויושב בישיבה צריך ליטול רשות להתיר בכורות או אינו צריך
§ Rav Menashya bar Taḥalifa said that Rav Amram said that Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: They asked Rabbi Elazar ben Pedat: Must an Elder who sits and studies Torah in a yeshiva receive permission from the Nasi to permit him to render firstborn animals permitted, like others who must get permission from the Nasi to render firstborn animals permitted, or not? A firstborn animal may not be eaten until it has a blemish. Knowing which blemishes are permanent and permit the animal to be eaten and which are temporary is specialized knowledge.
מאי קא מיבעי להו הכי קא מיבעי להו כי הא דאמר רב אידי בר אבין דבר זה הניחו להם לבי נשיאה כדי להתגדר בו צריך ליטול רשות או דילמא כיון דזקן ויושב בישיבה אין צריך עמד רבי צדוק בן חלוקה על רגליו ואמר אני ראיתי את רבי יוסי בן זימרא שזקן ויושב בישיבה היה ועמד במעלה מזקנו של זה ונטל רשות להתיר בכורות
The Gemara asks: What are they asking? What is the basis of the question? The Gemara explains: This is what they are asking, like this statement of Rav Idi bar Avin, who said: This matter, the authority of the Nasi to grant permission, was given to the house of the Nasi to raise its stature. Therefore, must permission be received, since the request itself honors the Nasi? Or, perhaps because the individual in question is an Elder who sits and studies Torah in a yeshiva, there is no need. Rav Tzadok ben Ḥaluka rose to his feet and said: I saw Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra, who was an Elder who sat in the yeshiva and who stood before the grandfather of this current Nasi, ask permission from him to permit firstborn animals.
אמר ליה רבי אבא לא כך היה מעשה אלא כך היה מעשה רבי יוסי בן זימרא כהן היה והכי קא מיבעיא ליה הלכה כרבי מאיר דאמר החשוד בדבר לא דנו ולא מעידו או דילמא הלכה כרבן שמעון בן גמליאל דאמר נאמן הוא על של חבירו ואינו נאמן על של עצמו ופשט ליה הלכה כרבן שמעון בן גמליאל
Rabbi Abba said to him: The way you described it was not how the incident was. Rather this was the incident: Rabbi Yosei ben Zimra was a priest, and he raised the following dilemma: Is the halakha in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, who said: One who is suspect in a certain area may not judge it and may not testify about it? Priests are suspected of inflicting blemishes on firstborn animals because after the destruction of the Temple, even priests may not benefit from a firstborn animal until it becomes blemished. The question was not one of seeking permission from the Nasi, but it was a question of halakha. Are priests who are Torah scholars also suspected of inflicting blemishes? Or perhaps the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who said: One who is suspect is believed about his fellow but is not believed about himself. He resolved the question for him: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel.
קא מבעיא להו מהו לצאת בסנדל של
§ They raised another dilemma before them, the same Sages mentioned: What is the halakha with regard to going out in sandals made of
שעם ביום הכפורים עמד רבי יצחק בר נחמני על רגליו ואמר אני ראיתי את רבי יהושע בן לוי שיצא בסנדל של שעם ביום הכפורים ואמינא ליה בתענית צבור מאי אמר ליה לא שנא אמר רבה בר בר חנה אני ראיתי את רבי אלעזר דמן ננוה שיצא בסנדל של שעם בתענית צבור ואמינא ליה ביום הכפורים מאי אמר ליה לא שנא רב יהודה נפיק בדהיטני אביי נפיק בדהוצי רבא נפיק (בדיבלי) רבה בר רב הונא כריך סודרא אכרעיה ונפיק
cork on Yom Kippur? Is it considered a shoe, and therefore it may not be worn on Yom Kippur, or not? Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Naḥmani stood on his feet to testify and said: I saw that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi went out on Yom Kippur in cork sandals, and I said to him: What is the law on a communal fast that is decreed in a time of drought, when shoes are similarly prohibited? Are reed sandals permitted? He said to me: It is no different, and such sandals are permitted even on a communal fast day. Rabba bar bar Ḥana said: I saw Rabbi Elazar from Nineveh go out in cork sandals on a communal fast day, and I said to him: What is the law on Yom Kippur? He said to me: It is no different, and it is permitted. The Gemara reports: Rav Yehuda went out on Yom Kippur in reed sandals. Abaye went out in sandals made of palm fiber. Rava went out in sandals braided with reeds. None of these sandals are considered to be shoes. Rabba bar Rav Huna wrapped a scarf around his feet and went out.
מתיב רמי בר חמא הקיטע יוצא בקב שלו דברי רבי מאיר ורבי יוסי אוסר ותני עלה ושוין שאסור לצאת בו ביום הכפורים אמר אביי התם דאית ביה כתיתין ומשום תענוג
Rami bar Ḥama raised an objection: We learned that an amputee may go out with his wooden prosthetic leg on Shabbat, since it is like a shoe; these are the words of Rabbi Meir. But Rabbi Yosei prohibits it. And a baraita was taught in that regard as an addendum to that mishna: And they agree that it is prohibited to go out wearing it on Yom Kippur. As this indicates that even wooden shoes are prohibited, the materials worn by the aforementioned amora’im should also be prohibited. Abaye said: There, in the case of Yom Kippur, it is prohibited because there are rags in the prosthesis. The prohibition is not due to the shoes but due to the pleasure of the comfort, which is prohibited on Yom Kippur.
אמר ליה רבא ואי לאו מנא הוא כתיתין משוי ליה מנא ועוד כל תענוג דלאו מנעל הוא ביום הכפורים מי אסור והא רבה בר רב הונא הוה כריך סודרא אכרעיה ונפיק ועוד מדקתני סיפא אם יש לו בית קבול כתיתין טמא מכלל דרישא לאו בדאית ליה כתיתין עסקינן
Rava said to him: And if the prosthetic leg is not a garment, meaning that it is not a shoe, do the rags make it into a garment? Only shoes are forbidden, not other garments. And furthermore, any other kind of pleasure that is not the pleasure of wearing shoes, is it prohibited on Yom Kippur? Only certain afflictions are mandated on Yom Kippur; activities that are not specifically restricted by those afflictions are permitted. And Rabba bar Rav Huna would wrap a scarf on his feet and go out, demonstrating that the comfort provided by rags is permitted on Yom Kippur. Furthermore, the continuation of the baraita contradicts your explanation that the prohibition is due to the comfort provided by the rags. From the fact that it teaches in the latter clause: If the prosthetic leg has a receptacle designed for rags it is susceptible to ritual impurity like all wooden utensils which have receptacles, it may be inferred that in the first clause we are not dealing with a prosthetic leg that has a hollow space designed for rags. Abaye’s position is thereby rejected.
אלא אמר רבא לעולם דכולי עלמא מנעל הוא ובשבת בהא פליגי מר סבר גזרינן דילמא משתמיט ואתי לאתויי ארבע אמות ומר סבר לא גזרינן
Rather, Rava said: Actually, according to everyone, a prosthetic leg is considered to be a shoe, and with regard to Shabbat this is what they disagree about: One Sage, Rabbi Yosei holds that we decree a prohibition of wearing a prosthetic leg on Shabbat lest the leg slip off and one come to carry it four cubits in the public domain; and one Sage, Rabbi Meir, holds that we do not decree such a rule.
תנו רבנן תינוקות מותרין בכולן חוץ מנעילת הסנדל מאי שנא נעילת הסנדל דאמרי אינשי עבדו ליה הנך נמי אמרי אינשי עבדו ליה רחיצה וסיכה אימר מאתמול עבדי ליה
§ The Sages taught: Young children are permitted to perform all of the prohibited activities on Yom Kippur, except for wearing shoes. The Gemara asks: What is different about wearing shoes? It is because observers who see a child wearing shoes will say that adults did this for him, i.e., put them on for him, since he cannot do it for himself. But if that is the reason, with regard to those other prohibitions also, like bathing and smearing oil, they will say that adults did this for him, and children should be prohibited from those activities as well. The Gemara explains: With regard to bathing and smearing oil, they could say that they did this for him yesterday, since one cannot be certain when the child was bathed.
סנדל נמי אימר מאתמול עבדי ליה סנדל לא אפשר דמאתמול עבדי ליה דאמר שמואל האי מאן דבעי למיטעם טעמא דמיתותא ליסיים מסאני וליגני
The Gemara asks: If so, we could say this with regard to shoes as well. They could say that they did this for him yesterday. The Gemara answers: In the case of shoes, it is impossible to say an adult did it for him yesterday, since the child would not have worn shoes at night. As Shmuel said: He who desires a taste of death should put on shoes and go to sleep.
והא מותרין לכתחלה קתני אלא הנך דלאו רביתייהו גזרו בהו רבנן הנך דרביתייהו הוא לא גזרו בהו רבנן דאמר אביי אמרה לי אם רביתיה דינוקא מיא חמימי ומשחא גדל פורתא ביעתא בכותחא גדל פורתא תבורי מאני כי הא דרבה זבין להו מאני גזיזי דפחרא לבניה ומתברי להו
The Gemara asks: But the mishna is teaching that they are permitted to wear shoes ab initio. If so, it is permitted for an adult to perform these acts for a child even on the day of Yom Kippur, and the observer will not think that the adult has done anything wrong. Rather, we must explain the mishna as follows: The Sages decreed against performing those actions that are not necessary for the child’s growth, but the Sages did not decree against performing those actions that are necessary for the child’s growth. As Abaye said: My mother told me: A child’s growth requires hot water and oil for smearing. When he grows a little, he must eat egg with kutaḥa, a pickled dip made with milk. When he grows a little more, he must have vessels to break, since he will enjoy breaking them. This is like Rabba who bought cracked ceramic vessels for his children, and they broke them for their enjoyment.
המלך והכלה ירחצו את פניהם מתניתין מני רבי חנניא בן תרדיון היא דתניא המלך והכלה לא ירחצו את פניהם רבי חנניא בן תרדיון אומר משום רבי אליעזר המלך והכלה ירחצו את פניהם החיה לא תנעול את הסנדל רבי חנניא בן תרדיון אומר משום רבי אליעזר החיה תנעול את הסנדל
§ We learned in the mishna that according to Rabbi Eliezer, the king and the bride may wash their faces on Yom Kippur. The Gemara asks: Who is the tanna of the mishna? The Gemara answers: It is the opinion of Rabbi Ḥananya ben Teradyon, as it was taught in a baraita: The king and the bride may not wash their faces on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Ḥananya ben Teradyon says in the name of Rabbi Eliezer: A king and a bride may wash their faces. The Rabbis said: A new mother may not wear shoes on Yom Kippur. Rabbi Ḥananya ben Teradyon says in the name of Rabbi Eliezer: A new mother may wear shoes.
מאי טעמא מלך משום דכתיב מלך ביפיו תחזינה עיניך כלה מאי טעמא כדי שלא תתגנה על בעלה אמר ליה רב לרבי חייא כלה עד כמה אמר ליה כדתניא אין מונעין תכשיטין מן הכלה כל שלשים יום
The Gemara asks: According to Rabbi Eliezer’s opinion, what is the reason that the king may wear shoes? Because it is written: “Your eyes shall see the king in his beauty” (Isaiah 33:17). A king should always look regal before his nation. What is the reason that a bride may wash her face? So that she should not appear repulsive to her husband. Since it is only the beginning of their marriage, her husband may be disgusted at seeing her otherwise. Rav said to Rabbi Ḥiyya: For how long after her wedding is a woman considered a bride? He said to him: As it was taught in a baraita: If she becomes a mourner, we do not prevent the bride from wearing perfumes during the entire first thirty days of her marriage. This shows that for the first thirty days, her appearance is most critical.
החיה תנעול את הסנדל משום צינה
A new mother may wear shoes. What is the reason for this? Due to the cold there is concern that she will become ill, as she is weak from the birth.
אמר שמואל אם מחמת סכנת עקרב מותר
Shmuel said: If a man is worried about walking barefoot on Yom Kippur due to the danger of scorpions, he is permitted to wear shoes, since one need not put himself in danger.
האוכל ככותבת הגסה בעי רב פפא
§ We learned in the mishna: On Yom Kippur, one who eats food the volume of a large date is liable. Rav Pappa asked:
