This month’s learning is sponsored by Adam, Carolyn, Michal, Josh, Benny, Izzy, Gali, Shim, Zoe, Zachy and Yehuda in loving memory of Fred Hochstadter, Ephraim ben Kayla veBaruch on his 18th yahrzeit on ח׳ אלול. “We continue to be inspired by his dedication to daily learning, from the Daf and beyond, to its surrounding philosophical, historical and legal nuances. We miss him greatly and can only strive to emulate his wise, kind and elegant ways.”
Want to dedicate learning? Get started here:
Summary
The braita explains that there is no way to test techelet (blue dye), and therefore one should only purchase it from an expert. Initially, the Gemara suggested this meant there was no way to distinguish between authentic techelet and kala ilan (a vegetable-based fake). However, this was rejected because there are indeed chemical tests available, as the Gemara explains. Ultimately, the conclusion is that there is no way to test if the strings were dyed “for the sake of the mitzva” (l’shma) or merely “for a tasting” (to test the color).
The Gemara then addresses: From whom may one buy tzitzit and assume they are valid? And why is it forbidden to sell tzitzit to a non-Jew?
There is also a dispute regarding whether tzitzit is a “time-bound positive commandment” (mitzvat aseh she’hazman grama). Rav Yehuda would place tzitzit on his wife’s garments. However, Rabbi Shimon holds that it is time-bound and women are therefore exempt. The rabbis disagree with him, believing that nighttime is also a time for tzitzit. Rabbi Shimon derives from the words “And you shall see it” that the obligation only applies during the day. The Gemara brings many other drashot (interpretations) on this verse, most of which relate to the profound importance of the mitzva of tzitzit.
What is unique about the color techelet that this specific color was chosen for the mitzva? It serves as a reminder of the heavenly throne.
Today’s daily daf tools:
This month’s learning is sponsored by Adam, Carolyn, Michal, Josh, Benny, Izzy, Gali, Shim, Zoe, Zachy and Yehuda in loving memory of Fred Hochstadter, Ephraim ben Kayla veBaruch on his 18th yahrzeit on ח׳ אלול. “We continue to be inspired by his dedication to daily learning, from the Daf and beyond, to its surrounding philosophical, historical and legal nuances. We miss him greatly and can only strive to emulate his wise, kind and elegant ways.”
Today’s daf is sponsored by Atara Blicker in loving memory of her grandfather, Lenny Kunin, Leib Mordechai ben Efraim Yehuda. “Towards the end of his life, my Zaidy learned with my uncle and together they finished many Masechtot. My Zaidy always appreciated that I did the daf, and it gives me great strength to continue learning Gemara like he did.”
Menachot 43
בֶּן אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם, וְתָרֵי לַהּ בְּגַוַּויְיהוּ מֵאוּרְתָּא וְעַד לְצַפְרָא. אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – פְּסוּלָה, לָא אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – כְּשֵׁרָה.
that was forty days old. He would soak the sky-blue wool in this solution from night until morning. If its color would fade [ipparad ḥazutei], the sky-blue wool was determined to be unfit, as it was not dyed with tekhelet derived from a ḥilazon. If its color would not fade, the sky-blue wool was determined to be fit.
וְרַב אַדָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב עַוִּירָא אָמַר: מַיְיתֵי חֲמִירָא אַרְכְּסָא דִּשְׂעָרֵי וְאָפְיָא לַהּ בְּגַוֵּויהּ, אִישְׁתַּנַּאי לִמְעַלְּיוּתָא – כְּשֵׁרָה, לִגְרִיעוּתָא – פְּסוּלָה, וְסִימָנָיךְ: שִׁינּוּי שֶׁקֶר, שִׁינּוּי אֱמֶת.
And Rav Adda said before Rava in the name of Rav Avira: One brings hard [arkesa] leavened barley dough and bakes the sky-blue wool in it. If the color of the sky-blue wool changes for the better, meaning that the process intensifies the color of the sky-blue wool, then it is fit. If the color of the sky-blue wool changes for the worse, i.e., it fades, then it is unfit. And your mnemonic is: Change reveals falsehood and change reveals truth. All of this indicates that it is possible to test whether sky-blue wool has been dyed with real tekhelet, contrary to the baraita.
מַאי ״אֵין לָהּ בְּדִיקָה״ נָמֵי דְּקָאָמַר? אַטְּעִימָה.
The Gemara explains the baraita: What does it mean when it says: There is no reliable method of testing sky-blue wool? It means that there is no way to test whether it was dyed for the sake of the mitzva or for the purpose of testing the dye.
מָר מִמִּשְׁכִּי אַיְיתִי תְּכֵלְתָּא בִּשְׁנֵי רַב אַחַאי, בַּדְקוּהָ בִּדְרַב יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוּדָה, וְאִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ, בִּדְרַב אַדָּא, וְאִישְׁתַּנַּאי לִמְעַלְּיוּתָא.
The Gemara relates that Mar, a Sage from Mashkhei, brought sky-blue wool in the years when Rav Aḥai was a preeminent Sage. They tested it in the manner described by Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and its color faded. They then tested it in the manner described by Rav Adda and the color changed for the better.
סְבַר לְמִיפְסְלַהּ, אֲמַר לְהוּ רַב אַחַאי: אֶלָּא הָא לָא תְּכֵילְתָּא הִיא, וְלָא קָלָא אִילָן הִיא, אֶלָּא שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ שְׁמוּעָתָא אַהֲדָדֵי אִיתְּמַר.
The Sages thought that the sky-blue wool should be deemed unfit because it did not pass the first test. Rav Aḥai said to them: But how could it be that this wool is not tekhelet, as it failed one of the tests, and is also not indigo, as it passed the other? This is impossible, because it must be one or the other. Rather, conclude from it that these halakhot were stated together.
הֵיכָא דִּבְדַקְנָא בִּדְרַב יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוּדָה, לָא אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – כְּשֵׁרָה; אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – בָּדְקִינַן לַהּ בִּדְרַב אַדָּא בַּחֲמִירָא אַרְכְּסָא: אִישְׁתַּנַּי לִמְעַלְּיוּתָא – כְּשֵׁרָה, לִגְרִיעוּתָא – פְּסוּלָה. שְׁלַחוּ מִתָּם: שְׁמוּעָתָא אַהֲדָדֵי אִיתְּמַר.
He explains: In a case where we tested the wool in the manner described by Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and its color did not fade, it is fit and requires no further testing. If its color faded, then we test it in the manner described by Rav Adda, with hard leavened barley dough. If the color changed for the better it is fit; if the color changed for the worse it is unfit. The Gemara adds: They sent a message from there, i.e., Eretz Yisrael: These halakhot were in fact stated together, as explained by Rav Aḥai.
רַבִּי מָנִי דָּיֵיק וְזָבֵין כְּחוּמְרֵי מַתְנְיָתָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא סָבָא: הָכִי עֲבוּד קַמָּאֵי דְקַמָּךְ, וְאַצְלַח עִיסְקַיְיהוּ.
The Gemara relates that Rabbi Mani was exacting and purchased sky-blue wool in accordance with the stringencies of the baraita cited earlier, i.e., that wool dyed as a test is unfit for ritual fringes, and that therefore one should purchase sky-blue wool for ritual fringes only from an expert. A certain elder said to him: This is what your early predecessors did, and their businesses were successful.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַלּוֹקֵחַ טַלִּית מְצוּיֶּיצֶת מִן הַשּׁוּק, מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל – הֲרֵי הִיא בְּחֶזְקָתָהּ, מִן הַגּוֹי, מִן הַתַּגָּר – כְּשֵׁרָה, מִן הַהֶדְיוֹט – פְּסוּלָה.
The Sages taught in a baraita: In the case of one who purchases a cloak with ritual fringes from the marketplace, if he purchased it from a Jew it retains its presumptive status that it is fit for the mitzva. If he purchased it from a gentile, then if he purchased it from a merchant it is presumed to be fit, as the merchant would want to maintain his credibility and would therefore purchase the sky-blue strings only from a reliable source. But if he purchased it from a gentile who is an ordinary person rather than a professional merchant, the sky-blue strings are unfit, as the seller presumably dyed them himself.
וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמְרוּ: אֵין אָדָם רַשַּׁאי לִמְכּוֹר טַלִּית מְצוּיֶּיצֶת לְגוֹי עַד שֶׁיַּתִּיר צִיצִיּוֹתֶיהָ.
And even though the Sages said: A person is not permitted to sell a cloak with ritual fringes to a gentile until he unties and removes its ritual fringes, it is permitted to purchase such a cloak from a gentile merchant, as it is assumed that the merchant acquired the cloak from a Jew who ignored this halakha.
מַאי טַעְמָא? הָכָא תַּרְגִּימוּ מִשּׁוּם זוֹנָה, רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר: שֶׁמָּא יִתְלַוֶּה עִמּוֹ בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְיַהַרְגֶנּוּ.
The Gemara asks: What is the reason for the prohibition against selling a cloak with ritual fringes to a gentile? The Gemara answers: Here they interpreted that it is prohibited because of the concern that the gentile will visit a prostitute and observers will think that he is a Jew. Alternatively, Rav Yehuda said: It is prohibited lest a Jew mistake the gentile for a Jew and accompany him on a journey thinking that he is also Jewish, due to his ritual fringes, and the gentile might then kill him.
רַב יְהוּדָה רָמֵי תְּכֵילְתָּא לְפַרְזוּמָא דְּאִינָשֵׁי בֵּיתֵיהּ, וּמְבָרֵךְ כֹּל צַפְרָא ״לְהִתְעַטֵּף בַּצִּיצִית״.
§ Rav Yehuda would affix white and sky-blue strings to the garment [pirzuma] of his wife. And every morning he would recite the blessing: To wrap ourselves in garments with ritual fringes.
מִדְּרָמֵי, קָסָבַר: מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁלֹּא הַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא הוּא, אַמַּאי מְבָרֵךְ כֹּל צַפְרָא וְצַפְרָא?
The Gemara asks: From the fact that he would affix ritual fringes to his wife’s garments, it is apparent that he holds that the obligation of ritual fringes is a positive mitzva that is not time-bound, and therefore women are also obligated in it. But if that is his opinion, why did he recite the blessing on ritual fringes each and every morning? In order for the mitzva to not be time-bound, it must apply at night, in which case a new blessing should not be recited in the morning.
כְּרַבִּי, דְּתַנְיָא: תְּפִילִּין כׇּל זְמַן שֶׁמַּנִּיחָן מְבָרֵךְ עֲלֵיהֶן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי.
The Gemara answers: Rav Yehuda was acting in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, as it is taught in a baraita: With regard to phylacteries, every time one dons them he recites the blessing over them, even several times in one day; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.
אִי הָכִי, כֹּל שַׁעְתָּא נָמֵי! רַב יְהוּדָה אִינִישׁ צְנִיעָא הֲוָה, וְלָא שָׁרֵי לֵיהּ לִגְלִימֵיהּ כּוּלֵּיהּ יוֹמָא. וּמַאי שְׁנָא מִצַּפְרָא? כִּי מְשַׁנֵּי מִכְּסוּת לַיְלָה לִכְסוּת יוֹם.
The Gemara asks: If so, he should have also recited a blessing every time that he took the cloak off and put it back on, and not merely once a day in the morning. The Gemara answers: Rav Yehuda was a modest man and he did not remove his cloak the entire day. The Gemara asks: In what way is it different from the morning, i.e., why did he recite a blessing in the morning? The Gemara answers: He recited the blessing in the morning when he changed from a nighttime garment to a daytime garment.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַכֹּל חַיָּיבִין בְּצִיצִית, כֹּהֲנִים, לְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים, גֵּרִים, נָשִׁים וַעֲבָדִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר בְּנָשִׁים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָאּ הוּא, וְכׇל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָאּ נָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת.
§ The Sages taught in a baraita: Everyone is obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes, including priests, Levites, Israelites, converts, women, and Canaanite slaves. Rabbi Shimon deems women exempt, because the mitzva of ritual fringes is a positive, time-bound mitzva, and women are exempt from every positive, time-bound mitzva.
אָמַר מָר: הַכֹּל חַיָּיבִין בְּצִיצִית, כֹּהֲנִים לְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים. פְּשִׁיטָא, דְּאִי כֹּהֲנִים לְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים פְּטִירִי, מַאן לִיחַיַּיב?
The Gemara analyzes the baraita. The Master said in the baraita: Everyone is obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes, including priests, Levites, and Israelites. The Gemara asks: Isn’t that obvious? As, if priests, Levites, and Israelites were exempt from the mitzva, who then is to be obligated?
כֹּהֲנִים אִיצְטְרִיכָא לֵיהּ, סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ אָמֵינָא: הוֹאִיל וּכְתִיב ״לֹא תִלְבַּשׁ שַׁעַטְנֵז צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים יַחְדָּו. גְּדִילִים תַּעֲשֶׂה לָךְ״, מַאן דְּלָא אִישְׁתְּרִי כִּלְאַיִם לְגַבֵּיהּ בִּלְבִישָׁה הוּא דְּמִיחַיַּיב בְּצִיצִית, הָנֵי כֹּהֲנִים הוֹאִיל וְאִישְׁתְּרִי כִּלְאַיִם לְגַבַּיְיהוּ – לָא לִיחַיְּיבוּ.
The Gemara answers: It was necessary for the baraita to mention that priests are obligated to fulfill the mitzva, as it may enter your mind to say as follows: Since it is written: “You shall not wear diverse kinds, wool and linen together. You shall prepare yourself twisted cords upon the four corners of your covering” (Deuteronomy 22:11–12), only one who is not permitted to wear diverse kinds is obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes. With regard to these priests, since diverse kinds are permitted for them when they perform the Temple service, as the belt of the priestly vestments contains diverse kinds, they should not be obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes.
קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן: נְהִי דְּאִישְׁתְּרִי בְּעִידָּן עֲבוֹדָה, בְּלָא עִידָּן עֲבוֹדָה לָא אִישְׁתְּרִי.
Therefore, the baraita teaches us that although the prohibition of diverse kinds is permitted for them at the time when they perform the Temple service, when it is not the time of the Temple service it is not permitted, and therefore priests are obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר בְּנָשִׁים. מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? דְּתַנְיָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ״ – פְּרָט לִכְסוּת לַיְלָה.
The baraita states that Rabbi Shimon deems women exempt. The Gemara asks: What is the reasoning of Rabbi Shimon? The Gemara answers: As it is taught in a baraita that with regard to ritual fringes it is stated: “And it shall be unto you for a fringe, that you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord” (Numbers 15:39). The term “that you may look” excludes a nighttime garment, as it is dark at night and it is therefore difficult to see.
אַתָּה אוֹמֵר: פְּרָט לִכְסוּת לַיְלָה, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא פְּרָט לִכְסוּת סוֹמֵא? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה בָּהּ״, הֲרֵי כְּסוּת סוֹמֵא אָמוּר, הָא מָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּים ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ״? פְּרָט לִכְסוּת לַיְלָה.
The baraita continues: One may ask: Do you say that the verse serves to exclude a nighttime garment? Or is it to exclude only the garment of a blind person, who is also unable to see his ritual fringes? The tanna explains: When the verse states: “Of your covering, with which you cover yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:12), the garment of a blind person is mentioned as being included, as the verse already stated: “Of your covering,” and did not need to state: “With which you cover yourself.” If so, how do I realize the meaning of the exclusion: “That you may look upon it”? It must exclude a nighttime garment.
וּמָה רָאִיתָ לְרַבּוֹת כְּסוּת סוֹמֵא וּלְהוֹצִיא כְּסוּת לַיְלָה? מְרַבֶּה אֲנִי כְּסוּת סוֹמֵא שֶׁיֶּשְׁנָהּ בִּרְאִיָּה אֵצֶל אֲחֵרִים, וּמוֹצִיא אֲנִי כְּסוּת לַיְלָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ בִּרְאִיָּה אֵצֶל אֲחֵרִים.
The Gemara asks: What did you see that led you to include the garment of a blind person from the phrase: “With which you cover yourself,” and to exclude a nighttime garment from the phrase: “That you may look upon it,” rather than including a nighttime garment in the obligation and excluding the garment of a blind person? The Gemara answers: I include the garment of a blind person, which is visible to others, even though the blind person himself cannot see it, and I exclude a nighttime garment, which is not visible even to others.
וְרַבָּנַן
The Gemara asks: And the Rabbis who disagree with Rabbi Shimon,
הַאי ״אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה בָּהּ״ מַאי עָבְדִי לֵיהּ? מִיבְּעֵי לְהוּ לְכִדְתַנְיָא: ״עַל אַרְבַּע כַּנְפוֹת כְּסוּתְךָ״ – אַרְבַּע וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ.
what do they do with, i.e., how do they interpret, this verse: “With which you cover yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:12)? The Gemara answers that the Rabbis require it for that which is taught in a baraita: The phrase “on the four corners of your garment” (Deuteronomy 22:12) indicates that one is required to attach ritual fringes to a garment that has four corners, but not to one that has three corners.
אַתָּה אוֹמֵר אַרְבַּע וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא אַרְבַּע וְלֹא חָמֵשׁ? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר ״אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה בָּהּ״, הֲרֵי בַּעֲלַת חָמֵשׁ אָמוּר, וּמָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּים ״עַל אַרְבַּע״? אַרְבַּע וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ.
The baraita continues: Do you say that a garment with four corners is obligated but not a garment with three corners? Or is it teaching only that a garment with four corners is obligated but not a garment that has five corners? When the verse states: “With which you cover yourself,” a garment with five corners is thereby mentioned in the verse as being obligated. Then how do I realize the meaning of: “On the four corners of your garment”? It teaches that this obligation is limited to a garment that has four corners, but not to one that has three corners.
וּמָה רָאִיתָ לְרַבּוֹת בַּעֲלַת חָמֵשׁ וּלְהוֹצִיא בַּעֲלַת שָׁלֹשׁ? מְרַבֶּה אֲנִי בַּעֲלַת חָמֵשׁ, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בִּכְלַל חָמֵשׁ אַרְבַּע, וּמוֹצִיא אֲנִי בַּעֲלַת שָׁלֹשׁ, שֶׁאֵין בִּכְלַל שָׁלֹשׁ אַרְבַּע.
The Gemara asks: But what did you see that led you to include a garment with five corners and to exclude a garment with three corners, rather than including a garment with three corners and excluding a garment with five corners? The Gemara answers: I include a garment with five corners, as five includes four, and I exclude a garment with three corners, as three does not include four.
וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, מֵ״אֲשֶׁר״ נָפְקָא. וְרַבָּנַן, ״אֲשֶׁר״ לָא מַשְׁמַע לְהוּ.
The Gemara asks: And how does Rabbi Shimon derive the halakha that a five-cornered garment is required to have ritual fringes? The Gemara answers: He derives it from the seemingly extraneous word: “With which [asher] you cover yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:12). The Gemara asks: And what do the Rabbis derive from this word? The Gemara answers: They do not learn any new halakhot from the word “which [asher].”
וְרַבָּנַן, הַאי ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ״ מַאי עָבְדִי לֵיהּ? מִיבְּעֵי לְהוּ לְכִדְתַנְיָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם״, רְאֵה מִצְוָה זוֹ וּזְכוֹר מִצְוָה אַחֶרֶת הַתְּלוּיָה (בּוֹ) [בָּהּ], וְאֵיזוֹ זוֹ? זוֹ קְרִיַּת שְׁמַע, דִּתְנַן: מֵאֵימָתַי קוֹרִין אֶת שְׁמַע בְּשַׁחֲרִית? מִשֶּׁיַּכִּיר בֵּין תְּכֵלֶת לְלָבָן.
The Gemara asks: And as for the Rabbis, what do they do with this phrase: “That you may look upon it” (Numbers 15:39), from which Rabbi Shimon derives that a nighttime garment is exempt? The Gemara answers: They require it for that which is taught in a baraita: The verse: “That you may look upon it and remember” (Numbers 15:39), teaches that one should see this mitzva of ritual fringes and remember another mitzva that is contingent on it. And which mitzva is that? It is the mitzva of the recitation of Shema. As we learned in a mishna (Berakhot 9b): From when may one recite Shema in the morning? From when one can distinguish between the sky-blue strings and the white strings of his ritual fringes.
וְתַנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם״ – רְאֵה מִצְוָה זוֹ וּזְכוֹר מִצְוָה אַחֶרֶת הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ, וְאֵיזוֹ זוֹ? זוֹ מִצְוַת כִּלְאַיִם, דִּכְתִיב: ״לֹא תִלְבַּשׁ שַׁעַטְנֵז צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים יַחְדָּו. גְּדִילִים תַּעֲשֶׂה לָךְ״.
And it is taught in another baraita: The phrase “that you may look upon it and remember” teaches that one should see this mitzva of ritual fringes and remember another mitzva that is adjacent to it in the Torah. And which mitzva is that? It is the mitzva of diverse kinds of wool and linen, as it is written: “You shall not wear diverse kinds, wool and linen together. You shall prepare yourself twisted cords” (Deuteronomy 22:11–12).
תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כׇּל מִצְוֹת ה׳״, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּתְחַיֵּיב אָדָם בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ נִתְחַיֵּיב בְּכׇל מִצְוֹת כּוּלָּן, וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הִיא, דְּאָמַר: מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָאּ הִיא.
It is taught in another baraita: The verse states: “That you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord” (Numbers 15:39). This indicates that once a person is obligated in this mitzva of ritual fringes, he is obligated in all of the mitzvot. The Gemara comments: And this is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who says that ritual fringes are a positive, time-bound mitzva, and women are exempt from it. Only men are obligated in all mitzvot, including positive, time-bound mitzvot, just as they are obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes.
תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כׇּל מִצְוֹת ה׳״, שְׁקוּלָה מִצְוָה זוֹ כְּנֶגֶד כׇּל הַמִּצְוֹת כּוּלָּן.
It is taught in another baraita: The verse states: “That you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord”; this teaches that this mitzva of ritual fringes is equivalent to all the mitzvot of the Torah.
וְתַנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם… וַעֲשִׂיתֶם״ – רְאִיָּה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי זְכִירָה, זְכִירָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי עֲשִׂיָּה. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחַאי אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הַזָּרִיז בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ זוֹכֶה וּמְקַבֵּל פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה. כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״אֶת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא וְאֹתוֹ תַעֲבֹד״.
And it is taught in another baraita: The verse states: “That you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord and do them.” This teaches that looking at the ritual fringes leads to remembering the mitzvot, and remembering them leads to doing them. And Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai says: Anyone who is diligent in this mitzva of ritual fringes merits receiving the Divine Presence. It is written here: “That you may look upon it [oto]” (Numbers 15:39), and it is written there: “You shall fear the Lord your God; and Him [oto] shall you serve” (Deuteronomy 6:13). Just as oto in that verse is referring to the Divine Presence, so too in this verse it is referring to the Divine Presence.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: חֲבִיבִין יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁסִּיבְּבָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּמִצְוֹת, תְּפִילִּין בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶן וּתְפִילִּין בִּזְרוֹעוֹתֵיהֶן וְצִיצִית בְּבִגְדֵיהֶן וּמְזוּזָה לְפִתְחֵיהֶן, וַעֲלֵיהֶן אָמַר דָּוִד: ״שֶׁבַע בַּיּוֹם הִלַּלְתִּיךָ עַל מִשְׁפְּטֵי צִדְקֶךָ״.
The Sages taught in a baraita: The Jewish people are beloved, as the Holy One, Blessed be He, surrounded them with mitzvot: They have phylacteries on their heads, and phylacteries on their arms, and ritual fringes on their garments, and a mezuza for their doorways. Concerning them David said: “Seven times a day I praise You, because of Your righteous ordinances” (Psalms 119:164). This alludes to the two phylacteries, the four ritual fringes, and the mezuza, which total seven.
וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּכְנַס דָּוִד לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ וְרָאָה עַצְמוֹ עוֹמֵד עָרוֹם, אָמַר: אוֹי לִי שֶׁאֶעֱמוֹד עָרוֹם בְּלֹא מִצְוָה! וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנִּזְכַּר בַּמִּילָה שֶׁבִּבְשָׂרוֹ, נִתְיַישְּׁבָה דַּעְתּוֹ. לְאַחַר שֶׁיָּצָא, אָמַר עָלֶיהָ שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לַמְנַצֵּחַ עַל הַשְּׁמִינִית מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד״, עַל מִילָה שֶׁנִּיתְּנָה בַּשְּׁמִינִי.
And when David entered the bathhouse and saw himself standing naked, he said: Woe to me that that I stand naked without any mitzva. But once he remembered the mitzva of circumcision that was in his flesh his mind was put at ease, as he realized he was still accompanied by this mitzva. After he left the bathhouse, he recited a song about the mitzva of circumcision, as it is stated in the verse: “For the leader, on the Sheminith: A Psalm of David” (Psalms 12:1). This is interpreted as a psalm about circumcision, which was given to be performed on the eighth [bashemini] day of the baby’s life.
רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ תְּפִילִּין בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וּתְפִילִּין בִּזְרוֹעוֹ וְצִיצִית בְּבִגְדוֹ וּמְזוּזָה בְּפִתְחוֹ, הַכֹּל בְּחִיזּוּק שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֱטָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהַחוּט הַמְשֻׁלָּשׁ לֹא בִמְהֵרָה יִנָּתֵק״, וְאוֹמֵר: ״חֹנֶה מַלְאַךְ ה׳ סָבִיב לִירֵאָיו וַיְחַלְּצֵם״.
Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: Anyone who has phylacteries on his head, phylacteries on his arm, ritual fringes on his garment, and a mezuza on his doorway is strengthened from all sides so that he will not sin, as it is stated in the verse: “And a threefold cord is not quickly broken” (Ecclesiastes 4:12). This is interpreted as an allusion to the three mitzvot of phylacteries, ritual fringes, and mezuza. And the verse states: “The angel of the Lord encamps round about them that fear Him, and delivers them” (Psalms 34:8). This is interpreted to mean that the angel of the Lord surrounds those who fulfill the mitzvot and saves them from sin.
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: מָה נִשְׁתַּנָּה תְּכֵלֶת מִכׇּל מִינֵי צִבְעוֹנִין? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַתְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמֶה לַיָּם, וְיָם דּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ, וְרָקִיעַ לְכִסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר וּכְעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹהַר״, וּכְתִיב: ״כְּמַרְאֵה אֶבֶן סַפִּיר דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא״.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: What is different about tekhelet from all other types of colors such that it was chosen for the mitzva of ritual fringes? It is because tekhelet is similar in its color to the sea, and the sea is similar to the sky, and the sky is similar to the Throne of Glory, as it is stated: “And they saw the God of Israel; and there was under His feet the like of a paved work of sapphire stone, and the like of the very heaven for clearness” (Exodus 24:10), indicating that the sky is like a sapphire brickwork. And it is written: “The likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone” (Ezekiel 1:26).
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: גָּדוֹל עוֹנְשׁוֹ שֶׁל לָבָן יוֹתֵר מֵעוֹנְשׁוֹ שֶׁל תְּכֵלֶת, מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה? לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁאָמַר לִשְׁנֵי עֲבָדָיו, לְאֶחָד אָמַר: ״הָבֵא לִי חוֹתָם שֶׁל טִיט״, וּלְאֶחָד אָמַר: ״הָבֵא לִי חוֹתָם שֶׁל זָהָב״, וּפָשְׁעוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם וְלֹא הֵבִיאוּ, אֵיזֶה מֵהֶן עוֹנְשׁוֹ מְרוּבֶּה? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: זֶה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ ״הָבֵא לִי חוֹתָם שֶׁל טִיט״ וְלֹא הֵבִיא.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: The punishment for not attaching white strings is greater than the punishment for not attaching sky-blue strings, despite the fact that the sky-blue strings are more important. Rabbi Meir illustrates this with a parable: To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a king of flesh and blood who said to his two subjects that they must bring him a seal. The king said to one of them: Bring me a seal of clay, and he said to the other one: Bring me a seal of gold. And both of them were negligent and did not bring the seals. Which of them will have a greater punishment? You must say that it is this one to whom he said: Bring me a seal of clay, and despite its availability and low cost, he did not bring it.
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: חַיָּיב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ מֵאָה בְּרָכוֹת בְּכׇל יוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעַתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל מָה ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ שֹׁאֵל מֵעִמָּךְ״.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: A person is obligated to recite one hundred blessings every day, as it is stated in the verse: “And now, Israel, what [ma] does the Lord your God require of you” (Deuteronomy 10:12). Rabbi Meir interprets the verse as though it said one hundred [me’a], rather than ma.
רַב חִיָּיא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אַוְיָא, בְּשַׁבְּתָא וּבְיוֹמֵי טָבֵי, טָרַח וּמְמַלֵּי לְהוּ בְּאִיסְפַּרְמָקֵי וּמַגְדֵי.
The Gemara relates that on Shabbat and Festivals, when the prayers contain fewer blessings, Rav Ḥiyya, son of Rav Avya, made an effort to fill this quota of blessings with blessings on spices [be’isparmakei] and sweet fruit, of which he would partake in order to recite extra blessings.
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: חַיָּיב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ שָׁלֹשׁ בְּרָכוֹת בְּכׇל יוֹם, אֵלוּ הֵן: ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי גּוֹי״, ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי אִשָּׁה״, ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי בּוּר״.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: A man is obligated to recite three blessings every day praising God for His kindnesses, and these blessings are: Who did not make me a gentile; Who did not make me a woman; and Who did not make me an ignoramus.
רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב שַׁמְעֵיהּ לִבְרֵיהּ דַּהֲוָה קָא מְבָרֵךְ ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי בּוּר״, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כּוּלֵּי הַאי נָמֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְאֶלָּא מַאי מְבָרֵךְ? ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי עֶבֶד״? הַיְינוּ אִשָּׁה! עֶבֶד
Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov heard his son reciting the blessing: Who did not make me an ignoramus. Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said to him: Is it in fact proper to go this far in reciting blessings? Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov’s son said to him: Rather, what blessing should one recite? If you will say that one should recite: Who did not make me a slave, that is the same as a woman; why should one recite two blessings about the same matter? Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov answered: Nevertheless, a slave
Today’s daily daf tools:
Delve Deeper
Broaden your understanding of the topics on this daf with classes and podcasts from top women Talmud scholars.
Menachot Daf 38-44- Daf Yomi: One Week at a Time
Menahot 43: Should Women Be Wearing Tzitzit After All?
New to Talmud?
Check out our resources designed to help you navigate a page of Talmud – and study at the pace, level and style that fits you.
The Hadran Women’s Tapestry
Meet the diverse women learning Gemara at Hadran and hear their stories.
Mamaroneck, NY, United States
Jerusalem, Israel
Retirement and Covid converged to provide me with the opportunity to commit to daily Talmud study in October 2020. I dove into the middle of Eruvin and continued to navigate Seder Moed, with Rabannit Michelle as my guide. I have developed more confidence in my learning as I completed each masechet and look forward to completing the Daf Yomi cycle so that I can begin again!
San Diego, United States
I started at the beginning of this cycle. No 1 reason, but here’s 5.
In 2019 I read about the upcoming siyum hashas.
There was a sermon at shul about how anyone can learn Talmud.
Talmud references come up when I am studying. I wanted to know more.
Yentl was on telly. Not a great movie but it’s about studying Talmud.
I went to the Hadran website: A new cycle is starting. I’m gonna do this
Cambridge, United Kingdom
I learned Mishnayot more than twenty years ago and started with Gemara much later in life. Although I never managed to learn Daf Yomi consistently, I am learning since some years Gemara in depth and with much joy. Since last year I am studying at the International Halakha Scholars Program at the WIHL. I often listen to Rabbanit Farbers Gemara shiurim to understand better a specific sugyiah. I am grateful for the help and inspiration!
Berlin, Germany
In July, 2012 I wrote for Tablet about the first all women’s siyum at Matan in Jerusalem, with 100 women. At the time, I thought, I would like to start with the next cycle – listening to a podcast at different times of day makes it possible. It is incredible that after 10 years, so many women are so engaged!
Pittsburgh, United States
I started the daf at the beginning of this cycle in January 2020. My husband, my children, grandchildren and siblings have been very supportive. As someone who learned and taught Tanach and mefarshim for many years, it has been an amazing adventure to complete the six sedarim of Mishnah, and now to study Talmud on a daily basis along with Rabbanit Michelle and the wonderful women of Hadran.
Jerusalem, Israel
I started learning when my brother sent me the news clip of the celebration of the last Daf Yomi cycle. I was so floored to see so many women celebrating that I wanted to be a part of it. It has been an enriching experience studying a text in a language I don’t speak, using background knowledge that I don’t have. It is stretching my learning in unexpected ways, bringing me joy and satisfaction.
Warwick, Rhode Island, United States
I had never heard of Daf Yomi and after reading the book, The Weight of Ink, I explored more about it. I discovered that it was only 6 months before a whole new cycle started and I was determined to give it a try. I tried to get a friend to join me on the journey but after the first few weeks they all dropped it. I haven’t missed a day of reading and of listening to the podcast.
Elkins Park, United States
Hearing and reading about the siyumim at the completion of the 13 th cycle Daf Yomi asked our shul rabbi about starting the Daf – he directed me to another shiur in town he thought would allow a woman to join, and so I did! Love seeing the sources for the Divrei Torah I’ve been hearing for the past decades of living an observant life and raising 5 children .
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Studying has changed my life view on הלכה and יהדות and time. It has taught me bonudaries of the human nature and honesty of our sages in their discourse to try and build a nation of caring people .
Kfar Saba, Israel
When I was working and taking care of my children, learning was never on the list. Now that I have more time I have two different Gemora classes and the nach yomi as well as the mishna yomi daily.
Jerusalem, Israel
A few years back, after reading Ilana Kurshan’s book, “If All The Seas Were Ink,” I began pondering the crazy, outlandish idea of beginning the Daf Yomi cycle. Beginning in December, 2019, a month before the previous cycle ended, I “auditioned” 30 different podcasts in 30 days, and ultimately chose to take the plunge with Hadran and Rabbanit Michelle. Such joy!
HUNTINGTON, United States
Ive been learning Gmara since 5th grade and always loved it. Have always wanted to do Daf Yomi and now with Michelle Farber’s online classes it made it much easier to do! Really enjoying the experience thank you!!
Neve Daniel, Israel
After reading the book, “ If All The Seas Were Ink “ by Ileana Kurshan I started studying Talmud. I searched and studied with several teachers until I found Michelle Farber. I have been studying with her for two years. I look forward every day to learn from her.
Virginia, United States
I had tried to start after being inspired by the hadran siyum, but did not manage to stick to it. However, just before masechet taanit, our rav wrote a message to the shul WhatsApp encouraging people to start with masechet taanit, so I did! And this time, I’m hooked! I listen to the shiur every day , and am also trying to improve my skills.
Yad Binyamin, Israel
I began my Daf Yomi journey on January 5, 2020. I had never learned Talmud before. Initially it struck me as a bunch of inane and arcane details with mind bending logic. I am now smitten. Rabbanit Farber brings the page to life and I am eager to learn with her every day!
Highland Park, United States
I started learning Dec 2019 after reading “If all the Seas Were Ink”. I found
Daily daf sessions of Rabbanit Michelle in her house teaching, I then heard about the siyum and a new cycle starting wow I am in! Afternoon here in Sydney, my family and friends know this is my sacred time to hide away to live zoom and learn. Often it’s hard to absorb and relate then a gem shines touching my heart.
Dover Heights, Australia
Minnesota, United States
Berlin, Germany
Menachot 43
בֶּן אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם, וְתָרֵי לַהּ בְּגַוַּויְיהוּ מֵאוּרְתָּא וְעַד לְצַפְרָא. אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – פְּסוּלָה, לָא אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – כְּשֵׁרָה.
that was forty days old. He would soak the sky-blue wool in this solution from night until morning. If its color would fade [ipparad ḥazutei], the sky-blue wool was determined to be unfit, as it was not dyed with tekhelet derived from a ḥilazon. If its color would not fade, the sky-blue wool was determined to be fit.
וְרַב אַדָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב עַוִּירָא אָמַר: מַיְיתֵי חֲמִירָא אַרְכְּסָא דִּשְׂעָרֵי וְאָפְיָא לַהּ בְּגַוֵּויהּ, אִישְׁתַּנַּאי לִמְעַלְּיוּתָא – כְּשֵׁרָה, לִגְרִיעוּתָא – פְּסוּלָה, וְסִימָנָיךְ: שִׁינּוּי שֶׁקֶר, שִׁינּוּי אֱמֶת.
And Rav Adda said before Rava in the name of Rav Avira: One brings hard [arkesa] leavened barley dough and bakes the sky-blue wool in it. If the color of the sky-blue wool changes for the better, meaning that the process intensifies the color of the sky-blue wool, then it is fit. If the color of the sky-blue wool changes for the worse, i.e., it fades, then it is unfit. And your mnemonic is: Change reveals falsehood and change reveals truth. All of this indicates that it is possible to test whether sky-blue wool has been dyed with real tekhelet, contrary to the baraita.
מַאי ״אֵין לָהּ בְּדִיקָה״ נָמֵי דְּקָאָמַר? אַטְּעִימָה.
The Gemara explains the baraita: What does it mean when it says: There is no reliable method of testing sky-blue wool? It means that there is no way to test whether it was dyed for the sake of the mitzva or for the purpose of testing the dye.
מָר מִמִּשְׁכִּי אַיְיתִי תְּכֵלְתָּא בִּשְׁנֵי רַב אַחַאי, בַּדְקוּהָ בִּדְרַב יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוּדָה, וְאִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ, בִּדְרַב אַדָּא, וְאִישְׁתַּנַּאי לִמְעַלְּיוּתָא.
The Gemara relates that Mar, a Sage from Mashkhei, brought sky-blue wool in the years when Rav Aḥai was a preeminent Sage. They tested it in the manner described by Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and its color faded. They then tested it in the manner described by Rav Adda and the color changed for the better.
סְבַר לְמִיפְסְלַהּ, אֲמַר לְהוּ רַב אַחַאי: אֶלָּא הָא לָא תְּכֵילְתָּא הִיא, וְלָא קָלָא אִילָן הִיא, אֶלָּא שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ שְׁמוּעָתָא אַהֲדָדֵי אִיתְּמַר.
The Sages thought that the sky-blue wool should be deemed unfit because it did not pass the first test. Rav Aḥai said to them: But how could it be that this wool is not tekhelet, as it failed one of the tests, and is also not indigo, as it passed the other? This is impossible, because it must be one or the other. Rather, conclude from it that these halakhot were stated together.
הֵיכָא דִּבְדַקְנָא בִּדְרַב יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוּדָה, לָא אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – כְּשֵׁרָה; אִיפְּרֵד חֲזוּתַיהּ – בָּדְקִינַן לַהּ בִּדְרַב אַדָּא בַּחֲמִירָא אַרְכְּסָא: אִישְׁתַּנַּי לִמְעַלְּיוּתָא – כְּשֵׁרָה, לִגְרִיעוּתָא – פְּסוּלָה. שְׁלַחוּ מִתָּם: שְׁמוּעָתָא אַהֲדָדֵי אִיתְּמַר.
He explains: In a case where we tested the wool in the manner described by Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda, and its color did not fade, it is fit and requires no further testing. If its color faded, then we test it in the manner described by Rav Adda, with hard leavened barley dough. If the color changed for the better it is fit; if the color changed for the worse it is unfit. The Gemara adds: They sent a message from there, i.e., Eretz Yisrael: These halakhot were in fact stated together, as explained by Rav Aḥai.
רַבִּי מָנִי דָּיֵיק וְזָבֵין כְּחוּמְרֵי מַתְנְיָתָא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ הָהוּא סָבָא: הָכִי עֲבוּד קַמָּאֵי דְקַמָּךְ, וְאַצְלַח עִיסְקַיְיהוּ.
The Gemara relates that Rabbi Mani was exacting and purchased sky-blue wool in accordance with the stringencies of the baraita cited earlier, i.e., that wool dyed as a test is unfit for ritual fringes, and that therefore one should purchase sky-blue wool for ritual fringes only from an expert. A certain elder said to him: This is what your early predecessors did, and their businesses were successful.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַלּוֹקֵחַ טַלִּית מְצוּיֶּיצֶת מִן הַשּׁוּק, מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל – הֲרֵי הִיא בְּחֶזְקָתָהּ, מִן הַגּוֹי, מִן הַתַּגָּר – כְּשֵׁרָה, מִן הַהֶדְיוֹט – פְּסוּלָה.
The Sages taught in a baraita: In the case of one who purchases a cloak with ritual fringes from the marketplace, if he purchased it from a Jew it retains its presumptive status that it is fit for the mitzva. If he purchased it from a gentile, then if he purchased it from a merchant it is presumed to be fit, as the merchant would want to maintain his credibility and would therefore purchase the sky-blue strings only from a reliable source. But if he purchased it from a gentile who is an ordinary person rather than a professional merchant, the sky-blue strings are unfit, as the seller presumably dyed them himself.
וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמְרוּ: אֵין אָדָם רַשַּׁאי לִמְכּוֹר טַלִּית מְצוּיֶּיצֶת לְגוֹי עַד שֶׁיַּתִּיר צִיצִיּוֹתֶיהָ.
And even though the Sages said: A person is not permitted to sell a cloak with ritual fringes to a gentile until he unties and removes its ritual fringes, it is permitted to purchase such a cloak from a gentile merchant, as it is assumed that the merchant acquired the cloak from a Jew who ignored this halakha.
מַאי טַעְמָא? הָכָא תַּרְגִּימוּ מִשּׁוּם זוֹנָה, רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר: שֶׁמָּא יִתְלַוֶּה עִמּוֹ בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְיַהַרְגֶנּוּ.
The Gemara asks: What is the reason for the prohibition against selling a cloak with ritual fringes to a gentile? The Gemara answers: Here they interpreted that it is prohibited because of the concern that the gentile will visit a prostitute and observers will think that he is a Jew. Alternatively, Rav Yehuda said: It is prohibited lest a Jew mistake the gentile for a Jew and accompany him on a journey thinking that he is also Jewish, due to his ritual fringes, and the gentile might then kill him.
רַב יְהוּדָה רָמֵי תְּכֵילְתָּא לְפַרְזוּמָא דְּאִינָשֵׁי בֵּיתֵיהּ, וּמְבָרֵךְ כֹּל צַפְרָא ״לְהִתְעַטֵּף בַּצִּיצִית״.
§ Rav Yehuda would affix white and sky-blue strings to the garment [pirzuma] of his wife. And every morning he would recite the blessing: To wrap ourselves in garments with ritual fringes.
מִדְּרָמֵי, קָסָבַר: מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁלֹּא הַזְּמַן גְּרָמָא הוּא, אַמַּאי מְבָרֵךְ כֹּל צַפְרָא וְצַפְרָא?
The Gemara asks: From the fact that he would affix ritual fringes to his wife’s garments, it is apparent that he holds that the obligation of ritual fringes is a positive mitzva that is not time-bound, and therefore women are also obligated in it. But if that is his opinion, why did he recite the blessing on ritual fringes each and every morning? In order for the mitzva to not be time-bound, it must apply at night, in which case a new blessing should not be recited in the morning.
כְּרַבִּי, דְּתַנְיָא: תְּפִילִּין כׇּל זְמַן שֶׁמַּנִּיחָן מְבָרֵךְ עֲלֵיהֶן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי.
The Gemara answers: Rav Yehuda was acting in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, as it is taught in a baraita: With regard to phylacteries, every time one dons them he recites the blessing over them, even several times in one day; this is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.
אִי הָכִי, כֹּל שַׁעְתָּא נָמֵי! רַב יְהוּדָה אִינִישׁ צְנִיעָא הֲוָה, וְלָא שָׁרֵי לֵיהּ לִגְלִימֵיהּ כּוּלֵּיהּ יוֹמָא. וּמַאי שְׁנָא מִצַּפְרָא? כִּי מְשַׁנֵּי מִכְּסוּת לַיְלָה לִכְסוּת יוֹם.
The Gemara asks: If so, he should have also recited a blessing every time that he took the cloak off and put it back on, and not merely once a day in the morning. The Gemara answers: Rav Yehuda was a modest man and he did not remove his cloak the entire day. The Gemara asks: In what way is it different from the morning, i.e., why did he recite a blessing in the morning? The Gemara answers: He recited the blessing in the morning when he changed from a nighttime garment to a daytime garment.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַכֹּל חַיָּיבִין בְּצִיצִית, כֹּהֲנִים, לְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים, גֵּרִים, נָשִׁים וַעֲבָדִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר בְּנָשִׁים, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמִּצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָאּ הוּא, וְכׇל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָאּ נָשִׁים פְּטוּרוֹת.
§ The Sages taught in a baraita: Everyone is obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes, including priests, Levites, Israelites, converts, women, and Canaanite slaves. Rabbi Shimon deems women exempt, because the mitzva of ritual fringes is a positive, time-bound mitzva, and women are exempt from every positive, time-bound mitzva.
אָמַר מָר: הַכֹּל חַיָּיבִין בְּצִיצִית, כֹּהֲנִים לְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים. פְּשִׁיטָא, דְּאִי כֹּהֲנִים לְוִיִּם וְיִשְׂרְאֵלִים פְּטִירִי, מַאן לִיחַיַּיב?
The Gemara analyzes the baraita. The Master said in the baraita: Everyone is obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes, including priests, Levites, and Israelites. The Gemara asks: Isn’t that obvious? As, if priests, Levites, and Israelites were exempt from the mitzva, who then is to be obligated?
כֹּהֲנִים אִיצְטְרִיכָא לֵיהּ, סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ אָמֵינָא: הוֹאִיל וּכְתִיב ״לֹא תִלְבַּשׁ שַׁעַטְנֵז צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים יַחְדָּו. גְּדִילִים תַּעֲשֶׂה לָךְ״, מַאן דְּלָא אִישְׁתְּרִי כִּלְאַיִם לְגַבֵּיהּ בִּלְבִישָׁה הוּא דְּמִיחַיַּיב בְּצִיצִית, הָנֵי כֹּהֲנִים הוֹאִיל וְאִישְׁתְּרִי כִּלְאַיִם לְגַבַּיְיהוּ – לָא לִיחַיְּיבוּ.
The Gemara answers: It was necessary for the baraita to mention that priests are obligated to fulfill the mitzva, as it may enter your mind to say as follows: Since it is written: “You shall not wear diverse kinds, wool and linen together. You shall prepare yourself twisted cords upon the four corners of your covering” (Deuteronomy 22:11–12), only one who is not permitted to wear diverse kinds is obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes. With regard to these priests, since diverse kinds are permitted for them when they perform the Temple service, as the belt of the priestly vestments contains diverse kinds, they should not be obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes.
קָא מַשְׁמַע לַן: נְהִי דְּאִישְׁתְּרִי בְּעִידָּן עֲבוֹדָה, בְּלָא עִידָּן עֲבוֹדָה לָא אִישְׁתְּרִי.
Therefore, the baraita teaches us that although the prohibition of diverse kinds is permitted for them at the time when they perform the Temple service, when it is not the time of the Temple service it is not permitted, and therefore priests are obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר בְּנָשִׁים. מַאי טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? דְּתַנְיָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ״ – פְּרָט לִכְסוּת לַיְלָה.
The baraita states that Rabbi Shimon deems women exempt. The Gemara asks: What is the reasoning of Rabbi Shimon? The Gemara answers: As it is taught in a baraita that with regard to ritual fringes it is stated: “And it shall be unto you for a fringe, that you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord” (Numbers 15:39). The term “that you may look” excludes a nighttime garment, as it is dark at night and it is therefore difficult to see.
אַתָּה אוֹמֵר: פְּרָט לִכְסוּת לַיְלָה, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא פְּרָט לִכְסוּת סוֹמֵא? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה בָּהּ״, הֲרֵי כְּסוּת סוֹמֵא אָמוּר, הָא מָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּים ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ״? פְּרָט לִכְסוּת לַיְלָה.
The baraita continues: One may ask: Do you say that the verse serves to exclude a nighttime garment? Or is it to exclude only the garment of a blind person, who is also unable to see his ritual fringes? The tanna explains: When the verse states: “Of your covering, with which you cover yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:12), the garment of a blind person is mentioned as being included, as the verse already stated: “Of your covering,” and did not need to state: “With which you cover yourself.” If so, how do I realize the meaning of the exclusion: “That you may look upon it”? It must exclude a nighttime garment.
וּמָה רָאִיתָ לְרַבּוֹת כְּסוּת סוֹמֵא וּלְהוֹצִיא כְּסוּת לַיְלָה? מְרַבֶּה אֲנִי כְּסוּת סוֹמֵא שֶׁיֶּשְׁנָהּ בִּרְאִיָּה אֵצֶל אֲחֵרִים, וּמוֹצִיא אֲנִי כְּסוּת לַיְלָה שֶׁאֵינָהּ בִּרְאִיָּה אֵצֶל אֲחֵרִים.
The Gemara asks: What did you see that led you to include the garment of a blind person from the phrase: “With which you cover yourself,” and to exclude a nighttime garment from the phrase: “That you may look upon it,” rather than including a nighttime garment in the obligation and excluding the garment of a blind person? The Gemara answers: I include the garment of a blind person, which is visible to others, even though the blind person himself cannot see it, and I exclude a nighttime garment, which is not visible even to others.
וְרַבָּנַן
The Gemara asks: And the Rabbis who disagree with Rabbi Shimon,
הַאי ״אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה בָּהּ״ מַאי עָבְדִי לֵיהּ? מִיבְּעֵי לְהוּ לְכִדְתַנְיָא: ״עַל אַרְבַּע כַּנְפוֹת כְּסוּתְךָ״ – אַרְבַּע וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ.
what do they do with, i.e., how do they interpret, this verse: “With which you cover yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:12)? The Gemara answers that the Rabbis require it for that which is taught in a baraita: The phrase “on the four corners of your garment” (Deuteronomy 22:12) indicates that one is required to attach ritual fringes to a garment that has four corners, but not to one that has three corners.
אַתָּה אוֹמֵר אַרְבַּע וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא אַרְבַּע וְלֹא חָמֵשׁ? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר ״אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה בָּהּ״, הֲרֵי בַּעֲלַת חָמֵשׁ אָמוּר, וּמָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּים ״עַל אַרְבַּע״? אַרְבַּע וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ.
The baraita continues: Do you say that a garment with four corners is obligated but not a garment with three corners? Or is it teaching only that a garment with four corners is obligated but not a garment that has five corners? When the verse states: “With which you cover yourself,” a garment with five corners is thereby mentioned in the verse as being obligated. Then how do I realize the meaning of: “On the four corners of your garment”? It teaches that this obligation is limited to a garment that has four corners, but not to one that has three corners.
וּמָה רָאִיתָ לְרַבּוֹת בַּעֲלַת חָמֵשׁ וּלְהוֹצִיא בַּעֲלַת שָׁלֹשׁ? מְרַבֶּה אֲנִי בַּעֲלַת חָמֵשׁ, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בִּכְלַל חָמֵשׁ אַרְבַּע, וּמוֹצִיא אֲנִי בַּעֲלַת שָׁלֹשׁ, שֶׁאֵין בִּכְלַל שָׁלֹשׁ אַרְבַּע.
The Gemara asks: But what did you see that led you to include a garment with five corners and to exclude a garment with three corners, rather than including a garment with three corners and excluding a garment with five corners? The Gemara answers: I include a garment with five corners, as five includes four, and I exclude a garment with three corners, as three does not include four.
וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, מֵ״אֲשֶׁר״ נָפְקָא. וְרַבָּנַן, ״אֲשֶׁר״ לָא מַשְׁמַע לְהוּ.
The Gemara asks: And how does Rabbi Shimon derive the halakha that a five-cornered garment is required to have ritual fringes? The Gemara answers: He derives it from the seemingly extraneous word: “With which [asher] you cover yourself” (Deuteronomy 22:12). The Gemara asks: And what do the Rabbis derive from this word? The Gemara answers: They do not learn any new halakhot from the word “which [asher].”
וְרַבָּנַן, הַאי ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ״ מַאי עָבְדִי לֵיהּ? מִיבְּעֵי לְהוּ לְכִדְתַנְיָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם״, רְאֵה מִצְוָה זוֹ וּזְכוֹר מִצְוָה אַחֶרֶת הַתְּלוּיָה (בּוֹ) [בָּהּ], וְאֵיזוֹ זוֹ? זוֹ קְרִיַּת שְׁמַע, דִּתְנַן: מֵאֵימָתַי קוֹרִין אֶת שְׁמַע בְּשַׁחֲרִית? מִשֶּׁיַּכִּיר בֵּין תְּכֵלֶת לְלָבָן.
The Gemara asks: And as for the Rabbis, what do they do with this phrase: “That you may look upon it” (Numbers 15:39), from which Rabbi Shimon derives that a nighttime garment is exempt? The Gemara answers: They require it for that which is taught in a baraita: The verse: “That you may look upon it and remember” (Numbers 15:39), teaches that one should see this mitzva of ritual fringes and remember another mitzva that is contingent on it. And which mitzva is that? It is the mitzva of the recitation of Shema. As we learned in a mishna (Berakhot 9b): From when may one recite Shema in the morning? From when one can distinguish between the sky-blue strings and the white strings of his ritual fringes.
וְתַנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אוֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם״ – רְאֵה מִצְוָה זוֹ וּזְכוֹר מִצְוָה אַחֶרֶת הַסְּמוּכָה לָהּ, וְאֵיזוֹ זוֹ? זוֹ מִצְוַת כִּלְאַיִם, דִּכְתִיב: ״לֹא תִלְבַּשׁ שַׁעַטְנֵז צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים יַחְדָּו. גְּדִילִים תַּעֲשֶׂה לָךְ״.
And it is taught in another baraita: The phrase “that you may look upon it and remember” teaches that one should see this mitzva of ritual fringes and remember another mitzva that is adjacent to it in the Torah. And which mitzva is that? It is the mitzva of diverse kinds of wool and linen, as it is written: “You shall not wear diverse kinds, wool and linen together. You shall prepare yourself twisted cords” (Deuteronomy 22:11–12).
תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כׇּל מִצְוֹת ה׳״, כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּתְחַיֵּיב אָדָם בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ נִתְחַיֵּיב בְּכׇל מִצְוֹת כּוּלָּן, וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן הִיא, דְּאָמַר: מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁהַזְּמַן גְּרָמָאּ הִיא.
It is taught in another baraita: The verse states: “That you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord” (Numbers 15:39). This indicates that once a person is obligated in this mitzva of ritual fringes, he is obligated in all of the mitzvot. The Gemara comments: And this is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who says that ritual fringes are a positive, time-bound mitzva, and women are exempt from it. Only men are obligated in all mitzvot, including positive, time-bound mitzvot, just as they are obligated in the mitzva of ritual fringes.
תַּנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת כׇּל מִצְוֹת ה׳״, שְׁקוּלָה מִצְוָה זוֹ כְּנֶגֶד כׇּל הַמִּצְוֹת כּוּלָּן.
It is taught in another baraita: The verse states: “That you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord”; this teaches that this mitzva of ritual fringes is equivalent to all the mitzvot of the Torah.
וְתַנְיָא אִידַּךְ: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ וּזְכַרְתֶּם… וַעֲשִׂיתֶם״ – רְאִיָּה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי זְכִירָה, זְכִירָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי עֲשִׂיָּה. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר יוֹחַאי אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הַזָּרִיז בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ זוֹכֶה וּמְקַבֵּל פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה. כְּתִיב הָכָא: ״וּרְאִיתֶם אֹתוֹ״, וּכְתִיב הָתָם: ״אֶת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא וְאֹתוֹ תַעֲבֹד״.
And it is taught in another baraita: The verse states: “That you may look upon it and remember all the commandments of the Lord and do them.” This teaches that looking at the ritual fringes leads to remembering the mitzvot, and remembering them leads to doing them. And Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai says: Anyone who is diligent in this mitzva of ritual fringes merits receiving the Divine Presence. It is written here: “That you may look upon it [oto]” (Numbers 15:39), and it is written there: “You shall fear the Lord your God; and Him [oto] shall you serve” (Deuteronomy 6:13). Just as oto in that verse is referring to the Divine Presence, so too in this verse it is referring to the Divine Presence.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: חֲבִיבִין יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁסִּיבְּבָן הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּמִצְוֹת, תְּפִילִּין בְּרָאשֵׁיהֶן וּתְפִילִּין בִּזְרוֹעוֹתֵיהֶן וְצִיצִית בְּבִגְדֵיהֶן וּמְזוּזָה לְפִתְחֵיהֶן, וַעֲלֵיהֶן אָמַר דָּוִד: ״שֶׁבַע בַּיּוֹם הִלַּלְתִּיךָ עַל מִשְׁפְּטֵי צִדְקֶךָ״.
The Sages taught in a baraita: The Jewish people are beloved, as the Holy One, Blessed be He, surrounded them with mitzvot: They have phylacteries on their heads, and phylacteries on their arms, and ritual fringes on their garments, and a mezuza for their doorways. Concerning them David said: “Seven times a day I praise You, because of Your righteous ordinances” (Psalms 119:164). This alludes to the two phylacteries, the four ritual fringes, and the mezuza, which total seven.
וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּכְנַס דָּוִד לְבֵית הַמֶּרְחָץ וְרָאָה עַצְמוֹ עוֹמֵד עָרוֹם, אָמַר: אוֹי לִי שֶׁאֶעֱמוֹד עָרוֹם בְּלֹא מִצְוָה! וְכֵיוָן שֶׁנִּזְכַּר בַּמִּילָה שֶׁבִּבְשָׂרוֹ, נִתְיַישְּׁבָה דַּעְתּוֹ. לְאַחַר שֶׁיָּצָא, אָמַר עָלֶיהָ שִׁירָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לַמְנַצֵּחַ עַל הַשְּׁמִינִית מִזְמוֹר לְדָוִד״, עַל מִילָה שֶׁנִּיתְּנָה בַּשְּׁמִינִי.
And when David entered the bathhouse and saw himself standing naked, he said: Woe to me that that I stand naked without any mitzva. But once he remembered the mitzva of circumcision that was in his flesh his mind was put at ease, as he realized he was still accompanied by this mitzva. After he left the bathhouse, he recited a song about the mitzva of circumcision, as it is stated in the verse: “For the leader, on the Sheminith: A Psalm of David” (Psalms 12:1). This is interpreted as a psalm about circumcision, which was given to be performed on the eighth [bashemini] day of the baby’s life.
רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב אוֹמֵר: כֹּל שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ תְּפִילִּין בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וּתְפִילִּין בִּזְרוֹעוֹ וְצִיצִית בְּבִגְדוֹ וּמְזוּזָה בְּפִתְחוֹ, הַכֹּל בְּחִיזּוּק שֶׁלֹּא יֶחֱטָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְהַחוּט הַמְשֻׁלָּשׁ לֹא בִמְהֵרָה יִנָּתֵק״, וְאוֹמֵר: ״חֹנֶה מַלְאַךְ ה׳ סָבִיב לִירֵאָיו וַיְחַלְּצֵם״.
Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: Anyone who has phylacteries on his head, phylacteries on his arm, ritual fringes on his garment, and a mezuza on his doorway is strengthened from all sides so that he will not sin, as it is stated in the verse: “And a threefold cord is not quickly broken” (Ecclesiastes 4:12). This is interpreted as an allusion to the three mitzvot of phylacteries, ritual fringes, and mezuza. And the verse states: “The angel of the Lord encamps round about them that fear Him, and delivers them” (Psalms 34:8). This is interpreted to mean that the angel of the Lord surrounds those who fulfill the mitzvot and saves them from sin.
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: מָה נִשְׁתַּנָּה תְּכֵלֶת מִכׇּל מִינֵי צִבְעוֹנִין? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַתְּכֵלֶת דּוֹמֶה לַיָּם, וְיָם דּוֹמֶה לָרָקִיעַ, וְרָקִיעַ לְכִסֵּא הַכָּבוֹד, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר וּכְעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹהַר״, וּכְתִיב: ״כְּמַרְאֵה אֶבֶן סַפִּיר דְּמוּת כִּסֵּא״.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: What is different about tekhelet from all other types of colors such that it was chosen for the mitzva of ritual fringes? It is because tekhelet is similar in its color to the sea, and the sea is similar to the sky, and the sky is similar to the Throne of Glory, as it is stated: “And they saw the God of Israel; and there was under His feet the like of a paved work of sapphire stone, and the like of the very heaven for clearness” (Exodus 24:10), indicating that the sky is like a sapphire brickwork. And it is written: “The likeness of a throne, as the appearance of a sapphire stone” (Ezekiel 1:26).
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: גָּדוֹל עוֹנְשׁוֹ שֶׁל לָבָן יוֹתֵר מֵעוֹנְשׁוֹ שֶׁל תְּכֵלֶת, מָשָׁל לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה? לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁאָמַר לִשְׁנֵי עֲבָדָיו, לְאֶחָד אָמַר: ״הָבֵא לִי חוֹתָם שֶׁל טִיט״, וּלְאֶחָד אָמַר: ״הָבֵא לִי חוֹתָם שֶׁל זָהָב״, וּפָשְׁעוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם וְלֹא הֵבִיאוּ, אֵיזֶה מֵהֶן עוֹנְשׁוֹ מְרוּבֶּה? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: זֶה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ ״הָבֵא לִי חוֹתָם שֶׁל טִיט״ וְלֹא הֵבִיא.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: The punishment for not attaching white strings is greater than the punishment for not attaching sky-blue strings, despite the fact that the sky-blue strings are more important. Rabbi Meir illustrates this with a parable: To what is this matter comparable? It is comparable to a king of flesh and blood who said to his two subjects that they must bring him a seal. The king said to one of them: Bring me a seal of clay, and he said to the other one: Bring me a seal of gold. And both of them were negligent and did not bring the seals. Which of them will have a greater punishment? You must say that it is this one to whom he said: Bring me a seal of clay, and despite its availability and low cost, he did not bring it.
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: חַיָּיב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ מֵאָה בְּרָכוֹת בְּכׇל יוֹם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״וְעַתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל מָה ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ שֹׁאֵל מֵעִמָּךְ״.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: A person is obligated to recite one hundred blessings every day, as it is stated in the verse: “And now, Israel, what [ma] does the Lord your God require of you” (Deuteronomy 10:12). Rabbi Meir interprets the verse as though it said one hundred [me’a], rather than ma.
רַב חִיָּיא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אַוְיָא, בְּשַׁבְּתָא וּבְיוֹמֵי טָבֵי, טָרַח וּמְמַלֵּי לְהוּ בְּאִיסְפַּרְמָקֵי וּמַגְדֵי.
The Gemara relates that on Shabbat and Festivals, when the prayers contain fewer blessings, Rav Ḥiyya, son of Rav Avya, made an effort to fill this quota of blessings with blessings on spices [be’isparmakei] and sweet fruit, of which he would partake in order to recite extra blessings.
תַּנְיָא, הָיָה רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: חַיָּיב אָדָם לְבָרֵךְ שָׁלֹשׁ בְּרָכוֹת בְּכׇל יוֹם, אֵלוּ הֵן: ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי גּוֹי״, ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי אִשָּׁה״, ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי בּוּר״.
It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Meir would say: A man is obligated to recite three blessings every day praising God for His kindnesses, and these blessings are: Who did not make me a gentile; Who did not make me a woman; and Who did not make me an ignoramus.
רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב שַׁמְעֵיהּ לִבְרֵיהּ דַּהֲוָה קָא מְבָרֵךְ ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי בּוּר״, אֲמַר לֵיהּ: כּוּלֵּי הַאי נָמֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְאֶלָּא מַאי מְבָרֵךְ? ״שֶׁלֹּא עֲשָׂאַנִי עֶבֶד״? הַיְינוּ אִשָּׁה! עֶבֶד
Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov heard his son reciting the blessing: Who did not make me an ignoramus. Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said to him: Is it in fact proper to go this far in reciting blessings? Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov’s son said to him: Rather, what blessing should one recite? If you will say that one should recite: Who did not make me a slave, that is the same as a woman; why should one recite two blessings about the same matter? Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov answered: Nevertheless, a slave
