Nedarim 63

מיתיבי איזוהי זמנה של רביעה הבכירה בשלשה בינונית בשבעה אפילה בעשרים ושלשה דברי רבי מאיר רבי יהודה אומר בשבעה ובשבעה עשר ובעשרים ושלשה

The Gemara raises an objection against the statement by Rabbi Zeira from the following baraita: When is the time of the rainfall? The early rainfall occurs on the third of the month of Marḥeshvan; the intermediate rainfall is on the seventh of the month, while the late rainfall is on the twenty-third of the month. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: The respective dates are on the seventh, on the seventeenth, and on the twenty-third of Marḥeshvan.

רבי יוסי אומר בשבעה עשר ובעשרים ושלשה ובחודש כסליו וכן היה רבי יוסי אומר אין היחידים מתענין עד שיגיע ראש חדש כסליו

Rabbi Yosei says: The first two time periods are on the seventeenth and on the twenty-third of Marḥeshvan, and the last period is at the beginning of the month of Kislev. And so too, Rabbi Yosei would say: The learned individuals, who would start to fast due to a drought at an earlier time than the rest of the community, do not start to fast until the New Moon of Kislev arrives and no rain has fallen.

ואמרינן עלה בשלמא רביעה ראשונה לישאל שלישית להתענות אלא שניה למאי ואמר רבי זירא לנודר

And we say about this: Granted, they disagreed over the time of the first rainfall, as this time is relevant with regard to asking for rain through prayer. The time when the third rainfall is expected is relevant with regard to fasting due to lack of rain. But as for the expected time for the second rainfall, for what purpose did they disagree about its date? And Rabbi Zeira said: It is significant for one who vows until the rain.

ואמרינן עלה כמאן אזלא הא דתניא רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אומר גשמים שירדו שבעה ימים זה אחר זה אתה מונה בהן רביעה ראשונה ושניה כמאן כרבי יוסי

And furthermore, we say about this: In accordance with whose opinion is that which is taught in the baraita: Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: In the case of rains that fell for seven days, one after another, you count them as the first rainfall and the second. In accordance with whose opinion is this statement? In accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yosei, who is the only tanna who holds that the first and second periods of rainfall span seven days. It is evident from this discussion that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel argues that one who vows until the rain must wait until after the second actual rainfall. This contradicts the statement of Rabbi Zeira that until the rain is referring to the date when rain is supposed to fall.

ההוא דאמר עד הגשמים

The Gemara answers: That baraita is referring to one who said: Until the rains, rather than: Until the rain. Consequently, the expiration of his vow is determined by the actual time of rainfall.

מתני׳ קונם יין שאיני טועם לשנה נתעברה השנה אסור בה ובעיבורה עד ראש אדר עד ראש אדר הראשון עד סוף אדר עד סוף אדר הראשון

MISHNA: In the case of one who said: Wine is konam for me, and for that reason I will not taste it for the entire year, if the year was extended, i.e., it was declared to be a leap year, he is prohibited from drinking wine during the year and its intercalated month. If he vowed until the beginning of the month of Adar, the vow remains in effect until the beginning of the first Adar. Similarly, if he says that his vow applies until the end of Adar, the vow remains in effect until the end of the first Adar.

גמ׳ אלמא סתמא דאדר דקאמר ראשון הוא

GEMARA: The Gemara comments on the statement in the mishna that if one takes a vow until the beginning of Adar, it remains in effect until the beginning of the first Adar. Apparently, when one says Adar without specification, his statement is understood as a reference to the first Adar.

לימא מתניתין רבי יהודה היא דתניא אדר הראשון כותב אדר הראשון אדר שני כותב אדר סתם דברי רבי מאיר רבי יהודה אומר אדר הראשון כותב סתם אדר שני כותב תיניין

The Gemara asks: Shall we say that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda? As it is taught in a baraita: In the first month of Adar, when dating a document, one writes that the document was composed in the first Adar. During the second Adar, one writes the name of the month of Adar without specification; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says the reverse: During the first Adar one writes the name of the month without specification, and in the second Adar he writes that the document was composed in the second Adar.

אמר אביי אפילו תימא רבי מאיר הא דידע דמעברא שתא הא דלא ידע

Abaye said: You can even say that the mishna is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Meir, as there is a difference between the cases: In this baraita, the case is one where the individual who took the vow knew that the year was extended, i.e., declared as a leap year, and the disagreement concerns which Adar is considered the principal one. Conversely, that mishna is referring to a case where he did not know that it is a leap year and that there are two months of Adar. Consequently, when he referred to Adar, all agree that he meant the first Adar.

והתניא עד ראש חדש אדר עד ראש חדש אדר הראשון אם היתה שנה מעוברת עד ראש חדש אדר השני

And, so too, it is taught in a baraita: If one vows until the New Moon of Adar, the vow remains in effect until the New Moon of the first Adar, and if it was a leap year, it remains in effect until the New Moon of the second Adar.

מכלל דרישא לאו במעוברת עסקינן שמע מינה הא דפשיטא ליה דמעברא שתא הא דלא ידע

The Gemara analyzes this baraita: Does the latter clause prove by inference that in the first clause, we are not dealing with a leap year? In a regular year there is only one month of Adar, so it is impossible to speak of a first or second Adar. Rather, learn from it that this latter clause is referring to a case where it is obvious to him that the year was extended, and therefore when he refers to the month of Adar he means the second Adar, whereas that first clause is referring to a case where he did not know that it was a leap year, in which case he means the first Adar.

מתני׳ רבי יהודה אומר קונם יין שאיני טועם עד שיהא הפסח לא נתכוון זה אלא עד ליל הפסח עד שעה שדרך בני אדם לשתות יין

MISHNA: Rabbi Yehuda says: In the case of one who says: Wine is konam for me, and for that reason I will not taste it until it will be Passover, it is understood that this individual intended for his vow to apply only until the night of Passover, i.e., until the time when it is customary for people to drink wine in order to fulfill the mitzva of drinking the four cups, but he did not intend to prevent himself from being able to fulfill this mitzva.

אמר קונם בשר שאיני טועם עד שיהא הצום אינו אסור אלא עד לילי צום שלא נתכוון זה אלא עד שעה שדרך בני אדם לאכול בשר רבי יוסי בנו אומר קונם שום שאני טועם עד שתהא שבת אינו אסור אלא עד לילי שבת שלא נתכוון זה אלא עד שעה שדרך בני אדם לאכול בשום

Similarly, if he said: Meat is konam for me, and for that reason I will not taste it until it will be the fast of Yom Kippur, he is prohibited from eating meat only until the eve of [leilei] the fast. This is because it is understood that this individual intended for his vow to apply only until the time when it is customary for people to eat meat in the festive meal before the fast, and he did not intend to prevent himself from being able to participate in that meal. Rabbi Yosei, his son, says: One who vows: Garlic is konam for me, and for that reason I will not taste it until it will be Shabbat, it is prohibited for him to eat garlic only until the eve of Shabbat, as it is understood that this individual intended for his vow to apply only until the time when it is customary for people to eat garlic.

האומר לחבירו קונם שאני נהנה לך אם אין את בא ונוטל לבניך כור אחד של חטין ושתי חביות של יין הרי זה יכול להפר את נדרו שלא על פי חכם ויאמר לו כלום אמרת אלא מפני כבודי זהו כבודי

In the case of one who says to another: Benefiting from you is konam for me, i.e., I am prohibited from deriving benefit from you, if you do not come and take for your son one kor of wheat and two barrels of wine as a gift, this other individual can dissolve his vow without the consent of a halakhic authority. This is because he can say to him: Did you say your vow for any reason other than due to my honor, in order to convince me to accept a gift for my son? This is my honor, that I refrain from accepting the gift, and consequently the vow is annulled.

וכן האומר לחבירו קונם שאת נהנית לי אם אין את בא ונותן לבני כור של חטין ושתי חביות של יין רבי מאיר אומר אסור עד שיתן וחכמים אומרים אף זה יכול להפר את נדרו שלא על פי חכם ויאמר לו הרי אני כאילו נתקבלתי

And, so too, in the case of one who says to another: Benefiting from me is konam for you, i.e., you are prohibited from deriving benefit from me, if you do not come and give my son one kor of wheat and two barrels of wine, Rabbi Meir says: It is prohibited for the other individual to benefit from the speaker until he gives the gifts to his son. However, the Rabbis say: Even this individual who took the vow can dissolve his own vow without the consent of a halakhic authority. This is because he can say to him: I hereby consider it as though I have received the gift.

היה מסרב בו לשאת בת אחותו ואמר קונם שהיא נהנית לי לעולם וכן המגרש את אשתו אומר קונם אשתי נהנית לי לעולם הרי אלו מותרות להנות לו שלא נתכוון זה אלא לשום אישות

If an individual was urging another to marry the daughter of his sister, and in order to deflect the pressure, the other man said: Benefiting from me is konam for her forever, i.e., she is prohibited from deriving any benefit from me forever, and, so too, if there is one who divorces his wife and says: Benefiting from me is konam for my wife forever, these women are permitted to derive benefit from him, as this man intended to take this vow only for the purpose of prohibiting marriage between them, but not to prohibit all forms of benefit.

היה מסרב בחבירו שיאכל אצלו אמר קונם לביתך שאני נכנס טיפת צונן שאני טועם לך מותר ליכנס לביתו ולשתות ממנו צונן שלא נתכוון זה אלא לשום אכילה ושתיה

Similarly, if one was urging another to eat with him, and the latter said: Entering your house is konam for me, as is tasting even a drop of cold liquid of yours, the individual who took the vow is nevertheless permitted to enter his house and to drink a cold beverage of his. This is because this individual intended to take this vow only for the purpose of eating and drinking a meal, but not to prohibit himself from entering the house entirely or from drinking in small quantities (Commentary on Nedarim).

הדרן עלך קונם יין