Beitzah 17

היינו קלקולא אמר רבא אמר רב חסדא אמר רב הונא הלכה כרבי ולאסור

this is the corruption that might result from a ruling that renders it prohibited to prepare an eiruv the day before. Therefore, this cannot serve as proof of the conclusive ruling. Rava said that Rav Ḥisda said that Rav Huna said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi to prohibit one from preparing either type of eiruv. One may not prepare an eiruv either for courtyards or for boundaries, as the halakha is in accordance with Rabbi Elazar’s version of the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi.

תנו רבנן יום טוב שחל להיות בשבת בית שמאי אומרים מתפלל שמנה [ ואומר] של שבת בפני עצמה ושל יום טוב בפני עצמה ובית הלל אומרים מתפלל שבע מתחיל בשל שבת ומסיים בשל שבת ואומר קדושת היום באמצע רבי אומר אף חותם בה מקדש השבת ישראל והזמנים

§ The Sages taught the following baraita: In the case of a Festival that occurs on Shabbat, Beit Shammai say: One must recite an Amida prayer that includes eight blessings, inserting two additional blessings between the standard opening three and concluding three. As for the two middle blessings, one recites one for Shabbat as an independent blessing and a second for the Festival as an independent blessing. And Beit Hillel say: One must pray an Amida comprising only seven blessings, i.e., the three opening ones, the three concluding ones, and one in between. One begins the middle blessing with Shabbat and concludes it with Shabbat, and he recites a passage referring to the sanctity of the day of the Festival in the middle. Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says: He even concludes this blessing with mention of both Shabbat and the Festival, saying: Who sanctifies Shabbat, the Jewish people, and the seasons.

תני תנא קמיה דרבינא מקדש ישראל והשבת והזמנים אמר ליה אטו שבת ישראל מקדשי ליה והא שבת מקדשא וקיימא אלא אימא מקדש השבת ישראל והזמנים אמר רב יוסף הלכה כרבי וכדתריץ רבינא:

A tanna taught a baraita before Ravina with a slightly different reading: He concludes the blessing with: Who sanctifies the Jewish people, Shabbat, and the seasons. Ravina said to that tanna: Is that to say that the Jewish people sanctify Shabbat? Isn’t Shabbat already sanctified from the six days of Creation? Every seventh day is automatically Shabbat, without the need for any declaration on the part of the Jewish people. Rather, amend it and say as follows: Who sanctifies Shabbat, the Jewish people, and the seasons, as the Jewish people indeed sanctify the New Moon and the Festival days. Rav Yosef said: The halakha with regard to the conclusion of the blessing is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi and as the difficulty was resolved by Ravina.

תנו רבנן שבת שחל להיות בראש חודש או בחולו של מועד ערבית ושחרית ומנחה מתפלל שבע ואומר מעין המאורע בעבודה ואם לא אמר מחזירין אותו רבי אליעזר אומר בהודאה ובמוספין מתחיל בשל שבת ומסיים בשל שבת ואומר קדושת היום באמצע

The Sages taught the following baraita: In the case of Shabbat that occurs on a New Moon or on one of the intermediate days of a Festival, for the evening, morning, and afternoon prayers, one prays in his usual manner, reciting seven blessings in the Amida, and recites a passage pertaining to the event of the day, i.e.: May there rise and come [ya’aleh veyavo], during the blessing of the Temple service, known as retze; and if he did not recite it, he is required to return to the beginning of the Amida prayer and repeat it. Rabbi Eliezer disagrees and says: This passage is recited during the blessing of thanksgiving, known as modim. And in the additional prayer one begins the fourth blessing, the special blessing for the additional service, with Shabbat, and concludes it with Shabbat, and recites a passage pertaining to the sanctity of the day of the New Moon or the Festival in the middle.

רבן שמעון בן גמליאל ורבי ישמעאל בנו של רבי יוחנן בן ברוקא אומרים כל מקום שהוזקק לשבע מתחיל בשל שבת ומסיים בשל שבת ואומר קדושת היום באמצע אמר רב הונא אין הלכה כאותו הזוג

Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel and Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yoḥanan ben Beroka, disagree and say: Wherever one is required to recite seven blessings, whether in the evening, morning, or afternoon prayers, he begins the fourth blessing with Shabbat and concludes it with Shabbat, and recites a passage referring to the sanctity of the day of the New Moon or the Festival in the middle. Rav Huna said: The halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of that pair of scholars; rather, it is in accordance with the opinion of the first tanna, that in the evening, morning, and afternoon prayers one recites the usual seven blessings and recites a passage pertaining to the event of the day during the blessing of the Temple service.

אמר רב חייא בר אשי אמר רב מניח אדם עירובי תחומין מיום טוב לחברו ומתנה

§ Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi said that Rav said: If a person forgot to place an eiruv before a Festival occurring on Thursday and Friday in the Diaspora, he may act as follows: He may place an eiruv for the joining of Shabbat boundaries on the first Festival day for the next, i.e., on the first Festival day for the second Festival day kept in the Diaspora, based on a doubt as to which day is the real day of the Festival, and stipulate as follows: If today is in fact the Festival, then tomorrow is a weekday, on which I may walk as far as I wish in all directions; and if today is a weekday and tomorrow is the Festival, I hereby place an eiruv for the joining of Shabbat boundaries for tomorrow. On the following day he makes a similar stipulation with the same eiruv, so that he will have an eiruv for Shabbat.

אמר רבא מניח אדם עירובי תבשילין מיום טוב לחבירו ומתנה

Rava said: A person may place an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods on the first Festival day for the next day and stipulate as follows: If today is a weekday and tomorrow is the Festival, this is my joining of cooked foods, so that I may rely on it to cook tomorrow for Shabbat; and if today is in fact the Festival and tomorrow is a weekday, I may cook tomorrow as on a regular weekday.

מאן דאמר עירובי תחומין כל שכן עירובי תבשילין ומאן דאמר עירובי תבשילין אבל עירובי תחומין לא מאי טעמא דלמקני שביתה בשבתא לא

The Gemara comments: With regard to the one who said this halakha concerning an eiruv for the joining of Shabbat boundaries, all the more so would he permit one to act in this manner concerning an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods. On the other hand, the one who said this halakha with regard to an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods spoke only with regard to the joining of cooked foods; however, as for an eiruv for the joining of Shabbat boundaries, this is not permitted. The Gemara asks: What is the reason for this difference? It is that they did not permit the acquisition of residence on a day of rest, even in a case of uncertainty. However, with regard to an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods, since it is merely symbolic, it is permitted for the sake of the honor of Shabbat.

תנו רבנן אין אופין מיום טוב לחבירו באמת אמרו ממלאה אשה כל הקדרה בשר אף על פי שאינה צריכה אלא לחתיכה אחת ממלא נחתום חבית של מים אף על פי שאינו צריך אלא לקיתון אחד אבל לאפות אינו אופה אלא מה שצריך לו

The Sages taught in a baraita: One may not bake bread on one Festival day for the next, i.e., on the first Festival day for the second Festival day kept in the Diaspora. Nevertheless, actually, they said the following established halakha: A woman may fill an entire pot with meat to cook on a Festival, although she requires only one piece for that day, and all the remainder will be for the following day. Similarly, a baker may fill an entire barrel with water in order to heat it up although he requires only a jug of hot water. But with regard to baking, he may bake only that which he requires for that day.

רבי שמעון בן אלעזר אומר ממלאה אשה כל התנור פת מפני שהפת נאפת יפה בזמן שהתנור מלא אמר רבא הלכה כרבי שמעון בן אלעזר

The baraita continues: Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: A woman may fill the entire oven with bread, although she does not intend to use it all on that day, because bread bakes well when the oven is full. A full oven has less empty space and is therefore hotter; consequently, filling the oven with bread serves not only to provide bread for the next day but also to improve the bread to be eaten that same day. Rava said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar.

איבעיא להו מי שלא הניח עירובי תבשילין הוא נאסר וקמחו נאסר או דלמא הוא נאסר ואין קמחו נאסר

§ A dilemma was raised before the Sages: In the case of one who did not prepare an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods, is he prohibited from cooking for Shabbat and his flour is likewise prohibited, meaning that none of his food may be prepared for Shabbat? Or perhaps only he is prohibited from performing this type of labor, but his flour is not prohibited.

למאי נפקא מינה לאקנויי קמחו לאחרים אי אמרת הוא נאסר וקמחו נאסר צריך לאקנויי קמחו לאחרים ואי אמרת הוא נאסר ואין קמחו נאסר לא צריך לאקנויי קמחו לאחרים מאי

The Gemara asks: What is the practical halakhic difference that emerges from this question? The Gemara explains: There is a difference with respect to whether or not he must transfer ownership of his flour to others. If you say that he is prohibited and his flour is also prohibited, he must transfer his flour to others so that they are able to bake for him if they so desire. But if you say that only he is prohibited but his flour is not prohibited, he need not transfer his flour to others, as they may bake for him even if the flour is not theirs. The Gemara asks: What, then, is the halakha?

תא שמע מי שלא הניח עירובי תבשילין הרי זה לא יאפה ולא יבשל ולא יטמין לא לו ולא לאחרים ולא אחרים אופין ומבשלין לו כיצד הוא עושה מקנה קמחו לאחרים ואופין לו ומבשלין לו שמע מינה הוא נאסר וקמחו נאסר שמע מינה

The Gemara answers: Come and hear a resolution from the following baraita: One who did not prepare an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods on a Festival eve may neither bake, nor cook, nor insulate food on the Festival for Shabbat that occurs on the following day, neither for himself nor for others, and others may neither bake nor cook for him. What should he do so that he will have food to eat on Shabbat? He must transfer his flour to others, and they may then bake and cook for him. Learn from here, from the fact that the baraita states that he must transfer his flour to others, that he is prohibited and his flour is also prohibited. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, learn from here that this is the case.

איבעיא להו עבר ואפה מאי תא שמע מי שלא הניח עירובי תבשילין כיצד הוא עושה מקנה קמחו לאחרים ואחרים אופין לו ומבשלין לו

Another dilemma was raised before the Sages: In the case of one who transgressed this prohibition and baked on a Festival for Shabbat without having placed an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods on the eve of the Festival, what is the halakha? Is it permitted to partake of his bread and his cooking? The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a resolution to this question from the following baraita: With regard to one who did not prepare an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods, what should he do so that he will have food to eat on Shabbat? He must transfer his flour to others, and they may then bake and cook for him.

ואי איתא ליתני עבר ואפה מותר אמר רב אדא בר מתנה תנא תקנתא דהיתרא קתני תקנתא דאסורא לא קתני

And if it is so that if one baked without having placed an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods, it is permitted to eat the bread, let the baraita simply teach: With regard to one who transgressed the prohibition and baked, it is permitted to eat the bread. Rav Adda bar Mattana said: There is no proof from here, as the tanna is teaching a remedy involving acting in a permitted manner, and is not teaching a remedy involving a prohibited act. The tanna did not want to teach that it is also possible to solve the problem in this proscribed manner.

תא שמע מי שהניח עירובי תבשילין הרי זה אופה ומבשל ומטמין ואם רצה לאכול את עירובו הרשות בידו אכלו עד שלא אפה עד שלא הטמין הרי זה לא יאפה ולא יבשל ולא יטמין לא לו ולא לאחרים ולא אחרים אופין ומבשלין לו

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a resolution from a different baraita: One who prepared an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods on a Festival eve may bake and cook and insulate food on the Festival for Shabbat that occurs on the following day, and if he wants to eat his eiruv on Shabbat, he has permission to do so. But if he ate it on the Festival before he baked or before he insulated, he may neither bake, nor cook, nor insulate, neither for himself nor for others, and likewise others may neither bake nor cook for him.

אבל מבשל הוא ליום טוב ואם הותיר הותיר לשבת ובלבד שלא יערים ואם הערים אסור

However, even without an eiruv, one in this situation may cook for the Festival itself, and if he left over part of what he cooked, he has left it over for Shabbat, provided that he does not employ artifice to circumvent the prohibition by saying that he is cooking a large amount for guests on the Festival, when in fact he has Shabbat in mind. And if he employed artifice to circumvent the prohibition, it is prohibited to eat the food, by decree of the Sages. This indicates that one who cooks on a Festival for Shabbat in a prohibited manner may not eat the food.

אמר רב אשי הערמה קא אמרת שאני הערמה דאחמירו בה רבנן טפי ממזיד

Rav Ashi said: This is no proof, as you speak of a case of artifice, and a case of artifice is different, as the Sages were more stringent with regard to one who employs artifice than with regard to one who intentionally cooks on a Festival for Shabbat. One who purposely transgresses is aware of his sin; therefore, he might repent and desist from his prohibited behavior, thereby preventing others from learning from his actions. However, one who employs artifice to circumvent a prohibition thinks that he is acting in a permitted manner. He is therefore likely to continue his practice. Furthermore, people might emulate him, and the halakha of preparing an eiruv might be forgotten.

רב נחמן בר יצחק אמר הא מני חנניה היא ואליבא דבית שמאי דתניא חנניה אומר בית שמאי אומרים אין אופין אלא אם כן ערב בפת ואין מבשלין אלא אם כן ערב בתבשיל ואין טומנין אלא אם כן היו חמין טמונין מערב יום טוב

Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said that there is another reason to reject the proof from this baraita: In accordance with whose opinion is this baraita? It is in accordance with the opinion of Ḥananya and in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai. As it is taught in a baraita that Ḥananya says that Beit Shammai say: One may not bake bread on a Festival for Shabbat unless he prepared an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods on the eve of the Festival specifically with bread; and one may not cook any type of dish unless he prepared an eiruv with a cooked dish; and one may not insulate food unless there was hot food insulated from the eve of the Festival.

ובית הלל אומרים מערב בתבשיל אחד ועושה בו כל צרכו

And Beit Hillel say: One may prepare an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods with one cooked dish and use it for all his needs, i.e., baking, cooking, and insulating. Since Ḥananya’s opinion in accordance with the opinion of Beit Shammai is strict in this case, it may be assumed that he is stringent after the fact as well, and therefore the baraita provides no proof.

(תנן) המעשר פירותיו בשבת בשוגג יאכל במזיד לא יאכל לא צריכא דאית ליה פירי אחריני

The Gemara offers yet another suggestion. We learned in a mishna: In the case of one who transgressed a rabbinic prohibition and tithed his produce on Shabbat, if he did so unwittingly, he may eat of it; if he acted intentionally, he may not eat of it. This indicates that one may not derive benefit from a transgression that he committed intentionally. The Gemara rejects this argument: No, it is necessary to teach this halakha with regard to a case where he has other produce and therefore does not greatly suffer as a result. However, the Sages may have been more lenient with one who did not make an eiruv for the joining of cooked food and consequently has nothing to eat.

תא שמע המטביל כליו בשבת בשוגג ישתמש בהן במזיד לא ישתמש בהן

The Gemara poses another resolution: Come and hear a proof from a different source: In the case of one who immerses his vessels on Shabbat, an activity that the Sages prohibited because it is akin to repairing a vessel, if he did so unwittingly, he may use them; however, if he did so intentionally, he may not use them. This shows that the product of an action performed in a prohibited manner is prohibited.

לא צריכא דאית ליה מאני אחריני אי נמי אפשר בשאלה

The Gemara rejects this argument: No, it is necessary to teach this halakha with regard to a case where he has other vessels and is not forced to use these ones. Alternatively, it is possible for him to manage by borrowing vessels from others. But if one failed to set aside an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods, perhaps the Sages allowed him to eat the food he cooked on the Festival for Shabbat since it is difficult to obtain food from others on Shabbat.

תא שמע המבשל בשבת בשוגג יאכל במזיד לא יאכל אסורא דשבת שאני:

The Gemara suggests another proof: Come and hear that which was taught in the following baraita: In the case of one who cooks on Shabbat, if he did so unwittingly, he may eat the food that he cooked; but if he cooked it intentionally, he may not eat it. This demonstrates that one who purposely violated a prohibition may not benefit from his prohibited action. The Gemara rejects this argument: There is no proof from here; the prohibition of Shabbat desecration is different, since it entails karet and execution by a court. The same stringency might not necessarily apply to cooking on a Festival for the sake of the next day, and therefore the question raised above remains unresolved.

בית שמאי אומרים שני תבשילין: מתניתין דלא כי האי תנא דתניא אמר רבי שמעון בן אלעזר מודים בית שמאי ובית הלל על שני תבשילין שצריך על מה נחלקו על דג וביצה שעליו שבית שמאי אומרים שני תבשילין ובית הלל אומרים תבשיל אחד ושוין שאם פרפר ביצה ונתן לתוך הדג או שרסק קפלוטות ונתן לתוך הדג שהן שני תבשילין

§ It is stated in the mishna: Beit Shammai say that for the purpose of the joining of cooked foods one must prepare two cooked dishes, whereas Beit Hillel say that one dish suffices. The Gemara comments: The mishna is not in accordance with the opinion of this tanna, who taught in the Tosefta that Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel agree that two dishes are necessary. With regard to what do they disagree? They disagree with regard to a fried fish and the egg on it, as Beit Shammai say: Two proper dishes are required, and this fish is considered only a single dish; and Beit Hillel say: One dish of this kind is viewed as two dishes and is therefore suitable for an eiruv for the joining of cooked foods. And they both agree that if one sliced a cooked egg and placed it inside the fish, or if he mashed leeks [kaflotot] and placed them inside the fish, they are considered two dishes.

אמר רבא הלכתא כתנא דידן ואליבא דבית הלל:

Rava said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of the tanna of our mishna and in accordance with the opinion of Beit Hillel that one dish suffices.

אכלו או שאבד הרי זה לא יבשל עליו וכו׳: אמר אביי נקטינן התחיל בעיסתו ונאכל עירובו גומר:

The mishna states that if one ate the food prepared before the Festival as an eiruv or if it was lost, he may not rely on it and cook with the initial intent to cook for Shabbat. Abaye said: We have a tradition that if one prepared a proper eiruv and began kneading his dough on a Festival for Shabbat, and in the meantime his eiruv was eaten, he may finish baking the bread. Since he had begun in a permitted manner, he is allowed to complete the process and bake the bread.

מתני׳ חל להיות אחר השבת בית שמאי אומרים מטבילין את הכל מלפני השבת ובית הלל אומרים כלים מלפני השבת ואדם בשבת

MISHNA: If a Festival occurs directly after Shabbat, i.e., on a Sunday, and one wishes to behave in a proper manner and purify himself and his vessels in honor of the Festival, Beit Shammai say: One must immerse everything before Shabbat, and Beit Hillel say: Vessels must be immersed before Shabbat, but a person may immerse himself even on Shabbat.

ושוין שמשיקין את המים בכלי אבן לטהרן אבל לא מטבילין ומטבילין מגב לגב ומחבורה לחבורה:

And Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel both agree that one may bring ritually impure water into contact with ritually pure water in stone vessels on Shabbat in order to purify the water. Impure water can be purified if it is placed into a vessel that does not contract ritual impurity, such as a stone vessel, and then lowered with the vessel into a ritual bath. The water becomes purified when it comes into contact with the water of the ritual bath. Although this is not considered proper immersion, water may nevertheless be purified in this manner. However, one may not immerse the impure water in a ritually impure vessel in order to purify the vessel at the same time. Likewise, one may immerse on a Festival from one principle to another, and from one group to another, as will be explained in the Gemara.

גמ׳ דכולי עלמא מיהת כלי בשבת לא מאי טעמא אמר רבה גזרה

GEMARA: In any event, everyone agrees, i.e., both Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel agree, that one may not immerse a vessel on Shabbat. The Gemara asks: What is the reason that one may not do so? Which type of prohibited labor does it involve? Rabba said: It is a decree issued by the Sages as a preventive measure,