How do we know that the five events mentioned in the Mishna as having occurred on the 9th of Av, were actually on that date? The Romans decreed to kill Rabban Gamliel but a Roman officer saved him in exchange for a promise by Rabban Gamliel that he would be promised a place in the World to Come. A story is told of young children of kohanim that committed suicide during the destruction of the Temple. When Av enters, we limit happy things, but when Adar enters, we increase happy things. The mazal is with the Jews in Adar and is not with the Jews in Av, and therefore one should try to push off court cases with gentiles in Av and try to have them in Adar. One cannot do laundry or get a haircut on the week of Tisha B’av. Is it only laundry one wants to wear or even if it is left for later? Is it only the days of the week before Tisha B’av or is it the entire week including the days after Tisha B’av? What other opinions are there regarding the dates for these prohibitions?
Taanit 29
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This month’s learning is sponsored by Jonathan Loring in honor of his wife, Leah Ackner and their children Zev and Meira. “From the first day I met my wife in Hebrew class at JTS to watching her show kindness when we volunteered together to help those in need and even when I had to wait 9 years for a first date, my wife has always been an inspiration to me and everyone she meets. Thank you for these 20 years and B’Ezrat Hashem to many more! I love you wifesy.”
This month’s learning is dedicated for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah
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This month’s learning is sponsored by Jonathan Loring in honor of his wife, Leah Ackner and their children Zev and Meira. “From the first day I met my wife in Hebrew class at JTS to watching her show kindness when we volunteered together to help those in need and even when I had to wait 9 years for a first date, my wife has always been an inspiration to me and everyone she meets. Thank you for these 20 years and B’Ezrat Hashem to many more! I love you wifesy.”
This month’s learning is dedicated for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah
Taanit 29
אַנְתְּ צְבֵית לְ[אַ]חְרוֹבֵי בֵּיתָא — יְדָךְ אַשְׁלֵימְתְּ לֵיהּ.
You want to destroy the Temple; I have given you your hand. It is as though one idol said to the other: You are seeking to destroy the Temple by causing Israel to pray to you; I, too, give you a hand to assist you.
בְּתִשְׁעָה בְּאָב נִגְזַר עַל אֲבוֹתֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ, מְנָלַן — דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי בַּחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן״. וְאָמַר מָר: שָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה עָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, שְׁנִיָּה הֵקִים מֹשֶׁה אֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְשָׁלַח מְרַגְּלִים. וּכְתִיב: ״וַיְהִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בְּעֶשְׂרִים בַּחֹדֶשׁ נַעֲלָה הֶעָנָן מֵעַל מִשְׁכָּן הָעֵדֻת״.
§ The mishna taught: On the Ninth of Av, it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would not enter Eretz Yisrael. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive this? As it is written: “And it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the Tabernacle was erected” (Exodus 40:17). And the Master said: In the first year after leaving Egypt, Moses built the Tabernacle. At the beginning of the second year, Moses erected the Tabernacle and sent the spies. And it is written: “And it came to pass in the second year in the second month, on the twentieth day of the month, that the cloud was taken up from the Tabernacle of the Testimony” (Numbers 10:11).
וּכְתִיב: ״וַיִּסְעוּ מֵהַר ה׳ דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים״. אָמַר רַבִּי חָמָא בַּר חֲנִינָא: אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם סָרוּ מֵאַחֲרֵי ה׳. וּכְתִיב: ״וְהָאסַפְסֻף אֲשֶׁר בְּקִרְבּוֹ הִתְאַוּוּ תַּאֲוָה וַיָּשֻׁבוּ וַיִּבְכּוּ גַּם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹ׳״, וּכְתִיב: ״עַד חֹדֶשׁ יָמִים וְגוֹ׳״ — דְּהָווּ לְהוּ עֶשְׂרִין וְתַרְתֵּין בְּסִיוָן,
And it is further written: “And they set forward from the mount of the Lord three days’ journey” (Numbers 10:33). Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: That very day, they turned away from God by displaying their anxiety about leaving Mount Sinai. And it is written: “And the mixed multitude that was among them fell a lusting, and the children of Israel also wept on their part, and said: Would that we were given flesh to eat” (Numbers 11:4). And it is written that the Jews ate the meat “for an entire month” (Numbers 11:20). If one adds to the first twenty days an additional three days’ journey, these are twenty-three days. Consequently, the subsequent month of twenty-nine days of eating meat ended on the twenty-second of Sivan.
וּכְתִיב: ״וַתִּסָּגֵר מִרְיָם שִׁבְעַת יָמִים״ — דְּהָווּ לְהוּ עֶשְׂרִין וְתִשְׁעָה בְּסִיוָן, וּכְתִיב: ״שְׁלַח לְךָ אֲנָשִׁים״,
After this, the Jews traveled to Hazeroth, where Miriam was afflicted with leprosy, and it is written: “And Miriam was shut out of the camp for seven days, and the people did not journey until Miriam was brought in again” (Numbers 12:15). Including these seven days, they remained in Hazeroth until the twenty-ninth of Sivan before traveling on to Paran, and it is written immediately afterward: “Send you men, that they may spy out the land of Canaan” (Numbers 13:2).
וְתַנְיָא: בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְתִשְׁעָה בְּסִיוָן שָׁלַח מֹשֶׁה מְרַגְּלִים, וּכְתִיב: ״וַיָּשֻׁבוּ מִתּוּר הָאָרֶץ מִקֵּץ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם״. הָנֵי אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם נְכֵי חַד הָווּ!
And this calculation is taught in a baraita: On the twenty-ninth of Sivan, Moses sent the spies. And it is written: “And they returned from spying out the land at the end of forty days” (Numbers 13:25), which means that they came back on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: These are forty days minus one. The remaining days of the days of Sivan, the entire month of Tammuz, and eight days of Av add up to a total of thirty-nine days, not forty.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: תַּמּוּז דְּהַהִיא שַׁתָּא מַלּוֹיֵי מַלְּיוּהּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״קָרָא עָלַי מוֹעֵד לִשְׁבֹּר בַּחוּרָי״.
Abaye said: The month of Tammuz of that year was a full month of thirty days. Accordingly, there are exactly forty days until the Ninth of Av. And this is alluded to in the following verse, as it is written: “He has called an appointed time against me to crush my young men” (Lamentations 1:15). This indicates that an additional appointed day, i.e., a New Moon, was added so that this calamity would fall specifically on the Ninth of Av.
וּכְתִיב: ״וַתִּשָּׂא כׇּל הָעֵדָה וַיִּתְּנוּ אֶת קוֹלָם וַיִּבְכּוּ הָעָם בַּלַּיְלָה הַהוּא״, אָמַר רַבָּה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אוֹתוֹ לַיְלָה לֵיל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה. אָמַר לָהֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: אַתֶּם בְּכִיתֶם בְּכִיָּה שֶׁל חִנָּם — וַאֲנִי קוֹבֵעַ לָכֶם בְּכִיָּה לְדוֹרוֹת.
And it is further written: “And all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried and the people wept that night” (Numbers 14:1). Rabba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That night was the night of the Ninth of Av. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: You wept needlessly that night, and I will therefore establish for you a true tragedy over which there will be weeping in future generations.
חָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, דִּכְתִיב: ״וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי בְּשִׁבְעָה לַחֹדֶשׁ הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבֻכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים עֶבֶד מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל יְרוּשָׁלִָם וַיִּשְׂרֹף אֶת בֵּית ה׳ וְגוֹ׳״, וּכְתִיב: ״וּבַחֹדֶשׁ הַחֲמִישִׁי בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ הִיא שְׁנַת תְּשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה לַמֶּלֶךְ נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בָּא נְבוּזַרְאֲדָן רַב טַבָּחִים עָמַד לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּבֶל בִּירוּשָׁלִָם וְגוֹ׳״.
§ The mishna further taught that on the Ninth of Av the Temple was destroyed the first time. The Gemara explains that this is as it is written: “And in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, a servant of the King of Babylon, came to Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lord” (II Kings 25:8–9). And it is also written: “And in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, who served the king of Babylon, came into Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lord” (Jeremiah 52:12–13).
וְתַנְיָא: אִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר בְּשִׁבְעָה, שֶׁהֲרֵי כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר ״בֶּעָשׂוֹר״. וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר בֶּעָשׂוֹר, שֶׁהֲרֵי כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר ״בְּשִׁבְעָה״, הָא כֵּיצַד? בְּשִׁבְעָה נִכְנְסוּ נׇכְרִים לַהֵיכָל, וְאָכְלוּ וְקִלְקְלוּ בּוֹ שְׁבִיעִי שְׁמִינִי.
And it is taught in a baraita: It is impossible to say that the Temple was burned on the seventh of Av, as it has already been stated, in Jeremiah, that it was destroyed on the tenth. And it is also impossible to say that the Temple was burned on the tenth of Av, as it has already been stated that it was destroyed on the seventh, in II Kings 25:8–9. How so; what actually occurred? On the seventh of Av, gentiles entered the Sanctuary, and on the seventh and the eighth they ate there and desecrated it, by engaging in acts of fornication.
וּתְשִׁיעִי סָמוּךְ לַחֲשֵׁיכָה הֵצִיתוּ בּוֹ אֶת הָאוּר, וְהָיָה דּוֹלֵק וְהוֹלֵךְ כׇּל הַיּוֹם כּוּלּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״אוֹי לָנוּ כִּי פָנָה הַיּוֹם כִּי יִנָּטוּ צִלְלֵי עָרֶב״. וְהַיְינוּ דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אִלְמָלֵי הָיִיתִי בְּאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר לֹא קְבַעְתִּיו אֶלָּא בָּעֲשִׂירִי, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרוּבּוֹ שֶׁל הֵיכָל בּוֹ נִשְׂרַף. וְרַבָּנַן — אַתְחַלְתָּא דְפוּרְעֲנוּתָא עֲדִיפָא.
And on the ninth, adjacent to nightfall, they set fire to it, and it continuously burned the entire day, as it is stated: “Woe unto us, for the day has declined, for the shadows of the evening are stretched out” (Jeremiah 6:4). This verse is interpreted as a prophecy about the evening when the Temple was burned. And this is what Rabbi Yoḥanan meant when he said: Had I been alive in that generation, I would have established the fast only on the tenth of Av because most of the Sanctuary was burned on that day. And the Sages, who established the fast on the ninth, how do they respond to that comment? They maintain that it is preferable to mark the beginning of the tragedy.
וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה מְנָלַן, דְּתַנְיָא: מְגַלְגְּלִין זְכוּת לְיוֹם זַכַּאי, וְחוֹבָה לְיוֹם חַיָּיב.
And the mishna further taught that the Temple was destroyed for the second time also on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that the Second Temple was destroyed on this date? It is taught in a baraita: A meritorious matter is brought about on an auspicious day, and a deleterious matter on an inauspicious day, e.g., the Ninth of Av, on which several tragedies had already occurred.
אָמְרוּ: כְּשֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב הָיָה, וּמוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת הָיָה, וּמוֹצָאֵי שְׁבִיעִית הָיְתָה, וּמִשְׁמַרְתָּהּ שֶׁל יְהוֹיָרִיב הָיְתָה. וְהַלְּוִיִּם הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים שִׁירָה, וְעוֹמְדִין עַל דּוּכָנָם. וּמָה שִׁירָה הָיוּ אוֹמְרִים? ״וַיָּשֶׁב עֲלֵיהֶם אֶת אוֹנָם וּבְרָעָתָם יַצְמִיתֵם״, וְלֹא הִסְפִּיקוּ לוֹמַר ״יַצְמִיתֵם ה׳ אֱלֹהֵינוּ״, עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ נׇכְרִים וּכְבָשׁוּם. וְכֵן בַּשְּׁנִיָּה.
The Sages said: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, that day was the Ninth of Av; and it was the conclusion of Shabbat; and it was the year after a Sabbatical Year; and it was the week of the priestly watch of Jehoiarib; and the Levites were singing the song and standing on their platform. And what song were they singing? They were singing the verse: “And He brought upon them their own iniquity, and He will cut them off in their own evil” (Psalms 94:23). And they did not manage to recite the end of the verse: “The Lord our God will cut them off,” before gentiles came and conquered them. And likewise, the same happened when the Second Temple was destroyed.
נִלְכְּדָה בֵּיתֵּר — גְּמָרָא.
The mishna teaches that Beitar was captured on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara explains that this is known by tradition.
נֶחֶרְשָׁה הָעִיר — תַּנְיָא: כְּשֶׁחָרַשׁ טוֹרָנוּסְרוּפוּס הָרָשָׁע אֶת הַהֵיכָל, נִגְזְרָה גְּזֵרָה עַל רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל לַהֲרִיגָה. בָּא אוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן וְעָמַד בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ, וְאָמַר: בַּעַל הַחוֹטֶם מִתְבַּקֵּשׁ, בַּעַל הַחוֹטֶם מִתְבַּקֵּשׁ. שָׁמַע רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, אֲזַל טְשָׁא מִינַּיְיהוּ.
§ The mishna taught that on the Ninth of Av the city of Jerusalem was plowed. It is taught in a baraita: When the wicked Turnus Rufus plowed the Sanctuary, a decree was issued against Rabban Gamliel for execution. A certain Roman officer came and stood in the study hall and said surreptitiously: The man with the nose is wanted; the man with the nose is wanted. This was a hint that Rabban Gamliel, who stood out in his generation like a nose protruding from a face, was sought by the government. Rabban Gamliel heard and went into hiding.
אֲזַל לְגַבֵּיהּ בְּצִנְעָא אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי מַצֵּילְנָא לָךְ מַיְיתֵית לִי לְעָלְמָא דְּאָתֵי? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הֵן. אָמַר לֵיהּ: אִשְׁתְּבַע לִי. אִשְׁתְּבַע לֵיהּ. סְלֵיק לְאִיגָּרָא נָפֵיל וּמִית. וּגְמִירִי, דְּכִי גָּזְרִי גְּזֵירְתָּא וּמִית חַד מִינַּיְיהוּ מְבַטְּלִי לִגְזֵרְתַּיְיהוּ. יָצְתָה בַּת קוֹל וְאָמְרָה: אוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן מְזוּמָּן לְחַיֵּי הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא.
The Roman officer went to him in private, and said to him: If I save you from death, will you bring me into the World-to-Come? Rabban Gamliel said to him: Yes. The officer said to Rabban Gamliel: Swear to me. He swore to him. The officer ascended to the roof, fell, and died. And the Romans had a tradition that when they issued a decree and one of their advisors died, they would cancel the decree. The officer’s sacrifice saved Rabban Gamliel’s life. A Divine Voice emerged and said: That officer is designated for the life of the World-to-Come.
תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מִשֶּׁחָרַב הַבַּיִת בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה, נִתְקַבְּצוּ כִּיתּוֹת כִּיתּוֹת שֶׁל פִּרְחֵי כְּהוּנָּה וּמַפְתְּחוֹת הַהֵיכָל בְּיָדָן, וְעָלוּ לְגַג הַהֵיכָל, וְאָמְרוּ לְפָנָיו: רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם! הוֹאִיל וְלָא זָכִינוּ לִהְיוֹת גִּזְבָּרִין נֶאֱמָנִים — יִהְיוּ מַפְתְּחוֹת מְסוּרוֹת לָךְ. וּזְרָקוּם כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה. וְיָצְתָה כְּעֵין פִּיסַּת יָד וְקִיבְּלָתַן מֵהֶם. וְהֵם קָפְצוּ וְנָפְלוּ לְתוֹךְ הָאוּר.
The Sages taught: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, many groups of young priests gathered together with the Temple keys in their hands. And they ascended to the roof of the Sanctuary and said before God: Master of the Universe, since we did not merit to be faithful treasurers, and the Temple is being destroyed, let the Temple keys be handed to You. And they threw them upward, and a kind of palm of a hand emerged and received the keys from them. And the young priests jumped from the roof and fell into the fire of the burning Temple.
וַעֲלֵיהֶן קוֹנֵן יְשַׁעְיָהוּ הַנָּבִיא: ״מַשָּׂא גֵּיא חִזָּיוֹן מַה לָּךְ אֵפוֹא כִּי עָלִית כֻּלָּךְ לַגַּגּוֹת. תְּשֻׁאוֹת מְלֵאָה עִיר הוֹמִיָּה קִרְיָה עַלִּיזָה חֲלָלַיִךְ לֹא חַלְלֵי חֶרֶב וְלֹא מֵתֵי מִלְחָמָה״. אַף בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נֶאֱמַר: ״מְקַרְקַר קִר וְשׁוֹעַ אֶל הָהָר״.
And the prophet Isaiah lamented over them: “The burden of the Valley of Vision. What ails you now that you have all gone up to the roofs? You that were full of uproar, a tumultuous city, a joyous town, your slain are not slain with the sword, nor dead in battle” (Isaiah 22:1–2). This is referring to the young priests who died by throwing themselves off the roof into the fire. And even with regard to the Holy One, Blessed be He, it is stated: “For it is a day of trouble, and of trampling, and of confusion for the Lord of hosts, in the Valley of Vision; a shouting over walls and a cry to the mountain” (Isaiah 22:5). This verse indicates that even God shouts over the destruction of the Temple.
מִשֶּׁנִּכְנַס אָב מְמַעֲטִין בְּשִׂמְחָה וְכוּ׳. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר שִׁילַת מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמִּשֶּׁנִּכְנַס אָב מְמַעֲטִין בְּשִׂמְחָה — כָּךְ מִשֶּׁנִּכְנַס אֲדָר מַרְבִּין בְּשִׂמְחָה.
§ The mishna teaches that from when the month of Av begins, one decreases acts of rejoicing. Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: Just as when Av begins one decreases rejoicing, so too when the month of Adar begins, one increases rejoicing.
אָמַר רַב פָּפָּא: הִלְכָּךְ בַּר יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּאִית לֵיהּ דִּינָא בַּהֲדֵי נׇכְרִי, לִישְׁתְּמִיט מִינֵּיהּ בְּאָב — דְּרִיעַ מַזָּלֵיהּ, וְלַימְצֵי נַפְשֵׁיהּ בַּאֲדָר — דְּבָרִיא מַזָּלֵיהּ.
Rav Pappa said: Therefore, in the case of a Jew who has litigation with a gentile, let him avoid him in the month of Av, when the Jews’ fortune is bad, and he should make himself available in Adar, when his fortune is good.
״לָתֵת לָכֶם אַחֲרִית וְתִקְוָה״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר שִׁילַת מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: אֵלּוּ דְּקָלִים וּכְלֵי פִשְׁתָּן. ״וַיֹּאמֶר רְאֵה רֵיחַ בְּנִי כְּרֵיחַ שָׂדֶה אֲשֶׁר בֵּרְכוֹ ה׳״, אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר שִׁילַת מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: כְּרֵיחַ שָׂדֶה שֶׁל תַּפּוּחִים.
The Gemara mentions a couple of other statements in the name of the same Sages mentioned above. First, it cites a verse that is referring to the Babylonian exile. “To give to you a future and a hope” (Jeremiah 29:11). Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: These are palm trees and garments of linen, which are long-lasting and bring benefit as long as they exist. With regard to Isaac’s comment about Jacob: “And he said: See, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the Lord has blessed” (Genesis 27:27), Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: This smell was like that of a field of apple trees.
שַׁבָּת שֶׁחָל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹכָהּ, אֲסוּרִין לְסַפֵּר וּלְכַבֵּס. אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא לְכַבֵּס וְלִלְבּוֹשׁ, אֲבָל לְכַבֵּס וּלְהַנִּיחַ — מוּתָּר. וְרַב שֵׁשֶׁת אָמַר: אֲפִילּוּ לְכַבֵּס וּלְהַנִּיחַ אָסוּר. אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: תֵּדַע, דְּבָטְלִי קַצָּרֵי דְּבֵי רַב.
§ The mishna taught: During the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs, it is prohibited to cut one’s hair and to launder clothes. Rav Naḥman said: They taught that it is prohibited only to launder and to wear clean clothes before the Ninth of Av; however, if one wishes to launder garments and to set them aside, this is permitted. And Rav Sheshet said: Even to launder them and to set them aside is prohibited. Rav Sheshet said: Know that I am correct, as the launderers of Rav’s household were idle during this week, which shows that laundering in and of itself is prohibited.
מֵתִיב רַב הַמְנוּנָא: בַּחֲמִישִׁי מוּתָּרִים, מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. לְמַאי? אִילֵימָא לְכַבֵּס וְלִלְבּוֹשׁ — מַאי כְּבוֹד שַׁבָּת אִיכָּא?
Rav Hamnuna raised an objection against Rav Naḥman’s ruling from the mishna: On Thursday, these actions are permitted in deference to Shabbat. The Gemara clarifies: To which actions is this referring? If we say that it is permitted to launder and to wear clothing immediately, what deference to Shabbat is there in wearing a garment on Thursday?
אֶלָּא לְהַנִּיחַ. וּבַחֲמִישִׁי הוּא דִּשְׁרֵי, אֲבָל הַשַּׁבָּת כּוּלָּהּ — אָסוּר! לְעוֹלָם לְכַבֵּס וְלִלְבּוֹשׁ, וּכְשֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא חָלוּק אֶחָד. דְּאָמַר רַב אַסִּי אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא חָלוּק אֶחָד מוּתָּר לְכַבְּסוֹ בְּחוּלּוֹ שֶׁל מוֹעֵד. אִיתְּמַר נָמֵי, אָמַר רַבִּי בִּנְיָמִין אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא לְכַבֵּס וְלִלְבּוֹשׁ, אֲבָל לְהַנִּיחַ — מוּתָּר.
Rather, it must mean that one can wash and set aside the garment until Shabbat, and this washing is permitted only on Thursday; however, during the rest of the entire week it is prohibited. The Gemara rejects this contention: Actually, the mishna permits one to launder and wear a garment immediately on Thursday, and this ruling is referring to one who has only one shirt [ḥaluk]. This laundering is also considered in deference to Shabbat because if one does not wash his shirt now, on Thursday, he will not have the opportunity to do so later, as the mishna is referring to a case when the Ninth of Av occurs on a Friday. As Rabbi Asi said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who has only one shirt is permitted to launder it on the intermediate days of a Festival, when it is normally prohibited to do so. It was also stated that Rabbi Binyamin said that Rabbi Elazar said: They taught that it is prohibited only to launder and to wear immediately; however, if one launders to set it aside, this is permitted.
מֵיתִיבִי: אָסוּר לְכַבֵּס לִפְנֵי תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב, אֲפִילּוּ לְהַנִּיחַ לְאַחַר תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב. וְגִיהוּץ שֶׁלָּנוּ, כְּכִיבּוּס שֶׁלָּהֶן. וּכְלֵי פִשְׁתָּן אֵין בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם גִּהוּץ. תְּיוּבְתָּא.
The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita: It is prohibited to launder before the Ninth of Av, even if one intends to set aside the clothes until after the Ninth of Av. And our fine laundering [gihutz] in Babylonia is like their plain laundering in Eretz Yisrael. But our plain washing in Babylonia is not considered laundering at all, and it is permitted. And with regard to linen garments, the process of fine laundry does not apply to them, as this category applies only to woolen garments. In any case, this baraita indicates that laundering clothes and setting them aside is prohibited, which means it is a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Rav Naḥman.
שְׁלַח רַב יִצְחָק בַּר גִּיּוֹרֵי מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאָמְרוּ כְּלֵי פִשְׁתָּן אֵין בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם גִּהוּץ, אֲבָל אָסוּר לְלוֹבְשָׁן בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁחָל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹכָהּ.
Rav Yitzḥak bar Giyorei sent in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Although the Sages said that with regard to linen garments, the process of fine laundry does not apply to them; still, it is prohibited to wear them during the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs.
אָמַר רַב: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא לְפָנָיו, אֲבָל לְאַחֲרָיו — מוּתָּר. וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: אֲפִילּוּ לְאַחֲרָיו נָמֵי אָסוּר. מֵיתִיבִי: שַׁבָּת שֶׁחָל תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב לִהְיוֹת בְּתוֹכָהּ — אָסוּר לְסַפֵּר וּלְכַבֵּס, וּבַחֲמִישִׁי — מוּתָּרִין מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. כֵּיצַד? חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּאֶחָד בְּשַׁבָּת — מוּתָּר לְכַבֵּס כׇּל הַשַּׁבָּת כּוּלָּהּ.
With regard to these restrictions and prohibitions, which apply during the week of the Ninth of Av, Rav said: They taught that these prohibitions apply only before the Ninth of Av, but after the fast laundering is permitted. And Shmuel said: Even after the Ninth of Av, laundering is also prohibited until the end of the week. The Gemara raises an objection: During the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs, it is prohibited to cut one’s hair and to launder clothes, but on Thursday these actions are permitted in deference to Shabbat. How so? If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Sunday, it is permitted to launder the entire preceding week.
בַּשֵּׁנִי בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי בָּרְבִיעִי וּבַחֲמִישִׁי, לְפָנָיו — אָסוּר, לְאַחֲרָיו — מוּתָּר. חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת — מוּתָּר לְכַבֵּס בַּחֲמִישִׁי מִפְּנֵי כְּבוֹד הַשַּׁבָּת. וְאִם לֹא כִּבֵּס בַּחֲמִישִׁי בְּשַׁבָּת — מוּתָּר לְכַבֵּס בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת מִן הַמִּנְחָה וּלְמַעְלָה. לָיֵיט עֲלַהּ אַבָּיֵי וְאִיתֵּימָא רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב, אַהָא.
If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, on the days before the Ninth of Av, laundering is prohibited, but after the fast it is permitted. If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Friday, it is permitted to launder on Thursday in deference to Shabbat. And if, for whatever reason, one did not launder on the Thursday of that week, he is permitted to launder on Friday from minḥa time onward, despite the fact that it is the Ninth of Av. Abaye, and some say Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov, cursed those who do this.
חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשֵׁנִי וּבַחֲמִישִׁי — קוֹרִין שְׁלֹשָׁה וּמַפְטִיר אֶחָד. בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבָרְבִיעִי — קוֹרֵא אֶחָד וּמַפְטִיר אֶחָד. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: לְעוֹלָם קוֹרִין שְׁלֹשָׁה וּמַפְטִיר אֶחָד. תְּיוּבְתָּא דִּשְׁמוּאֵל!
The Gemara resumes its citation of the baraita: If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Monday or on a Thursday, three people are called to read from the Torah, as on a regular week, and one of them recites the portion from the Prophets. If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Tuesday or on a Wednesday, one individual reads the Torah and the same one recites the portion from the Prophets. Rabbi Yosei says: Actually, three people are called to read, no matter what day of the week it is, and one of them recites the portion from the Prophets for the Ninth of Av. In any case, the baraita apparently presents a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Shmuel, as it clearly states that one is permitted to launder during the weekdays following the Ninth of Av.
אָמַר לְךָ שְׁמוּאֵל: תַּנָּאֵי הִיא. דְּתַנְיָא: תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, וְכֵן עֶרֶב תִּשְׁעָה בְּאָב שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת — אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה כׇּל צָרְכּוֹ, וּמַעֲלֶה עַל שׁוּלְחָנוֹ אֲפִילּוּ כִּסְעוּדַת שְׁלֹמֹה בִּשְׁעָתוֹ. וְאָסוּר לְסַפֵּר וּלְכַבֵּס מֵרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ וְעַד הַתַּעֲנִית, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הַחֹדֶשׁ כּוּלּוֹ אָסוּר. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אֵינוֹ אָסוּר אֶלָּא אוֹתָהּ שַׁבָּת בִּלְבָד.
Shmuel could have said to you: This is a dispute between tanna’im, as it is taught in a baraita: In the case of the Ninth of Av that occurs on Shabbat, and so too, on the eve of the Ninth of Av that occurs on Shabbat, one need not reduce the amount of food he eats; rather, he may eat and drink as much as he requires and put on his table a meal even like that of King Solomon in his time. And it is prohibited to cut one’s hair and to launder from the New Moon until after the fast. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: These activities are prohibited throughout the entire month. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: They are prohibited only during that week of the Ninth of Av.
וְתַנְיָא אִידַּךְ: וְנוֹהֵג אֵבֶל מֵרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ וְעַד הַתַּעֲנִית, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: כׇּל הַחֹדֶשׁ כּוּלּוֹ אָסוּר, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אֵינוֹ אָסוּר אֶלָּא אוֹתָהּ שַׁבָּת בִּלְבָד.
And it is taught in another baraita: And one must observe the rites of mourning from the New Moon until after the fast; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: These activities are prohibited throughout the entire month. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: They are prohibited only during that week. These baraitot show that there are at least two tanna’im, Rabbi Yehuda and Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who prohibit certain activities even after the fast, like Shmuel.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: וּשְׁלׇשְׁתָּן מִקְרָא אֶחָד דָּרְשׁוּ, דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהִשְׁבַּתִּי כׇּל מְשׂוֹשָׂהּ חַגָּהּ חׇדְשָׁהּ וְשַׁבַּתָּהּ״. מַאן דְּאָמַר מֵרֹאשׁ חֹדֶשׁ וְעַד הַתַּעֲנִית —
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: And all three of these tanna’im derived their opinions from one verse, from which they drew different conclusions, as it is written: “And I will cause all her mirth to cease, her Festival, her New Moon, and her Shabbat” (Hosea 2:13). The one who said that these activities are prohibited from the New Moon until after the fast, Rabbi Meir,
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I heard the new Daf Yomi cycle was starting and I was curious, so I searched online for a women’s class and was pleasently surprised to find Rabanit Michelle’s great class reviews in many online articles. It has been a splendid journey. It is a way to fill my days with Torah, learning so many amazing things I have never heard before during my Tanach learning at High School. Thanks so much .
Panama, Panama
I had dreamed of doing daf yomi since I had my first serious Talmud class 18 years ago at Pardes with Rahel Berkovitz, and then a couple of summers with Leah Rosenthal. There is no way I would be able to do it without another wonderful teacher, Michelle, and the Hadran organization. I wake up and am excited to start each day with the next daf.
Irvine, United States
I had no formal learning in Talmud until I began my studies in the Joint Program where in 1976 I was one of the few, if not the only, woman talmud major. It was superior training for law school and enabled me to approach my legal studies with a foundation . In 2018, I began daf yomi listening to Rabbanit MIchelle’s pod cast and my daily talmud studies are one of the highlights of my life.
Minneapolis, United States
I attended the Siyum so that I could tell my granddaughter that I had been there. Then I decided to listen on Spotify and after the siyum of Brachot, Covid and zoom began. It gave structure to my day. I learn with people from all over the world who are now my friends – yet most of us have never met. I can’t imagine life without it. Thank you Rabbanit Michelle.
Raanana, Israel
I started learning daf in January, 2020, being inspired by watching the Siyyum Hashas in Binyanei Haumah. I wasn’t sure I would be able to keep up with the task. When I went to school, Gemara was not an option. Fast forward to March, 2022, and each day starts with the daf. The challenge is now learning the intricacies of delving into the actual learning. Hadran community, thank you!
Riverdale, NY, United States
I learned daf more off than on 40 years ago. At the beginning of the current cycle, I decided to commit to learning daf regularly. Having Rabanit Michelle available as a learning partner has been amazing. Sometimes I learn with Hadran, sometimes with my husband, and sometimes on my own. It’s been fun to be part of an extended learning community.
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
I’ve been learning since January 2020, and in June I started drawing a phrase from each daf. Sometimes it’s easy (e.g. plants), sometimes it’s very hard (e.g. korbanot), and sometimes it’s loads of fun (e.g. bird racing) to find something to draw. I upload my pictures from each masechet to #DafYomiArt. I am enjoying every step of the journey.
Ashdod, Israel
Having never learned Talmud before, I started Daf Yomi in hopes of connecting to the Rabbinic tradition, sharing a daily idea on Instagram (@dafyomiadventures). With Hadran and Sefaria, I slowly gained confidence in my skills and understanding. Now, part of the Pardes Jewish Educators Program, I can’t wait to bring this love of learning with me as I continue to pass it on to my future students.
Pennsylvania, United States
I began Daf Yomi with the last cycle. I was inspired by the Hadran Siyum in Yerushalayim to continue with this cycle. I have learned Daf Yomi with Rabanit Michelle in over 25 countries on 6 continents ( missing Australia)
Silver Spring, MD, United States
I started learning Jan 2020 when I heard the new cycle was starting. I had tried during the last cycle and didn’t make it past a few weeks. Learning online from old men didn’t speak to my soul and I knew Talmud had to be a soul journey for me. Enter Hadran! Talmud from Rabbanit Michelle Farber from a woman’s perspective, a mother’s perspective and a modern perspective. Motivated to continue!
Brentwood, California, United States
In early January of 2020, I learned about Siyyum HaShas and Daf Yomi via Tablet Magazine’s brief daily podcast about the Daf. I found it compelling and fascinating. Soon I discovered Hadran; since then I have learned the Daf daily with Rabbanit Michelle Cohen Farber. The Daf has permeated my every hour, and has transformed and magnified my place within the Jewish Universe.
San Francisco, CA , United States
I started last year after completing the Pesach Sugiyot class. Masechet Yoma might seem like a difficult set of topics, but for me made Yom Kippur and the Beit HaMikdash come alive. Liturgy I’d always had trouble connecting with took on new meaning as I gained a sense of real people moving through specific spaces in particular ways. It was the perfect introduction; I am so grateful for Hadran!
Minnesota, United States
I started my Daf Yomi journey at the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic.
Los Angeles, United States
I started Daf during the pandemic. I listened to a number of podcasts by various Rebbeim until one day, I discovered Rabbanit Farbers podcast. Subsequently I joined the Hadran family in Eruvin. Not the easiest place to begin, Rabbanit Farber made it all understandable and fun. The online live group has bonded together and have really become a supportive, encouraging family.
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Minneapolis, MN, United States
I went to day school in Toronto but really began to learn when I attended Brovenders back in the early 1980’s. Last year after talking to my sister who was learning Daf Yomi, inspired, I looked on the computer and the Hadran site came up. I have been listening to each days shiur in the morning as I work. I emphasis listening since I am not sitting with a Gamara. I listen while I work in my studio.
Tekoa, Israel
Palo Alto, CA, United States
When we heard that R. Michelle was starting daf yomi, my 11-year-old suggested that I go. Little did she know that she would lose me every morning from then on. I remember standing at the Farbers’ door, almost too shy to enter. After that first class, I said that I would come the next day but couldn’t commit to more. A decade later, I still look forward to learning from R. Michelle every morning.
Ra’anana, Israel
When the new cycle began, I thought, If not now, when? I’d just turned 72. I feel like a tourist on a tour bus passing astonishing scenery each day. Rabbanit Michelle is my beloved tour guide. When the cycle ends, I’ll be 80. I pray that I’ll have strength and mind to continue the journey to glimpse a little more. My grandchildren think having a daf-learning savta is cool!
Jerusalem, Israel
I started learning Jan 2020 when I heard the new cycle was starting. I had tried during the last cycle and didn’t make it past a few weeks. Learning online from old men didn’t speak to my soul and I knew Talmud had to be a soul journey for me. Enter Hadran! Talmud from Rabbanit Michelle Farber from a woman’s perspective, a mother’s perspective and a modern perspective. Motivated to continue!
Brentwood, California, United States
Taanit 29
ΧΦ·Χ Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦ° Χ¦Φ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧͺ ΧΦ°[ΧΦ·]ΧΦ°Χ¨ΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧͺΦΈΧ β ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ° ΧΦ·Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦ° ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ.
You want to destroy the Temple; I have given you your hand. It is as though one idol said to the other: You are seeking to destroy the Temple by causing Israel to pray to you; I, too, give you a hand to assist you.
ΧΦΌΦ°ΧͺΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ Χ Φ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ²ΧΧΦΉΧͺΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΌ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΉΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Φ°Χ‘ΧΦΌ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ¨ΦΆΧ₯, ΧΦ°Χ ΦΈΧΦ·Χ β ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ΅Χ Φ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΧΦΌΧ§Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧΧ΄. ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΈΧ¨: Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ ΦΈΧ Χ’ΦΈΧ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ, Χ©ΧΦ°Χ Φ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ΅Χ§Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ, ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ. ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ΅Χ Φ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ΅Χ Φ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ’ΦΆΧ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ Χ Φ·Χ’Φ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΆΧ’ΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦ΅Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧ’Φ΅ΧΦ»ΧͺΧ΄.
Β§ The mishna taught: On the Ninth of Av, it was decreed upon our ancestors that they would not enter Eretz Yisrael. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive this? As it is written: βAnd it came to pass in the first month in the second year, on the first day of the month, that the Tabernacle was erectedβ (Exodus 40:17). And the Master said: In the first year after leaving Egypt, Moses built the Tabernacle. At the beginning of the second year, Moses erected the Tabernacle and sent the spies. And it is written: βAnd it came to pass in the second year in the second month, on the twentieth day of the month, that the cloud was taken up from the Tabernacle of the Testimonyβ (Numbers 10:11).
ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ‘Φ°Χ’ΧΦΌ ΧΦ΅ΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΧ³ ΧΦΌΦΆΧ¨ΦΆΧΦ° Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧΧ΄. ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ²Χ Φ΄ΧΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΧΦΉΧͺΧΦΉ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ Χ‘ΦΈΧ¨ΧΦΌ ΧΦ΅ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ¨Φ΅Χ ΧΧ³. ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΧ‘Φ·Χ€Φ°Χ‘Φ»Χ£ ΧΦ²Χ©ΧΦΆΧ¨ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ§Φ΄Χ¨Φ°ΧΦΌΧΦΉ ΧΦ΄ΧͺΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧͺΦΌΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ©ΧΦ»ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ Φ΅Χ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ³Χ΄, ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ³Χ΄ β ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌ Χ’ΦΆΧ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ‘Φ΄ΧΧΦΈΧ,
And it is further written: βAnd they set forward from the mount of the Lord three daysβ journeyβ (Numbers 10:33). Rabbi αΈ€ama bar αΈ€anina said: That very day, they turned away from God by displaying their anxiety about leaving Mount Sinai. And it is written: βAnd the mixed multitude that was among them fell a lusting, and the children of Israel also wept on their part, and said: Would that we were given flesh to eatβ (Numbers 11:4). And it is written that the Jews ate the meat βfor an entire monthβ (Numbers 11:20). If one adds to the first twenty days an additional three daysβ journey, these are twenty-three days. Consequently, the subsequent month of twenty-nine days of eating meat ended on the twenty-second of Sivan.
ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ‘ΦΌΦΈΧΦ΅Χ¨ ΧΦ΄Χ¨Φ°ΧΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’Φ·Χͺ ΧΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧΧ΄ β ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌ Χ’ΦΆΧ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ‘Φ΄ΧΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ°ΧΦΈ ΧΦ²Χ ΦΈΧ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧΧ΄,
After this, the Jews traveled to Hazeroth, where Miriam was afflicted with leprosy, and it is written: βAnd Miriam was shut out of the camp for seven days, and the people did not journey until Miriam was brought in againβ (Numbers 12:15). Including these seven days, they remained in Hazeroth until the twenty-ninth of Sivan before traveling on to Paran, and it is written immediately afterward: βSend you men, that they may spy out the land of Canaanβ (Numbers 13:2).
ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ·Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ: ΧΦΌΦ°Χ’ΦΆΧ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ‘Φ΄ΧΧΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ ΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ, ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ©ΧΦ»ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ΄ΧͺΦΌΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ¨ΦΆΧ₯ ΧΦ΄Χ§ΦΌΦ΅Χ₯ ΧΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ’Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΧΦΉΧΧ΄. ΧΦΈΧ Φ΅Χ ΧΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ’Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΧΦΉΧ Χ Φ°ΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌ!
And this calculation is taught in a baraita: On the twenty-ninth of Sivan, Moses sent the spies. And it is written: βAnd they returned from spying out the land at the end of forty daysβ (Numbers 13:25), which means that they came back on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: These are forty days minus one. The remaining days of the days of Sivan, the entire month of Tammuz, and eight days of Av add up to a total of thirty-nine days, not forty.
ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ΅Χ: ΧͺΦΌΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ΄ΧΧ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌ, ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄Χ§ΦΈΧ¨ΦΈΧ Χ’ΦΈΧΦ·Χ ΧΧΦΉΧ’Φ΅Χ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΉΧ¨ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΧΦΌΧ¨ΦΈΧΧ΄.
Abaye said: The month of Tammuz of that year was a full month of thirty days. Accordingly, there are exactly forty days until the Ninth of Av. And this is alluded to in the following verse, as it is written: βHe has called an appointed time against me to crush my young menβ (Lamentations 1:15). This indicates that an additional appointed day, i.e., a New Moon, was added so that this calamity would fall specifically on the Ninth of Av.
ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΧ ΧΦΈΧ’Φ΅ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧͺΦΌΦ°Χ ΧΦΌ ΧΦΆΧͺ Χ§ΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦΈΧ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΧΦΌΧΧ΄, ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΧΦΉΧͺΧΦΉ ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ·Χ§ΦΌΦΈΧΧΦΉΧ©Χ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨ΧΦΌΧΦ° ΧΧΦΌΧ: ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧͺΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΄Χ ΦΌΦΈΧ β ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ Φ΄Χ Χ§ΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ’Φ· ΧΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ¨ΧΦΉΧͺ.
And it is further written: βAnd all the congregation lifted up their voice and cried and the people wept that nightβ (Numbers 14:1). Rabba said that Rabbi YoαΈ₯anan said: That night was the night of the Ninth of Av. The Holy One, Blessed be He, said to them: You wept needlessly that night, and I will therefore establish for you a true tragedy over which there will be weeping in future generations.
ΧΦΈΧ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ΄Χͺ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ ΦΈΧ, ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ΄ΧΧ Χ©ΧΦ°Χ Φ·Χͺ ΧͺΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·Χ’ Χ’ΦΆΧ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΅Χ Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΆΧΦΆΧΦ° Χ Φ°ΧΦ»ΧΦ·ΧΦ°Χ ΦΆΧΧ¦ΦΌΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΆΧΦ° ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Χ Φ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ Χ’ΦΆΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΆΧΦΆΧΦ° ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ°Χ¨ΧΦΌΧ©ΧΦΈΧΦΈΦ΄Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΉΧ£ ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧͺ ΧΧ³ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ³Χ΄, ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦΆΧ’ΦΈΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ¨ ΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ΄ΧΧ Χ©ΧΦ°Χ Φ·Χͺ ΧͺΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·Χ’ Χ’ΦΆΧ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΅Χ Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΆΧΦΆΧΦ° Χ Φ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦ°Χ ΦΆΧΧ¦ΦΌΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΆΧΦ° ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Χ Φ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ Χ’ΦΈΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ΄Χ€Φ°Χ Φ΅Χ ΧΦΆΧΦΆΧΦ° ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧ¨ΧΦΌΧ©ΧΦΈΧΦΈΦ΄Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ³Χ΄.
Β§ The mishna further taught that on the Ninth of Av the Temple was destroyed the first time. The Gemara explains that this is as it is written: βAnd in the fifth month, on the seventh day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, a servant of the King of Babylon, came to Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lordβ (II Kings 25:8β9). And it is also written: βAnd in the fifth month, on the tenth day of the month, which was the nineteenth year of King Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan, captain of the guard, who served the king of Babylon, came into Jerusalem. And he burnt the house of the Lordβ (Jeremiah 52:12β13).
ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ·Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ: ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΆΧ€Φ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧ¨ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ, Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦ²Χ¨Φ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ¨ Χ ΦΆΧΦ±ΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ΄ΧΦΌΦΆΧ’ΦΈΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ¨Χ΄. ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΆΧ€Φ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧ¨ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΌΦΆΧ’ΦΈΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ¨, Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦ²Χ¨Φ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ¨ Χ ΦΆΧΦ±ΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ΄ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧΧ΄, ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧ¦Φ·Χ? ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ Χ Φ΄ΧΦ°Χ Φ°Χ‘ΧΦΌ Χ ΧΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ°Χ§Φ΄ΧΦ°Χ§Φ°ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΧΦΉ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ’Φ΄Χ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ Φ΄Χ.
And it is taught in a baraita: It is impossible to say that the Temple was burned on the seventh of Av, as it has already been stated, in Jeremiah, that it was destroyed on the tenth. And it is also impossible to say that the Temple was burned on the tenth of Av, as it has already been stated that it was destroyed on the seventh, in II Kings 25:8β9. How so; what actually occurred? On the seventh of Av, gentiles entered the Sanctuary, and on the seventh and the eighth they ate there and desecrated it, by engaging in acts of fornication.
ΧΦΌΧͺΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧ’Φ΄Χ Χ‘ΦΈΧΧΦΌΧΦ° ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ©ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΅Χ¦Φ΄ΧΧͺΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΧΦΉ ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌΧ¨, ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ§ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅ΧΦ° ΧΦΌΧΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΉ, Χ©ΧΦΆΧ ΦΌΦΆΧΦ±ΧΦ·Χ¨: Χ΄ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ Χ€ΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦ΄Χ ΦΌΦΈΧΧΦΌ Χ¦Φ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ’ΦΈΧ¨ΦΆΧΧ΄. ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΧ ΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧͺΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺΧΦΉ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ¨ ΧΦΉΧ Χ§Φ°ΧΦ·Χ’Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ’Φ²Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨Φ΄Χ, ΧΦ΄Χ€ΦΌΦ°Χ Φ΅Χ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ¨ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΉ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦΉ Χ Φ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ£. ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Φ·Χ β ΧΦ·ΧͺΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°Χ€ΧΦΌΧ¨Φ°Χ’Φ²Χ ΧΦΌΧͺΦΈΧ Χ’Φ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ€ΦΈΧ.
And on the ninth, adjacent to nightfall, they set fire to it, and it continuously burned the entire day, as it is stated: βWoe unto us, for the day has declined, for the shadows of the evening are stretched outβ (Jeremiah 6:4). This verse is interpreted as a prophecy about the evening when the Temple was burned. And this is what Rabbi YoαΈ₯anan meant when he said: Had I been alive in that generation, I would have established the fast only on the tenth of Av because most of the Sanctuary was burned on that day. And the Sages, who established the fast on the ninth, how do they respond to that comment? They maintain that it is preferable to mark the beginning of the tragedy.
ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°Χ Φ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°Χ ΦΈΧΦ·Χ, ΧΦΌΦ°ΧͺΦ·Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ: ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧͺ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΧ, ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΧ.
And the mishna further taught that the Temple was destroyed for the second time also on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that the Second Temple was destroyed on this date? It is taught in a baraita: A meritorious matter is brought about on an auspicious day, and a deleterious matter on an inauspicious day, e.g., the Ninth of Av, on which several tragedies had already occurred.
ΧΦΈΧΦ°Χ¨ΧΦΌ: ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧͺ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ§Φ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ©Χ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ ΦΈΧ, ΧΧΦΉΧͺΧΦΉ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦΌΧΧΦΉΧ¦ΦΈΧΦ΅Χ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦΌΧΧΦΉΧ¦ΦΈΧΦ΅Χ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ’Φ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦΈΧΦ°ΧͺΦΈΧ, ΧΦΌΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧΦΌ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΈΧΦ°ΧͺΦΈΧ. ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨ΦΈΧ, ΧΦ°Χ’ΧΦΉΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ. ΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨ΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ? Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ©ΧΦΆΧ Χ’Φ²ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΧΦΉΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧ’ΦΈΧͺΦΈΧ ΧΦ·Χ¦Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧͺΦ΅ΧΧ΄, ΧΦ°ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ΄Χ‘Φ°Χ€ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧ§ΧΦΌ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ΄ΧΦ·Χ¦Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧͺΦ΅Χ ΧΧ³ ΧΦ±ΧΦΉΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΌΧ΄, Χ’Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧΧΦΌ Χ ΧΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ©ΧΧΦΌΧ. ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°Χ Φ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ.
The Sages said: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, that day was the Ninth of Av; and it was the conclusion of Shabbat; and it was the year after a Sabbatical Year; and it was the week of the priestly watch of Jehoiarib; and the Levites were singing the song and standing on their platform. And what song were they singing? They were singing the verse: βAnd He brought upon them their own iniquity, and He will cut them off in their own evilβ (Psalms 94:23). And they did not manage to recite the end of the verse: βThe Lord our God will cut them off,β before gentiles came and conquered them. And likewise, the same happened when the Second Temple was destroyed.
Χ Φ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧͺΦΌΦ΅Χ¨ β ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ¨ΦΈΧ.
The mishna teaches that Beitar was captured on the Ninth of Av. The Gemara explains that this is known by tradition.
Χ ΦΆΧΦΆΧ¨Φ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧ’Φ΄ΧΧ¨ β ΧͺΦΌΦ·Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ: ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ¨Φ·Χ©Χ ΧΧΦΉΧ¨ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧ‘Φ°Χ¨ΧΦΌΧ€ΧΦΌΧ‘ ΧΦΈΧ¨ΦΈΧ©ΧΦΈΧ’ ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦ·ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ, Χ Φ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ¨ΦΈΧ Χ’Φ·Χ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΧΦΉΧͺΧΦΉ ΧΦΆΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧΦ·Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧͺ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧ©Χ, ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨: ΧΦΌΦ·Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΄ΧͺΦ°ΧΦΌΦ·Χ§ΦΌΦ΅Χ©Χ, ΧΦΌΦ·Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΄ΧͺΦ°ΧΦΌΦ·Χ§ΦΌΦ΅Χ©Χ. Χ©ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ’ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ΅Χ, ΧΦ²ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΧΧΦΌ.
Β§ The mishna taught that on the Ninth of Av the city of Jerusalem was plowed. It is taught in a baraita: When the wicked Turnus Rufus plowed the Sanctuary, a decree was issued against Rabban Gamliel for execution. A certain Roman officer came and stood in the study hall and said surreptitiously: The man with the nose is wanted; the man with the nose is wanted. This was a hint that Rabban Gamliel, who stood out in his generation like a nose protruding from a face, was sought by the government. Rabban Gamliel heard and went into hiding.
ΧΦ²ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¦Φ΄Χ Φ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦ²ΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ: ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦ·Χ¦ΦΌΦ΅ΧΧΦ°Χ ΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΦ° ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΧͺΦ΅ΧΧͺ ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧͺΦ΅Χ? ΧΦ²ΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ: ΧΦ΅Χ. ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ: ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΦ·Χ’ ΧΦ΄Χ. ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΦ·Χ’ ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ. Χ‘Φ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧ§ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨ΦΈΧ Χ ΦΈΧ€Φ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ΄ΧΧͺ. ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨Φ΄Χ, ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧ¨Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ¨Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΧΧΦΌ. ΧΦΈΧ¦Φ°ΧͺΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·Χͺ Χ§ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧ: ΧΧΦΉΧͺΧΦΉ ΧΦΆΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ ΧΦΈΧ’ΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ.
The Roman officer went to him in private, and said to him: If I save you from death, will you bring me into the World-to-Come? Rabban Gamliel said to him: Yes. The officer said to Rabban Gamliel: Swear to me. He swore to him. The officer ascended to the roof, fell, and died. And the Romans had a tradition that when they issued a decree and one of their advisors died, they would cancel the decree. The officerβs sacrifice saved Rabban Gamlielβs life. A Divine Voice emerged and said: That officer is designated for the life of the World-to-Come.
ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Φ·Χ: ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ΄Χͺ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ©ΧΧΦΉΧ ΦΈΧ, Χ Φ΄ΧͺΦ°Χ§Φ·ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¦ΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧͺΦΌΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧͺΦΌΧΦΉΧͺ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ Χ€ΦΌΦ΄Χ¨Φ°ΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧ ΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ€Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦ·ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ°Χ¨ΧΦΌ ΧΦ°Χ€ΦΈΧ ΦΈΧΧ: Χ¨Φ΄ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΉ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ Χ’ΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ! ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ Χ ΦΆΧΦ±ΧΦΈΧ Φ΄ΧΧ β ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ·Χ€Φ°ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦ°Χ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΈΧΦ°. ΧΦΌΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧ§ΧΦΌΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ·Χ€ΦΌΦ΅Χ ΧΦ·Χ’Φ°ΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ¦Φ°ΧͺΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ’Φ΅ΧΧ Χ€ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧ‘ΦΌΦ·Χͺ ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°Χ§Φ΄ΧΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧͺΦ·Χ ΧΦ΅ΧΦΆΧ. ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ§ΦΈΧ€Φ°Χ¦ΧΦΌ ΧΦ°Χ ΦΈΧ€Φ°ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧͺΧΦΉΧΦ° ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌΧ¨.
The Sages taught: When the Temple was destroyed for the first time, many groups of young priests gathered together with the Temple keys in their hands. And they ascended to the roof of the Sanctuary and said before God: Master of the Universe, since we did not merit to be faithful treasurers, and the Temple is being destroyed, let the Temple keys be handed to You. And they threw them upward, and a kind of palm of a hand emerged and received the keys from them. And the young priests jumped from the roof and fell into the fire of the burning Temple.
ΧΦ·Χ’Φ²ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΆΧ Χ§ΧΦΉΧ Φ΅Χ ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·Χ’Φ°ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌ ΧΦ·Χ ΦΌΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·Χ ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ° ΧΦ΅Χ€ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ Χ’ΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ»ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ° ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧͺ. ΧͺΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ»ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΦΈΧ Χ’Φ΄ΧΧ¨ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΄ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Χ§Φ΄Χ¨Φ°ΧΦΈΧ Χ’Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧΦ·ΧΦ΄ΧΦ° ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΆΧ¨ΦΆΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ΅ΧͺΦ΅Χ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧΧ΄. ΧΦ·Χ£ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ·Χ§ΦΌΦΈΧΧΦΉΧ©Χ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨ΧΦΌΧΦ° ΧΧΦΌΧ Χ ΦΆΧΦ±ΧΦ·Χ¨: Χ΄ΧΦ°Χ§Φ·Χ¨Φ°Χ§Φ·Χ¨ Χ§Φ΄Χ¨ ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΧΦΉΧ’Φ· ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦΈΧΦΈΧ¨Χ΄.
And the prophet Isaiah lamented over them: βThe burden of the Valley of Vision. What ails you now that you have all gone up to the roofs? You that were full of uproar, a tumultuous city, a joyous town, your slain are not slain with the sword, nor dead in battleβ (Isaiah 22:1β2). This is referring to the young priests who died by throwing themselves off the roof into the fire. And even with regard to the Holy One, Blessed be He, it is stated: βFor it is a day of trouble, and of trampling, and of confusion for the Lord of hosts, in the Valley of Vision; a shouting over walls and a cry to the mountainβ (Isaiah 22:5). This verse indicates that even God shouts over the destruction of the Temple.
ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦΆΧ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ Φ·Χ‘ ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ’Φ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧ³. ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ·Χͺ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ: ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΅Χ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦΆΧ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ Φ·Χ‘ ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ’Φ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ β ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ° ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦΆΧ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ Φ·Χ‘ ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ¨ ΧΦ·Χ¨Φ°ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ.
Β§ The mishna teaches that from when the month of Av begins, one decreases acts of rejoicing. Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: Just as when Av begins one decreases rejoicing, so too when the month of Adar begins, one increases rejoicing.
ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ€ΦΌΦΈΧ€ΦΌΦΈΧ: ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ° ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ¨ΦΈΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧ ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΅Χ Χ ΧΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΄Χ, ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΦΌΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ β ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧ’Φ· ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ, ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΧΦ°Χ¦Φ΅Χ Χ Φ·Χ€Φ°Χ©ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ¨ β ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ.
Rav Pappa said: Therefore, in the case of a Jew who has litigation with a gentile, let him avoid him in the month of Av, when the Jewsβ fortune is bad, and he should make himself available in Adar, when his fortune is good.
Χ΄ΧΦΈΧͺΦ΅Χͺ ΧΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ¨Φ΄ΧΧͺ ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄Χ§Φ°ΧΦΈΧΧ΄, ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ·Χͺ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ: ΧΦ΅ΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ§ΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ€Φ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ. Χ΄ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΉΧΧΦΆΧ¨ Χ¨Φ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ¨Φ΅ΧΧΦ· ΧΦΌΦ°Χ Φ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ΅ΧΧΦ· Χ©ΧΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ²Χ©ΧΦΆΧ¨ ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ¨Φ°ΧΧΦΉ ΧΧ³Χ΄, ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ·Χͺ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ: ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ΅ΧΧΦ· Χ©ΧΦΈΧΦΆΧ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ·Χ€ΦΌΧΦΌΧΦ΄ΧΧ.
The Gemara mentions a couple of other statements in the name of the same Sages mentioned above. First, it cites a verse that is referring to the Babylonian exile. βTo give to you a future and a hopeβ (Jeremiah 29:11). Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: These are palm trees and garments of linen, which are long-lasting and bring benefit as long as they exist. With regard to Isaacβs comment about Jacob: βAnd he said: See, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which the Lord has blessedβ (Genesis 27:27), Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: This smell was like that of a field of apple trees.
Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧͺΧΦΉΧΦΈΧΦΌ, ΧΦ²Χ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ°Χ‘Φ·Χ€ΦΌΦ΅Χ¨ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘. ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ Φ·ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ: ΧΦΉΧ Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ©Χ, ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦ· β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨. ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΦ΅Χ©ΧΦΆΧͺ ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨: ΧΦ²Χ€Φ΄ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦ· ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨. ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΦ΅Χ©ΧΦΆΧͺ: ΧͺΦΌΦ΅ΧΦ·Χ’, ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ Χ§Φ·Χ¦ΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ¨Φ·Χ.
Β§ The mishna taught: During the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs, it is prohibited to cut oneβs hair and to launder clothes. Rav NaαΈ₯man said: They taught that it is prohibited only to launder and to wear clean clothes before the Ninth of Av; however, if one wishes to launder garments and to set them aside, this is permitted. And Rav Sheshet said: Even to launder them and to set them aside is prohibited. Rav Sheshet said: Know that I am correct, as the launderers of Ravβs household were idle during this week, which shows that laundering in and of itself is prohibited.
ΧΦ΅ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦ°Χ ΧΦΌΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ, ΧΦ΄Χ€ΦΌΦ°Χ Φ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ. ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΧ? ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ©Χ β ΧΦ·ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦΌΦΈΧ?
Rav Hamnuna raised an objection against Rav NaαΈ₯manβs ruling from the mishna: On Thursday, these actions are permitted in deference to Shabbat. The Gemara clarifies: To which actions is this referring? If we say that it is permitted to launder and to wear clothing immediately, what deference to Shabbat is there in wearing a garment on Thursday?
ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦ·. ΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΌΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΅Χ, ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΌ β ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨! ΧΦ°Χ’ΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ©Χ, ΧΦΌΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΧΦΉ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌΧ§ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·Χ‘ΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΦ΄Χ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΧΦΉ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧΧΦΌΧ§ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ°Χ‘ΧΦΉ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΉ Χ©ΧΦΆΧ ΧΧΦΉΧ’Φ΅Χ. ΧΦ΄ΧΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ ΦΈΧΦ΅Χ, ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧΦ΄ΧΧ ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦΆΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧΦΈΧ¨: ΧΦΉΧ Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ©Χ, ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦ· β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨.
Rather, it must mean that one can wash and set aside the garment until Shabbat, and this washing is permitted only on Thursday; however, during the rest of the entire week it is prohibited. The Gemara rejects this contention: Actually, the mishna permits one to launder and wear a garment immediately on Thursday, and this ruling is referring to one who has only one shirt [αΈ₯aluk]. This laundering is also considered in deference to Shabbat because if one does not wash his shirt now, on Thursday, he will not have the opportunity to do so later, as the mishna is referring to a case when the Ninth of Av occurs on a Friday. As Rabbi Asi said that Rabbi YoαΈ₯anan said: One who has only one shirt is permitted to launder it on the intermediate days of a Festival, when it is normally prohibited to do so. It was also stated that Rabbi Binyamin said that Rabbi Elazar said: They taught that it is prohibited only to launder and to wear immediately; however, if one launders to set it aside, this is permitted.
ΧΦ΅ΧΧͺΦ΄ΧΧΦ΄Χ: ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦ΄Χ€Φ°Χ Φ΅Χ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ, ΧΦ²Χ€Φ΄ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ ΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦ· ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΧΦΌΧ₯ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌ, ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌΧ‘ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ. ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ€Φ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΧΦΌΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦΌΧ₯. ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ.
The Gemara raises an objection from a baraita: It is prohibited to launder before the Ninth of Av, even if one intends to set aside the clothes until after the Ninth of Av. And our fine laundering [gihutz] in Babylonia is like their plain laundering in Eretz Yisrael. But our plain washing in Babylonia is not considered laundering at all, and it is permitted. And with regard to linen garments, the process of fine laundry does not apply to them, as this category applies only to woolen garments. In any case, this baraita indicates that laundering clothes and setting them aside is prohibited, which means it is a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Rav NaαΈ₯man.
Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ΄Χ¦Φ°ΧΦΈΧ§ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦΌΧΦΉΧ¨Φ΅Χ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΅ΧΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΦ·Χ£ Χ’Φ·Χ Χ€ΦΌΦ΄Χ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧΦ°Χ¨ΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ€Φ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΄Χ©ΦΌΧΧΦΌΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΧΦΌΧ₯, ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧͺΧΦΉΧΦΈΧΦΌ.
Rav YitzαΈ₯ak bar Giyorei sent in the name of Rabbi YoαΈ₯anan: Although the Sages said that with regard to linen garments, the process of fine laundry does not apply to them; still, it is prohibited to wear them during the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs.
ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·Χ: ΧΦΉΧ Χ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ°Χ€ΦΈΧ ΦΈΧΧ, ΧΦ²ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ¨ΦΈΧΧ β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨. ΧΦΌΧ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨: ΧΦ²Χ€Φ΄ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ¨ΦΈΧΧ Χ ΦΈΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨. ΧΦ΅ΧΧͺΦ΄ΧΧΦ΄Χ: Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧͺΧΦΉΧΦΈΧΦΌ β ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦ°Χ‘Φ·Χ€ΦΌΦ΅Χ¨ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘, ΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ ΧΦ΄Χ€ΦΌΦ°Χ Φ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ. ΧΦΌΦ΅ΧΧ¦Φ·Χ? ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦΌΧΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΌ.
With regard to these restrictions and prohibitions, which apply during the week of the Ninth of Av, Rav said: They taught that these prohibitions apply only before the Ninth of Av, but after the fast laundering is permitted. And Shmuel said: Even after the Ninth of Av, laundering is also prohibited until the end of the week. The Gemara raises an objection: During the week in which the Ninth of Av occurs, it is prohibited to cut oneβs hair and to launder clothes, but on Thursday these actions are permitted in deference to Shabbat. How so? If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Sunday, it is permitted to launder the entire preceding week.
ΧΦΌΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ΅Χ Φ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ’Φ΄Χ ΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ, ΧΦ°Χ€ΦΈΧ ΦΈΧΧ β ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨, ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦ²Χ¨ΦΈΧΧ β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨. ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ’ΦΆΧ¨ΦΆΧ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦ΄Χ€ΦΌΦ°Χ Φ΅Χ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧ ΧΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ. ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ β ΧΧΦΌΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ’ΦΆΧ¨ΦΆΧ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ·Χ’Φ°ΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦΈΧΦ΅ΧΧ Χ’Φ²ΧΦ·ΧΦΌ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧͺΦΌΦ΅ΧΧΦΈΧ Χ¨Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ·Χ’Φ²Χ§ΦΉΧ, ΧΦ·ΧΦΈΧ.
If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, or Thursday, on the days before the Ninth of Av, laundering is prohibited, but after the fast it is permitted. If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Friday, it is permitted to launder on Thursday in deference to Shabbat. And if, for whatever reason, one did not launder on the Thursday of that week, he is permitted to launder on Friday from minαΈ₯a time onward, despite the fact that it is the Ninth of Av. Abaye, and some say Rav AαΈ₯a bar Yaβakov, cursed those who do this.
ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ΅Χ Φ΄Χ ΧΦΌΧΦ·ΧΦ²ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ β Χ§ΧΦΉΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ€Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ. ΧΦΌΦ·Χ©ΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ©ΧΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ¨Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ’Φ΄Χ β Χ§ΧΦΉΧ¨Φ΅Χ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ€Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ. Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΉΧ‘Φ΅Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ¨: ΧΦ°Χ’ΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ Χ§ΧΦΉΧ¨Φ΄ΧΧ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ€Φ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ. ΧͺΦΌΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ΅Χ!
The Gemara resumes its citation of the baraita: If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Monday or on a Thursday, three people are called to read from the Torah, as on a regular week, and one of them recites the portion from the Prophets. If the Ninth of Av occurs on a Tuesday or on a Wednesday, one individual reads the Torah and the same one recites the portion from the Prophets. Rabbi Yosei says: Actually, three people are called to read, no matter what day of the week it is, and one of them recites the portion from the Prophets for the Ninth of Av. In any case, the baraita apparently presents a conclusive refutation of the opinion of Shmuel, as it clearly states that one is permitted to launder during the weekdays following the Ninth of Av.
ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ°ΧΦΈ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦ΅Χ: ΧͺΦΌΦ·Χ ΦΌΦΈΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ΄ΧΧ. ΧΦΌΦ°ΧͺΦ·Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ: ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ, ΧΦ°ΧΦ΅Χ Χ’ΦΆΧ¨ΦΆΧ ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΉΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ β ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΧΦΉΧͺΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΧΧ Χ¦ΦΈΧ¨Φ°ΧΦΌΧΦΉ, ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χ’Φ²ΧΦΆΧ Χ’Φ·Χ Χ©ΧΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΉ ΧΦ²Χ€Φ΄ΧΧΦΌΧΦΌ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ‘Φ°Χ’ΧΦΌΧΦ·Χͺ Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΉΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°Χ’ΦΈΧͺΧΦΉ. ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦ°Χ‘Φ·Χ€ΦΌΦ΅Χ¨ ΧΦΌΧΦ°ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ΅Χ‘ ΧΦ΅Χ¨ΦΉΧΧ©Χ ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ°Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦ·Χ’Φ²Χ Φ΄ΧΧͺ, ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΅Χ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦ΅ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨. Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ¨: ΧΦΌΧΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΉ ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨. Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ΅Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ¨: ΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΉ ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΧΦΉΧͺΦΈΧΦΌ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ.
Shmuel could have said to you: This is a dispute between tannaβim, as it is taught in a baraita: In the case of the Ninth of Av that occurs on Shabbat, and so too, on the eve of the Ninth of Av that occurs on Shabbat, one need not reduce the amount of food he eats; rather, he may eat and drink as much as he requires and put on his table a meal even like that of King Solomon in his time. And it is prohibited to cut oneβs hair and to launder from the New Moon until after the fast. This is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: These activities are prohibited throughout the entire month. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: They are prohibited only during that week of the Ninth of Av.
ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ·Χ Φ°ΧΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°: ΧΦ°Χ ΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ ΧΦ΅ΧΦΆΧ ΧΦ΅Χ¨ΦΉΧΧ©Χ ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ°Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦ·Χ’Φ²Χ Φ΄ΧΧͺ, ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ¨Φ΅Χ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦ΅ΧΦ΄ΧΧ¨. Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦ°ΧΧΦΌΧΦΈΧ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ¨: ΧΦΌΧΧ ΧΦ·ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΌΧΦΉ ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨, Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧ Χ©ΧΦ΄ΧΦ°Χ’ΧΦΉΧ ΧΦΌΦΆΧ ΧΦΌΦ·ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄ΧΧΦ΅Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦ΅Χ¨: ΧΦ΅ΧΧ ΧΦΉ ΧΦΈΧ‘ΧΦΌΧ¨ ΧΦΆΧΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΧΦΉΧͺΦΈΧΦΌ Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧͺ ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦΈΧ.
And it is taught in another baraita: And one must observe the rites of mourning from the New Moon until after the fast; this is the statement of Rabbi Meir. Rabbi Yehuda says: These activities are prohibited throughout the entire month. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: They are prohibited only during that week. These baraitot show that there are at least two tannaβim, Rabbi Yehuda and Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who prohibit certain activities even after the fast, like Shmuel.
ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ Χ¨Φ·ΧΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΧΦΉΧΦΈΧ ΦΈΧ: ΧΦΌΧ©ΧΦ°ΧΧΧ©ΧΦ°ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧ ΧΦ΄Χ§Φ°Χ¨ΦΈΧ ΧΦΆΧΦΈΧ ΧΦΌΦΈΧ¨Φ°Χ©ΧΧΦΌ, ΧΦΌΦ΄ΧΦ°ΧͺΦ΄ΧΧ: Χ΄ΧΦ°ΧΦ΄Χ©ΧΦ°ΧΦΌΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦ΄Χ ΧΦΌΧΧ ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΧΦΉΧ©ΧΦΈΧΦΌ ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦΈΧΦΌ ΧΧΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦΈΧΦΌ ΧΦ°Χ©ΧΦ·ΧΦΌΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦΈΧΦΌΧ΄. ΧΦ·ΧΧ ΧΦΌΦ°ΧΦΈΧΦ·Χ¨ ΧΦ΅Χ¨ΦΉΧΧ©Χ ΧΦΉΧΦΆΧ©Χ ΧΦ°Χ’Φ·Χ ΧΦ·ΧͺΦΌΦ·Χ’Φ²Χ Φ΄ΧΧͺ β
Rabbi YoαΈ₯anan said: And all three of these tannaβim derived their opinions from one verse, from which they drew different conclusions, as it is written: βAnd I will cause all her mirth to cease, her Festival, her New Moon, and her Shabbatβ (Hosea 2:13). The one who said that these activities are prohibited from the New Moon until after the fast, Rabbi Meir,
