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Levite/Kohenet Mothers and Their First Born Babies- Why No Pidyon Ha-ben?

September 09, 2026 | כ״ז באלול תשפ״ו

Chullin 132

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  1. חולין קלב.

וְהִלְכְתָא כְּוָותֵיהּ דְּרַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה: לְוִיָּה שֶׁיָּלְדָה – בְּנָהּ פָּטוּר מֵחֲמֵשׁ סְלָעִים.

And in a case not previously discussed but related to the opinion of Ulla, the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rav Adda bar Ahava with regard to a female Levite, i.e., the daughter of a Levite, who gave birth to a firstborn boy, even if she is married to an Israelite, that her son is exempt from the obligation to give five sela to the priest for his redemption, as the child is considered the son of a Levite, and Levites are exempt from this obligation.

  1. שמות יג:א-ב

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְ-הוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃

GOD spoke further to Moses, saying,

קַדֶּשׁ־לִ֨י כָל־בְּכ֜וֹר פֶּ֤טֶר כָּל־רֶ֙חֶם֙ בִּבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בָּאָדָ֖ם וּבַבְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֖י הֽוּא׃

“Consecrate to Me every male first-born; human and animal, the first [male] issue of every womb among the Israelites is Mine.”

  1. במדבר ג:יא-יג

וַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְ-הֹוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר׃

GOD spoke to Moses, saying:

וַאֲנִ֞י הִנֵּ֧ה לָקַ֣חְתִּי אֶת־הַלְוִיִּ֗ם מִתּוֹךְ֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל תַּ֧חַת כׇּל־בְּכ֛וֹר פֶּ֥טֶר רֶ֖חֶם מִבְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וְהָ֥יוּ לִ֖י הַלְוִיִּֽם׃

I hereby take the Levites from among the Israelites in place of all the male first-born, the first issue of the womb among the Israelites: the Levites shall be Mine.

כִּ֣י לִי֮ כׇּל־בְּכוֹר֒ בְּיוֹם֩ הַכֹּתִ֨י כׇל־בְּכ֜וֹר בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֗יִם הִקְדַּ֨שְׁתִּי לִ֤י כׇל־בְּכוֹר֙ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל מֵאָדָ֖ם עַד־בְּהֵמָ֑ה לִ֥י יִהְי֖וּ אֲנִ֥י יְ-הֹוָֽה׃ {פ}

For every such first-born is Mine: at the time that I smote every [male] first-born in the land of Egypt, I consecrated every first-born in Israel, human and animal, to Myself, to be Mine, GOD’s.

  1. בכורות ג:-ד.

מַתְנִי׳ כֹּהֲנִים וּלְוִיִּם פְּטוּרִין, מִקַּל וָחוֹמֶר: אִם פָּטְרוּ אֶת שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר, דִּין הוּא שֶׁיִּפְטְרוּ אֶת שֶׁל עַצְמָן.

MISHNA: Priests and Levites are exempt from the obligation to redeem a firstborn donkey; this is derived from an a fortiori inference: In the wilderness the firstborn were redeemed in exchange for the Levites, as it is stated: “Take the Levites in exchange for all the firstborn among the children of Israel and the animal of the Levites in exchange for their animals” (Numbers 3:45). If the priests and Levites rendered exempt the firstborn children and donkeys of the Israelites in the wilderness from being counted firstborns, it is only logical that the priests and the Levites should render the firstborn of their own donkeys exempt from being counted firstborns.

גמ‘…אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא, הָכִי קָתָנֵי: כֹּהֲנִים וּלְוִיִּם פָּטְרוּ הֵן עַצְמָן מִקַּל וָחוֹמֶר, אִם הִפְקִיעָה קְדוּשָּׁתָן שֶׁל לְוִיִּם קְדוּשַּׁת שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּדְבָּר, לֹא יַפְקִיעַ אֶת שֶׁל עַצְמָן?

Rather, Rava said this is what the mishna is teaching: Priests and Levites rendered themselves exempt, and that is derived from an a fortiori inference: If the sanctity of the Levites abrogated the sanctity of the firstborn of the Israelites in the wilderness, should it not abrogate the sanctity of the firstborn Levites themselves?

לְוִיָּה לָא תַּיפְקַע? אַלְּמָה אָמַר רַב אַדָּא בַּר אַהֲבָה: לְוִיָּה שֶׁיָּלְדָה — בְּנָהּ פָּטוּר מֵחֲמֵשׁ סְלָעִים?

Furthermore, the sanctity of a firstborn son born to a female Levite who was married to an Israelite should not be abrogated, as the women were not included among the Levites who were exchanged for the Israelite firstborn. Why, then, does Rav Adda bar Ahava say: With regard to a female Levite who gave birth,her firstborn son is exempt from the obligation of giving five sela coins to the priest to be redeemed?

הָא לָא קַשְׁיָא, כִּדְמָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יוֹסֵף מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרָבָא, דְּאָמַר: ״פֶּטֶר רֶחֶם״ בְּפֶטֶר רֶחֶם תְּלָה רַחֲמָנָא.

The Gemara answers the last question: That is not difficult, as it is in accordance with the statement of Mar, son of Rav Yosef, in the name of Rava, who says: The fact that the Torah states with regard to the sanctity of the firstborn: “Firstborn of the womb” (Exodus 13:12), indicates that the Merciful One renders the obligations of firstborn status dependent on being the firstborn of the womb, i.e., of the mother. Therefore, the mother’s status as a Levite is sufficient to exempt the child from firstborn status.

כֹּהֲנִים מְנָלַן? כִּדְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְאַרְבָּעָה מְקוֹמוֹת נִקְרְאוּ כֹּהֲנִים ״לְוִיִּם״, וְזֶה אֶחָד מֵהֶן: ״וְהַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם בְּנֵי צָדוֹק״.

The Gemara asks: From where do we derive that priests, including Aaron, were also subject to that halakha? The Gemara answers: It is in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi, as Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: In twenty-four places in the Bible the priests are called Levites, and this is one of them: “But the priests the Levites, the sons of Zadok” (Ezekiel 44:15). It is derived from this verse that priests are included in the category of Levites even where they are not mentioned explicitly.

וּלְדוֹרוֹת מְנָלַן? אָמַר קְרָא: ״וְהָיוּ לִי הַלְוִיִּם״, ״וְהָיוּ״ — בַּהֲוָויָיתָן יְהוּ.

The Gemara asks: And from where do we derive that the priests and Levites are exempt from their offspring being counted a firstborn for all generations? The Gemara answers that the verse states: “And the Levites shall be Mine” (Numbers 3:12). The term “shall be” indicates that they shall be, i.e., shall remain, in their current state of sanctity. Just as firstborn status did not apply to the priests or the Levites in the wilderness, it does not apply to priests or Levites in subsequent generations.

  1. שולחן ערוך יורה דעה שה:יז-ח

אין פדיון הבכור תלוי אלא בפטר רחם שאם אינו בכור לאם אע”פ שהוא בכור לאב אינו חייב בפדיון ואם יש לו כמה נשים ויש לו בכור מכל אחת ואחת חייב לפדות את כולם:

The Redemption of the firstborn depends solely on being the first issue of the womb. If he’s not first born to the mother, even though he’s first born to the father, he’s not obligated to be redeemed. And if (the father) has many wives, and he has a firstborn with each one, he must redeem all of them.

כהנים ולוים פטורים מפדיון הבן ואפי’ כהנת ולויה נשואה לישראל אין הבן חייב בפדיון שאין הדבר תלוי באב אלא באם שנאמר פטר רחם בישראל ואם נתעברה מעובד כוכבים בן הלויה פטור מפדיון ובן הכהנת חייב בפדיון שהרי נתחללה אמו מן הכהונה בבעילת העובד כוכבים: הגה ואם היא אומרת שמישראל נתעברה והישראל מכחישה ואומר שמעובד כוכבים נתעברה הבן פטור מן הפדיון (ת”ה סימן רס”ד):

Priests and Levites are exempt from the redemption of the son, and even if a priestess and a female Levite are married to an Israelite, the son is not obligated to be redeemed, since the matter does not depend on the father, but on the mother, as it is said: “first issue of the womb in Israel.” And if she conceives from a worshiper of idols, the son of the female Levite is exempt from redemption, while the son of a priestess is obligated to be redeemed since his mother was defiled from the priesthood because of sexual relations with a worshiper of idols. And if she says that she conceived from an Israelite, and the Israelite denies it and says that she conceived from an idolater, the son is exempt from redemption (55:4):

  1. שו”ת שאילת יעב”ץ חלק א’ סימן קנה R. Yaakov Emden 18th c. Germany

כהנים הרגילים להחזיר הפדיון שפיר עבדי האידנ’ אשתני דינא וחיובא נמי הוא לאהדורי ואית לפרוקי בעל מנת להחזיר אף לכתחלה וש”מ חומרא לאידך גיסא כל כמה דאית למהדר בתר כהני אחריני מהדרינן ואריך

Priests who are accustomed to returning the redemption money are doing the right thing: these days, the law has changed, and it is a requirement to return the money, and we should redeem on condition to return the money even ab initio. And we learn from this a stricture on the other hand to try to go after other kohanim as well. 

ראיתי להזכיר בענין מה שנוהגים הרבה כהנים להחזיר הפדיון שנכון הוא בעיני. וטוב וישר לנהוג כן תמיד. אע”פ שכתבו ז”ל שלא יהא הכהן רגיל בכך. הני מילי בכהנים מיוחסים דידהו. אבל בכהני חזקה בעלמא כי האידנא. אע”ג דלחומרא אזלינן בהו לכל מילי. ופרקינן בכורים על ידייהו. משום דלא אפשר באחריני. מיהא להקל לא. דהיינו להוציא ממון האב מספק. נראה שאין כחן יפה להפקיע ממון בחזקתן הגרועה.

I have seen fit to mention that which many kohanim (priests) are accustomed to return the redemption money – which is correct in my eyes. And it is always good and right to do so always. Even though they, of blessed memory, that a kohen should not do so often. That referred to their kohenaim who were clearly pedigreed. But kohanim who have such status based on “only” a presumption like now – even though we follow the stricture in all ways regarding them, and we redeem first born through them, because we cannot do so through others – but we may not be lenient – for this is extracting money from the baby’s father in a case of doubt. And it seems that they (=the presumed kohanim) do not have the power do so based on their inferior presumption. 

 וכמעט שאני אומר דמדינא צריכין להחזיר. ולפחות כל כהן יחוש לעצמו לפרוש מספק גזל שמא אינו כהן. (דל”ד לכתב לכהן שהוא חייב לו ה”ס (ועמ”ש בס”ד בלח”ש פ”ב דחלה) דידע ומחל. וכן נמי במקדש אחותו אפי’ למ”ד המעות מתנה. היינו כדקאמר טעמא אדם יודע שאין קדושין תופסין בה וגמר ונתן לשם מתנה. משא”כ בזו דאנן סהדי דלא גמר בלבו אלא לשם חובה. אדרבה הוא מצפה ועומד שיחזירנו לו הכהן במתנה. 

And I am almost saying that by law they are required to return the money. And at least every kohen should be wary to depart from possible theft in case he is not a true pedigreed kohen.  (For this is not similar to one who writes to a kohen that he owes him 5 selaim, for in that case the person knows and waives his rights in case the debtor is not a kohen. And likewise regarding one who betrothes his sister, even according to the one who says that the money is a gift (rather than betrothal money) – that is when we can say that a person knows that the betrothal does not work and thus has concluded in his heart and given the money as a gift. And that is not the same as our case, because we know that the father of the baby is only giving the money out of obligation. Au contraire, he is hoping that the kohen will return the money as a gift. 

ואצ”ל במי שאינו רוצה או שאינו יכול לעמוד בפיזור שאינו ע”פ ההכרח ואינו עושה אלא מצד חיוב המוטל עליו) ומשום ה”ט נראה דשפיר אית למעבד עובדא האידנא לפדות בעל מנת להחזיר לכתחלה. גם נ”ל שלצאת ידי כל ספק האפשרי. יש ג”כ על האב לפדות בכורו מכל כהנים שיוכל למצוא דילמא מתרמי ליה כהן מיוחס ודאי (דוגמא וזכר לדבר חליצה פסולה צריכה לחזור על כל האחין) ומה”ט נמי בן הכהנת ולויה יש לפדותו עכשיו מספק. דמ”ש מכל ספקא דאורייתא. דכל מאי דאפשר לתקוני מתקנינן לצאת ידי ספק בכל טצדקי דאיכא למעבד. אבל בן הכהן נ”ל שאינו נפדה גם בז”הז. שלא יבוא להקל בקדושתו ולהתירו בגרושה ולטמא למת ודוק. יעב”ץ ס”ט:

And certainly this is the case regarding one who does not want to spend the money or cannot afford it but is only doing it because he has to. And for this reason it seems that it is proper these days to redeem the firstborn child with a condition ab initio that the kohen will return the money. It also seems right to me to try to avoid any doubt – so the father should redeem his firstborn from all priests he can find because maybe one of them is pedigreed with certainty (similar to the practice of invalid halitzah having to be done with all of the brothers). And for this same reason, the son of a kohenet or a levia should be redeemed just in case. Because how is this any different from any Biblical doubt, for anything we can fix in order to exit the realm of doubt, we do so through any scheme we can. But the son of a (male) kohen, it seems to me, should still not be redeemed these days – so that people will not make light of his holiness and allow him to marry a divorcee or come into contact with corpse impurity…

  1. ר’ אליעזר מלמד, פניני הלכה פרק ט’ 
ט – משמעות הכהונה ודין בכור הנולד לבת כהן או לוי

מתחילה הבכורים היו צריכים להיות כהנים. ויש בכך רעיון גדול, כי באופן הזה בכל משפחה יהיה אדם שמיועד לעניינים שבקדושה, וכך כל העם, על כל משפחותיו, יהיה קשור לעבודת ה’ ולענייני הרוח, באשר לכל משפחה יהיה נציג שישרת בבית המקדש. אבל לאחר שגם הבכורים השתתפו בחטא העגל, ירדו ממדרגתם, ובמקומם נבחר ונתקדש שבט לוי שלא השתתף בחטא. אפשר ללמוד מכאן, שכנראה רעיון הבכורה עדיין גבוה מדי עבורנו, ויש חשש, שבמקום שהבכורים-הכהנים ישפיעו על כלל הציבור, האווירה הציבורית וחיי החול של הציבור הרחב ישפיעו עליהם ויבטלו את ייחודם הרוחני. וכדי לחנך כהנים, שיהיו באמת אנשי רוח, צריכים ליצור חברה מגובשת, שעסוקה כולה בעניינים שבקדושה. ולכן, לאחר שהבכורים חטאו בחטא העגל, נבחר לשם כך שבט לוי שלא השתתף בחטא.

From the beginning, the firstborn were to be the priests. And there is a great idea in this, because in this way every family would have a person designated for matters of holiness, and thus the whole nation, in all its families, would be connected to the service of God and to spiritual matters, since every family would have a representative to serve in the Temple. But after the firstborn also participated in the sin of the golden calf, they were demoted, and in their place the tribe of Levi, who did not participate in the sin, was chosen and consecrated. We can learn from this that the idea of ​​the firstborn is probably still too high for us, and there is a fear that instead of the firstborn-priests influencing the entire public, the public atmosphere and the secular life of the general public will influence them and nullify their spiritual uniqueness. And in order to educate priests who will truly be people of the spirit, we need to create a cohesive group which is entirely concerned with matters of holiness. Therefore, after the firstborn sinned in the sin of the calf, the tribe of Levi, who did not participate in the sin, was chosen for this purpose.

באותו זמן, לאחר חטא העגל, כשהחליפו הלוויים את הבכורים בישראל, יצא חשבון הבכורים שבישראל עשרים ושנים אלף ומאתים ושבעים ושלושה, ואילו הלוויים מנו אז רק עשרים ושניים אלף. נמצא שמאתים ושבעים ושלושה בכורים היו צריכים לפדות את עצמם בחמישה שקלים, כי לא נמצאו תמורתם לוויים (במדבר פרק ג’).

At that time, after the sin of the calf, when the Levites replaced the firstborn in Israel, the number of firstborn in Israel was twenty-two thousand two hundred seventy-three, while the Levites then numbered only twenty-two thousand. That left two hundred seventy-three firstborn who had to redeem themselves for five shekels, because no Levites were found to exchange them for them (Numbers, chapter 3).

ומאז, כל בכור שנולד לכהן או ללוי פטור מפדיון, כי אם הם עצמם יכלו להיות תמורת בכורי ישראל, ודאי שאין צורך שהם יפדו את עצמם. אמנם, בכור ישראל נפדה רק אצל כהן ולא אצל לוי, כי כך ציוותה התורה, שרק כהן יכול לקבל את כסף הפדיון.

And since then, every firstborn born to a kohen or a Levite is exempt from redemption, because if they themselves could be the exchange for the firstborn of Israel, there is certainly no need for them to redeem themselves. However, the firstborn of Israel was redeemed only by a priest and not by a Levite, because this is what the Torah commanded, that only a priest could receive the redemption money.

גם כשאבי הבכור הוא ישראל, אם אשתו היא בת כהן או בת לוי, אין צריך לפדותו. משום שעיקר הבכורה תלוי באם, שנאמר (שמות יג, ב): “פֶּטֶר כָּל רֶחֶם בִּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל”, הרי שתלה הכתוב את החיוב בפתיחת הרחם של ישראלית, ובת כהן או בת לוי אינה ישראלית (בכורות מז, א; שו”ע יו”ד שה, יח). אמנם בת בתו של כהן או בת בתו של לוי, שאביהן ישראל, כבר נחשבות ישראליות, והבן הבכור שייוולד להן יהיה חייב בפדיון. כך יוצא שלעיתים הסבא רבה הכהן יכול להיות הכהן שפודה את נינו, שהוא נכד לבתו ובן לנכדתו שהתחתנו עם ישראלים.

Even when the father of the firstborn is an Israelite, if his wife is the daughter of a priest or a daughter of a Levite, he need not redeem him. Because the primary birthright depends on the mother, as it is said (Exodus 13:2): “the first issue of every womb among the children of Israel”: Scripture imposed the obligation on the opening of the womb of an Israelite woman, and a daughter of a priest or a daughter of Levi is not an Israelite (Bechurot 44:1; Shulchan Ashkenazi Yosef 66:18). However, the daughter of the daughter of a priest or the daughter of the daughter of a Levite, whose father is Israelite, is already considered an Israelite, and the firstborn son born to them will be obligated to pay the redemption. Thus, it follows that sometimes the great-grandfather, the kohen, can be the priest who redeems his great-grandson, who is the grandson of his daughter or the son of of his granddaughter who married Israelites.

  1. Rabbi J. David Bleich, “Children of Mixed Marriages,” in Contemporary Halakhic Problems Vol. 1, Section 1, Chapter 7

…The Bet Din of Amsterdam had been consulted with regard to the halakhic status of a child born of a union between a Levite mother and a gentile father. As the first-born son of a Levite woman, the child is exempt from the obligation of redemption of the first-born (Yoreh De’ah 305:18). Halakhah clearly provides that maternal Levite parentage carries with it such statutory exemption even in instances when the child himself is not a Levite, as is indeed the case with regard to the issue of all marriages between a Levite mother and an Israelite father. In the case under consideration, the question to be resolved is whether such exemption extends also to a future first-born son of the issue of a Levite mother and a gentile father. The question is raised only with regard to the first-born son of a Levite mother. The son of the daughter of a kohen who cohabits with a gentile is not exempted from redemption (Yoreh De’ah 305:18)…

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Dr. Elana Stein Hain

Dr. Elana Stein Hain is the Rosh Beit Midrash and a senior research fellow at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America. Passionate about bringing Torah into conversation with contemporary life, she teaches Talmud from the Balcony, an occasional learning seminar exposing the big ideas, questions, and issues motivating talmudic discussions; she authored Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Legal Loopholes and Integrity (pre-order discount code: PENN-ESHAIN30) which uses halakhic loopholes as a lens for understanding rabbinic views on law and ethics; and she co-hosts For Heaven’s Sake, a bi-weekly podcast with Donniel Hartman and Yossi Klein Halevi, exploring contemporary issues related to Israel and the Jewish world. In mid-January, Elana will be starting a new podcast called TEXTing, where she and guest scholars study Torah texts that engage issues of the moment for the Jewish world. She lives in Manhattan with her beloved family.

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