Masechet Chullin is sponsored by Judi Felber in honor of the Hadran Community. “During my first cycle of Daf Yomi, just as we began Masechet Chullin, my son was injured while serving in the IDF. Throughout those two and a half months of difficulty and uncertainty, my fellow learners never left my side. With profound gratitude to the community that held me, encouraged me, and ensured I could keep up with the Daf during those trying times.”
This month’s learning is sponsored by Jonathan Loring in honor of his wife, Leah Ackner and their children Zev and Meira. “From the first day I met my wife in Hebrew class at JTS to watching her show kindness when we volunteered together to help those in need and even when I had to wait 9 years for a first date, my wife has always been an inspiration to me and everyone she meets. Thank you for these 20 years and B’Ezrat Hashem to many more! I love you wifesy.”
This month’s learning is dedicated for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah
This week’s learning is sponsored by Robert and Paula Cohen in loving memory of Chaim Avraham HaKohen ben Alter Gershon HaKohen.
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Summary
The Gemara explores the halakhic distinction between finding a needle embedded within the wall of the beit hakosot (reticulum) versus inside the liver. In the liver, the orientation of the needle indicates its trajectory, allowing the Sages to determine whether it caused a disqualifying perforation. Conversely, in the beit hakosot, the orientation is inconclusive, as the movement of food within the stomach could have pushed the needle out.
When a perforation is discovered, it may be uncertain whether the puncture occurred before or after the shechita (ritual slaughter). The Sages present differing opinions regarding whether it can be assumed to have happened after the shechita in order to permit the animal.
Rabbi Yishmael and Rabbi Akiva dispute two unrelated matters: the status of certain fats (chelev) on the stomach as either permitted or forbidden, and the interpretation of the phrase “and I will bless them” in Birkat Kohanim (the Priestly Blessing)—specifically, whether God’s blessing is directed toward the Kohanim or toward the Jewish people.
The Gemara delineates which internal fats are sticky enough to serve as an effective seal over a tear, preventing it from rendering the animal a treifa. In this context, the Sages evaluate whether to rule leniently based on the overarching principle that the Torah has compassion for the financial resources of the Jewish people.
Today’s daily daf tools:
Masechet Chullin is sponsored by Judi Felber in honor of the Hadran Community. “During my first cycle of Daf Yomi, just as we began Masechet Chullin, my son was injured while serving in the IDF. Throughout those two and a half months of difficulty and uncertainty, my fellow learners never left my side. With profound gratitude to the community that held me, encouraged me, and ensured I could keep up with the Daf during those trying times.”
This month’s learning is sponsored by Jonathan Loring in honor of his wife, Leah Ackner and their children Zev and Meira. “From the first day I met my wife in Hebrew class at JTS to watching her show kindness when we volunteered together to help those in need and even when I had to wait 9 years for a first date, my wife has always been an inspiration to me and everyone she meets. Thank you for these 20 years and B’Ezrat Hashem to many more! I love you wifesy.”
This month’s learning is dedicated for a refuah shleima for Pesha Etel bat Sarah
This week’s learning is sponsored by Robert and Paula Cohen in loving memory of Chaim Avraham HaKohen ben Alter Gershon HaKohen.
Today’s daf is sponsored by Natanya Slomowitz in loving memory of her mother, Haviva Lilka Bat Necha and Avraham.
Chullin 49
בְּעוֹבִי בֵּית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה, מִשְּׁנֵי צְדָדִין טְרֵפָה, וְלָא אָמְרִינַן לִיחְזֵי אִי קוֹפָא לְבַר אִי קוֹפָא לְגָיו?
embedded in the thickness of the wall of the reticulum, where the halakha is as follows: If the needle protrudes from one side, i.e., the inner side of the stomach wall, the animal is kosher, but if it protrudes from both sides, it is a tereifa; and if it protrudes only on the inside we do not say: See if the eye of the needle is facing outward or if the eye of the needle is facing inward? Rather, the animal is deemed kosher even if the eye is facing outward, and that is not considered evidence that the needle perforated through the gullet into the chest cavity and then perforated the thickness of the reticulum.
אָמְרִי: הָתָם, כֵּיוָן דְּאִיכָּא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִים – אֵימָא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִים דַּחְקוּהָ.
The Sages say in response: There, in the case of the reticulum, since there are food and liquid present, one may say that the food and liquid pushed the eye of the needle through the stomach wall. Therefore, even if the eye points outward, one may still presume that the needle came from the inside, and the animal is kosher.
הָהוּא מַחְטָא דְּאִישְׁתְּכַח בְּסִמְפּוֹנָא רַבָּה דְּכַבְדָּא, הוּנָא מָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי טָרֵיף, רַב אַדָּא בַּר מִנְיוֹמֵי מַכְשַׁר. אֲתוֹ שַׁיְילוּהּ לְרָבִינָא, אֲמַר לְהוּ: שְׁקִילוּ גְּלִימָא דְּטָרוֹפָאֵי.
The Gemara relates that there was a certain needle that was found in the large duct of a liver. Huna Mar, son of Rav Idi, deemed the animal a tereifa, while Rav Adda bar Minyumi deemed it kosher. They came and asked Ravina about the issue, and he said to them: Take the robe of those who deemed it a tereifa. They must pay restitution to the owner of the animal, who was wrongfully forced to discard his kosher meat.
הָהִיא קְשִׁיתָא דְּאִישְׁתְּכַח בְּמָרָה, אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: כִּי הֲוֵינַן בֵּי רַב כָּהֲנָא, אָמַר: הָא וַדַּאי סִימְפּוֹנָא נְקַט וַאֲתַאי, אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא קָא נָפְקָא, מִירְבָּל הוּא דְּרָבֵיל לַיהּ, וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי דְּדִיקְלָא, אֲבָל דְּזֵיתָא מִיבְזָע בָּזַע.
The Gemara relates that there was a certain date pit that was found in a gallbladder. Rav Ashi said: When we were in the house of Rav Kahana as students, he would say with regard to such a case: This date pit certainly took the route of the duct connecting the liver and gallbladder and came through it to the gallbladder, as it is not sharp enough to have perforated the gallbladder from without. Even though it is large enough that it does not exit the gallbladder if one tries to squeeze it into the duct, one may still assume that the movements of the animal’s body gradually cause it to slip through the duct. The Gemara adds: And this statement applies only to the pit of a palm, i.e., of a date, but the pit of an olive is pointed. Therefore, one must be concerned that it has pierced the wall of the gallbladder, rendering the animal a tereifa.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ רֵיאָה – שֶׁמְּאִירָה אֶת הָעֵינַיִם. אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: לַאֲכִילָה, אוֹ עַל יְדֵי סַמָּנִין?
§ The Gemara returns to its discussion of the lung: Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Why is the lung called rei’a in Hebrew? Because it lights up [me’ira] the eyes of one who eats it. A dilemma was raised before the Sages: Is Rabbi Yoḥanan referring to a lung eaten as is, or is he referring to a lung eaten only through its treatment with certain substances?
תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא בַּר יְהוּדָה: אֲוָוזָא בְּזוּזָא, וְרֵיאָה דִּידַהּ בְּאַרְבְּעָה. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ לַאֲכִילָה – לִינְקֹט בְּזוּזָא וְלֵיכוֹל! אֶלָּא, עַל יְדֵי סַמָּנִין.
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a resolution from that which Rav Huna bar Yehuda says: A goose may be purchased for a dinar, but its lung may be purchased for four dinars. And if it should enter your mind that Rabbi Yoḥanan is referring to eating the lung without treating it, one has no incentive to buy a lung separately for more money. Let him buy the whole goose for a dinar and eat the lung that comes included. Rather, it must be that the lung gains special properties only through treatment with certain substances, and this treatment is the reason for the higher price.
אִינַּקְבָה רֵיאָה הֵיכָא דִּמְמַשְׁמְשָׁא יְדֵיהּ דְּטַבָּחָא, תָּלֵינַן אוֹ לָא תָּלֵינַן? רַב אַדָּא בַּר נָתָן אָמַר: תָּלֵינַן, מָר זוּטְרָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב מָרִי אָמַר: לָא תָּלֵינַן, וְהִלְכְתָא: תָּלֵינַן.
§ The Gemara asks: If the lung is perforated where the hand of the butcher handles it after slaughter, do we attribute the perforation to the butcher’s handling, or do we not attribute the perforation to the handling, in which case the animal is a tereifa? Rav Adda bar Natan says: We attribute it to the butcher’s handling, while Mar Zutra, son of Rav Mari, says: We do not attribute it to the handling. And the halakha is that we attribute it to the handling.
אָמַר רַב שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: אַבָּא מֵרֵישֵׁי כַּלֵּי דְּרַפְרָם הֲוָה, וַאֲמַר: תָּלֵינַן. אַמְרוּהָ קַמֵּיהּ לְהָא דְּמָר זוּטְרָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב מָרִי, וְלָא קַבְּלַהּ.
Rav Shmuel, son of Rabbi Abbahu, said: My father was one of the heads of the kalla lectures of Rafram, and he said: We attribute it to the handling. They said this halakha of Mar Zutra, son of Rav Mari, who held the opposite, before Rav Shmuel, and he did not accept it.
אָמַר רַב מְשַׁרְשְׁיָא: כְּוָותֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּהּ דְּאַבָּא מִסְתַּבְּרָא, דְּהָא תָּלֵינַן בִּזְאֵב.
Rav Mesharshiyya said: It stands to reason that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Grandfather, i.e., Rav Adda bar Natan, as we attribute perforations to a wolf. If slaughtered meat is recovered from a wolf and found to have a perforation that would have rendered the animal a tereifa, one may attribute the perforation to the wolf and presume that it did not exist beforehand.
מוּרְנָא, פְּלִיגִי בַּהּ רַב יוֹסֵף בַּר דּוֹסַאי וְרַבָּנַן, חַד אָמַר: קוֹדֶם שְׁחִיטָה פָּרֵישׁ, וְחַד אָמַר: לְאַחַר שְׁחִיטָה פָּרֵישׁ, וְהִלְכְתָא: לְאַחַר שְׁחִיטָה פָּרֵישׁ.
Furthermore, if a perforation was caused by a worm [murana], Rav Yosef bar Dosai and the Rabbis disagree. One says that the worm emerged from the lung and perforated it before the slaughter, and the animal is a tereifa, and one says that it emerged after the slaughter, and the animal is kosher. And the halakha is that one presumes that it emerged after the slaughter.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: עַד שֶׁתִּינָּקֵב. אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר תַּחְלִיפָא אָמַר רַב יִרְמְיָה בַּר אַבָּא: עַד שֶׁתִּינָּקֵב לְסִמְפּוֹן גָּדוֹל.
§ The mishna states: Rabbi Shimon says: An animal with a perforated lung is not a tereifa until it is perforated through to the bronchi. With regard to this, Rabba bar Taḥlifa says that Rav Yirmeya bar Abba says: Rabbi Shimon meant specifically that it is not a tereifa unless it is perforated through to the large bronchus, from which the smaller bronchi branch out.
יָתֵיב רַב אַחָא בַּר אַבָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, וְיָתֵיב וְקָאָמַר: אָמַר רַבִּי מַלּוּךְ אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַלּוּךְ עַרְבָאָה קָאָמְרַתְּ? אֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן קָאָמַר!
The Gemara relates that Rav Aḥa bar Abba sat before Rav Huna, and he was sitting and saying: Rabbi Malokh says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rav Huna said to him: Are you saying this in the name of Malokh the Arab? He says that the halakha is not in accordance with Rabbi Shimon.
כִּי סָלֵיק רַבִּי זֵירָא, אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ לְרַב בִּיבִי דְּיָתֵיב וְקָאָמַר: אָמַר רַבִּי מַלּוּךְ אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: חַיֵּי דְּמָר, דַּאֲנָא וְרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא וְרַב אַסִּי אִיקַּלְעִינַן לְאַתְרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי מַלּוּךְ, וַאֲמַרִי לֵיהּ: אִי אָמַר מָר הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? וַאֲמַר לַן: אֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אֲמַרִי. וְאַתְּ מָה בִּידָךְ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר אַמֵּי אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
The Gemara continues: When Rabbi Zeira went up to Eretz Yisrael, he found Rav Beivai, who was sitting and saying: Rabbi Malokh says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rabbi Zeira said to him: On the Master’s life, I and Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and Rav Asi visited the place of residence of Rabbi Malokh, and we said to him: Did the Master say that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon? And he said to us: I said that the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rav Beivai asked Rabbi Zeira: And you, what more do you have in your possession on this matter? Rabbi Zeira said to him: This is what Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Ami says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon.
וְאֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
The Gemara rules: And the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Any perforation of the membranes of the lung renders the animal a tereifa.
נִיקְּבָה הַקֵּבָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי אוֹשַׁעְיָא: חֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי קֵבָה – כֹּהֲנִים נָהֲגוּ בּוֹ הֶיתֵּר, כְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם אֲבוֹתָיו. וְסִימָנָיךְ: ״יִשְׁמָעֵאל כָּהֲנָא מְסַיַּיע כָּהֲנֵי״.
§ The mishna states: If the abomasum was perforated, the animal is a tereifa. Concerning this, Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Naḥmani says that Rabbi Oshaya says: With regard to fat that is on the abomasum, the priests accustomed themselves to consider it permitted, and they would eat it along with the rest of the abomasum, which was given to them from non-sacred animals as one of the gifts of the priesthood. This is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael that he says in the name of his forefathers. And since there is a disagreement between the Sages with regard to this issue, your mnemonic to remember the lenient opinion is the idiom: Yishmael the priest generally helps the priests.
מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא: ״כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: לָמַדְנוּ בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִפִּי כֹּהֲנִים, לְכֹהֲנִים עַצְמָן לֹא לָמַדְנוּ. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וַאֲנִי אֲבָרְכֵם״ – הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: כֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְבָרֵךְ לַכֹּהֲנִים.
The Gemara clarifies: What is this, i.e., where does Rabbi Yishmael help the priests? As it is taught in a baraita: The verse states with regard to the priestly benediction: “So you shall bless the children of Israel” (Numbers 6:23). Rabbi Yishmael says: We learn from this verse about a blessing for Israel from the mouth of the priests, but we have not learned about a blessing for the priests themselves. When it says afterward with regard to the priests: “And they shall put My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27), you must say: The priests bless Israel, and the Holy One, Blessed be He, blesses the priests.
רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: לָמַדְנוּ בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִפִּי כֹהֲנִים, מִפִּי גְבוּרָה לֹא לָמַדְנוּ. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַאֲנִי אֲבָרְכֵם״ – הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: כֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַסְכִּים עַל יָדָם.
Rabbi Akiva says a different interpretation: We learned from the verse about a blessing for Israel from the mouth of the priests, but we have not learned about a blessing for Israel from the mouth of the Almighty. When it says afterward: “And they shall put My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them,” you must say: The priests bless Israel, and the Holy One, Blessed be He, affirms their blessing. The word “them” is referring to Israel.
אֶלָּא רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, בְּרָכָה לְכֹהֲנִים מְנָא לֵיהּ? אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: מִ״וַּאֲבָרְכָה מְבָרְכֶיךָ״.
The Gemara asks: But then from where does Rabbi Akiva learn about a blessing for the priests? Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: He learns it from God’s promise to Abraham: “And I will bless them that bless you” (Genesis 12:3). All who bless the Jewish people are blessed themselves.
וּמַאי מְסַיַּיע כָּהֲנֵי? דְּמוֹקֵי לֵהּ לְבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים בִּמְקוֹם בְּרָכָה דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל.
The Gemara asks: And in what sense does only Rabbi Yishmael help the priests, given that Rabbi Akiva concedes that the priests are also blessed? The Gemara responds: He helps the priests in the sense that he establishes the blessing for the priests in the same place, the same verse, that one finds the blessing of Israel, indicating that they receive the same blessing.
רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם אֲבוֹתָיו, מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא: ״אֶת כׇּל הַחֵלֶב אֲשֶׁר עַל הַקֶּרֶב
It was stated that the priests accustomed themselves to permit the fat on the abomasum, in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Yishmael that he says in the name of his forefathers. The Gemara clarifies: What is this statement? As it is taught in a baraita that when the verse states with regard to forbidden fats mentioned in the Torah: “All the fat that is upon the innards” (Leviticus 3:3),
וְגוֹ׳״ – לְהָבִיא חֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַדַּקִּין, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: לְהָבִיא חֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַקֵּבָה.
the word “all” serves to include the fat that is on the small intestines; this is the statement of Rabbi Yishmael. Rabbi Akiva says: The word “all” serves to include the fat that is on the abomasum. According to Rabbi Yishmael, the fat of the abomasum is permitted.
וּרְמִינְהִי: ״אֶת הַחֵלֶב אֲשֶׁר עַל הַקֶּרֶב״ – רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: מָה חֵלֶב הַמְכַסֶּה אֶת הַקֶּרֶב קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף, אַף כֹּל קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: מָה חֵלֶב הַמְכַסֶּה אֶת הַקֶּרֶב תּוֹתָב קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף, אַף כֹּל תּוֹתָב קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף.
And the Gemara raises a contradiction from another baraita: The verse states: “The fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is upon the innards” (Leviticus 3:3). Rabbi Shimon, i.e., Rabbi Yishmael, says: Just as the fat that covers the innards possesses a membrane, and that membrane is easily peeled off, so too, all fat possessing a membrane and whose membrane is easily peeled is forbidden, including the fat on the abomasum. Rabbi Akiva says: Just as the fat that covers the innards is spread out loosely over them, and it possesses a membrane, and the membrane is easily peeled off, so too, all fat that is spread out loosely, and possesses a membrane, and whose membrane is easily peeled, e.g., the fat on the intestines, is forbidden. The fat on the abomasum is fixed tightly and is therefore permitted. It would seem from this baraita that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yishmael contradict themselves.
שְׁלַח רָבִין מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כָּךְ הִיא הַצָּעָה שֶׁל מִשְׁנָה, וְאֵיפוֹךְ קַמַּיְיתָא.
Ravin sent an answer in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Such is the proper layout of the mishna, i.e., the baraita. The latter attribution of the opinions is correct, and one must reverse the attribution of opinions in the first baraita. Accordingly, Rabbi Akiva deems the fat on the intestines prohibited, while Rabbi Yishmael deems the fat on the abomasum prohibited as well.
מַאי חָזֵית דְּאָפְכַתְּ קַמַּיְיתָא? אֵיפוֹךְ בָּתְרָיְיתָא! שָׁאנֵי הָכָא, כֵּיוָן דְּקָתָנֵי ״מָה״, דַּוְוקָא.
The Gemara asks: What did you see that led you to reverse the first baraita? Why not reverse the second baraita instead? The Gemara responds: The second baraita here is different, since it teaches using the formula: Just as. Because it takes care to specifically provide the textual justifications for the opinions, it is presumably accurate about the attributions as well.
אִי הָכִי, כְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל? כְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא הִיא! אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם אֲבוֹתָיו, וְלֵיהּ לָא סְבִירָא לֵיהּ.
The Gemara asks: If so, how can Rabbi Oshaya claim above that the priests acted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael? It was actually in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Rabbi Oshaya meant only that Rabbi Yishmael says the lenient opinion in the name of his forefathers, but Rabbi Yishmael himself does not hold accordingly, and he considers the fat of the abomasum forbidden.
אָמַר רַב: חֵלֶב טָהוֹר – סוֹתֵם, טָמֵא – אֵינוֹ סוֹתֵם. וְרַב שֵׁשֶׁת אוֹמֵר: אֶחָד זֶה וְאֶחָד זֶה סוֹתֵם.
§ The Gemara discusses a connection between the issue of fats and that of tereifot: Rav says: Kosher fat effectively seals a perforation that it covers, and the animal is not rendered a tereifa. Non-kosher fat does not effectively seal a perforation, and the animal is a tereifa. And Rav Sheshet says: Both this and that fat effectively seal a perforation.
בָּעֵי רַבִּי זֵירָא: חֵלֶב חַיָּה מַאי? דַּוְקָא אָמַר חֵלֶב טָהוֹר סוֹתֵם, וְהַאי נָמֵי טָהוֹר הוּא, אוֹ דִלְמָא מִשּׁוּם דִּמְהַדַּק, וְהַאי לָא מְהַדַּק?
Rabbi Zeira raises a dilemma: With regard to the fat of an undomesticated animal, all of which is permitted for consumption, what is the halakha? Shall one say that Rav specifically said that kosher fat seals a perforation, and since this too, i.e., all the fat of an undomesticated animal, is kosher, it is all considered an effective seal? Or perhaps Rav specified that permitted fat of a domesticated animal seals a perforation only because it is firmly attached. But this, the fat on the innards of an undomesticated animal, is not firmly attached, and it is not an effective seal, even though it is permitted for consumption.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: מַאי תִּיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ? נְהִי דִּשְׁרֵי בַּאֲכִילָה, אִהַדּוֹקֵי לָא מְהַדַּק.
Abaye said: Why does Rabbi Zeira raise this dilemma? Granted that the fat of the innards is permitted for consumption, but still, it is not firmly attached and clearly does not form an effective seal.
הָהוּא נֶקֶב דְּסַתְמֵהּ חֵלֶב טָמֵא, דַּאֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא. אָמַר רָבָא: לְמַאי נֵיחוּשׁ לַהּ? חֲדָא – דְּהָא אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: חֵלֶב טָמֵא נָמֵי סוֹתֵם, וְעוֹד – הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב פָּפָּא לְרָבָא: רַב, וְאִיסּוּרָא דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא, וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ ״הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל״?!
The Gemara relates: There was a certain perforation that was sealed by non-kosher fat that came before Rava. Rava said: With regard to what need we be concerned? First, doesn’t Rav Sheshet say: Non-kosher fat also effectively seals a perforation? And furthermore, in general, the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people, and it is appropriate to rule leniently in this regard. Rav Pappa said to Rava: But there is also the opinion of Rav that non-kosher fat does not seal a perforation, and this dispute concerns a prohibition by Torah law, and yet you say that the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people? One cannot rely on this principle to rule in accordance with the lenient opinion with regard to such matters.
מִנְיוֹמִין כַּנְדּוּקָא אִיגַּלִּי לֵיהּ בֻּסְתְּקָא דְּדוּבְשָׁא, אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא. אָמַר רָבָא: לְמַאי נֵיחוּשׁ לַהּ? חֲדָא – דִּתְנַן, שְׁלֹשָׁה מַשְׁקִים אֲסוּרִים מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי: הַיַּיִן וְהַמַּיִם וְהֶחָלָב, וּשְׁאָר כׇּל הַמַּשְׁקִים מוּתָּרִים, וְעוֹד – הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק לְרָבָא: רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, וְסַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת, וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ ״הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל״?
The Gemara relates a similar episode: Manyumin the jug maker had a jug [bisteka] full of honey that was left uncovered, and he was concerned it might have been contaminated by snake venom. He came before Rava to inquire as to the halakha. Rava said: With regard to what need we be concerned? First, as we learned in a mishna (Terumot 8:4): Three liquids are prohibited due to exposure: Wine, water, and milk; and all other liquids are permitted. Honey, therefore, is permitted. And furthermore, the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to Rava: But there is also the opinion of Rabbi Shimon that exposed honey is prohibited, and this dispute concerns a matter of mortal danger, and yet you say that the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people?
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא: חֲמִשָּׁה אֵין בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי: צִיר, וָחוֹמֶץ, שֶׁמֶן, וּדְבַשׁ, וּמוּרְיָיס. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: אַף הֵן יֵשׁ בָּהֶן מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי. וְאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: אֲנִי רָאִיתִי נָחָשׁ שֶׁשָּׁתָה צִיר בְּצַיְדָּן. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: שָׁטְיָא הֲוָה, וְאֵין מְבִיאִין רְאָיָה מִן הַשּׁוֹטִים.
The Gemara clarifies: What is this opinion of Rabbi Shimon? As it is taught in a baraita: Five liquids are not subject to the prohibition of exposure, since snakes do not drink from them: Fish brine, vinegar, oil, honey, and fish gravy [morayes] made from fish brine mixed with oil and salt. Rabbi Shimon says: Even they are subject to prohibition due to exposure. And Rabbi Shimon said: I once saw a snake that drank fish brine in Tzaidan. The Rabbis said to him: That snake was strange, i.e., it behaved differently than other snakes, and one does not bring a proof from strange creatures.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אוֹדִי לִי מִיהַת בְּצִיר, דְּהָא רַב פָּפָּא וְרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְרַבָּנַן, כִּי הֲוָה לְהוּ גִּילּוּיָא, שָׁדוּ לֵיהּ בְּצִיר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אוֹדִי לִי מִיהָא בִּדְבַשׁ, דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר קָאֵי כְּוָותֵיהּ, דְּתַנְיָא: וְכֵן הָיָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹסֵר בִּדְבַשׁ.
Rava said to Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: Concede to me, at least, with regard to fish brine that it is not prohibited by exposure, as when Rav Pappa and Rav Huna, son of Rabbi Yehoshua, and the Sages would have a case of exposure of some liquid, they would cast it into fish brine. The sharpness of the brine neutralizes the snake venom. Accordingly, just as the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon with regard to fish brine, so too it is not in accordance with his opinion with regard to honey. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to him: Concede to me, at least, with regard to honey that it is prohibited by exposure, as Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar held in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. As it is taught in a baraita: And likewise, Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar would deem exposed honey prohibited.
אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: חֵלֶב הֶעָשׂוּי כְּכוֹבַע אֵינוֹ סוֹתֵם. הֵיכָא? אָמְרִי לַהּ: חִיטֵּי דְּכַרְכְּשָׁא, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ: טַרְפְּשָׁא דְּלִיבָּא.
The Gemara returns to the initial discussion with regard to fats and perforations: Rav Naḥman says: Permitted fat that is made like a hat does not effectively seal a perforation, even though it is permitted for consumption. The Gemara clarifies: Where is this fat? Some say it is the grains of fat found on the rectum, which, if perforated, renders the animal a tereifa. And some say that it is the membrane surrounding the heart, which, if perforated to the chambers, renders the animal a tereifa.
אָמַר רָבָא: שְׁמַעִית מִינֵּיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן תַּרְתֵּי, חִימְצָא וּבַר חִימְצָא, חַד סָתֵים וְחַד לָא סָתֵים, וְלָא יָדַעְנָא הֵי מִינַּיְיהוּ. רַב הוּנָא בַּר חִינָּנָא וְרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: בַּר חִימְצָא סָתֵים, חִימְצָא לָא סָתֵים. אָמַר רַב טָבוּת: וְסִימָנָיךְ – יָפֶה כֹּחַ הַבֵּן מִכֹּחַ הָאָב.
§ Rava said: I heard from Rav Naḥman about two fats found on the abomasum, in different places. One is called the ḥimtza and one the bar ḥimtza, meaning: Son of ḥimtza. One effectively seals a perforation of the abomasum, and one does not effectively seal a perforation of the abomasum. But I do not know which of them is which. Rav Huna bar Ḥinnana and Rav Huna, son of Rav Naḥman, said: The bar ḥimtza seals; the ḥimtza does not seal. Rav Tavot said: And your mnemonic is: The power of the son is greater than the power of the father.
הֵי חִימְצָא וְהֵי בַּר חִימְצָא? תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּאָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: אִינְהוּ מֵיכָל אָכְלִי,
The Gemara asks: Which is the ḥimtza and which is the bar ḥimtza? The Gemara suggests: Come and hear proof from that which Rav Naḥman says with regard to one of the fats on the abomasum. Can it be that they, the residents of Eretz Yisrael, eat it, considering it permitted for consumption,
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I was inspired to start learning after attending the 2020 siyum in Binyanei Hauma. It has been a great experience for me. It’s amazing to see the origins of stories I’ve heard and rituals I’ve participated in my whole life. Even when I don’t understand the daf itself, I believe that the commitment to learning every day is valuable and has multiple benefits. And there will be another daf tomorrow!
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Chullin 49
בְּעוֹבִי בֵּית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה, מִשְּׁנֵי צְדָדִין טְרֵפָה, וְלָא אָמְרִינַן לִיחְזֵי אִי קוֹפָא לְבַר אִי קוֹפָא לְגָיו?
embedded in the thickness of the wall of the reticulum, where the halakha is as follows: If the needle protrudes from one side, i.e., the inner side of the stomach wall, the animal is kosher, but if it protrudes from both sides, it is a tereifa; and if it protrudes only on the inside we do not say: See if the eye of the needle is facing outward or if the eye of the needle is facing inward? Rather, the animal is deemed kosher even if the eye is facing outward, and that is not considered evidence that the needle perforated through the gullet into the chest cavity and then perforated the thickness of the reticulum.
אָמְרִי: הָתָם, כֵּיוָן דְּאִיכָּא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִים – אֵימָא אֳכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִים דַּחְקוּהָ.
The Sages say in response: There, in the case of the reticulum, since there are food and liquid present, one may say that the food and liquid pushed the eye of the needle through the stomach wall. Therefore, even if the eye points outward, one may still presume that the needle came from the inside, and the animal is kosher.
הָהוּא מַחְטָא דְּאִישְׁתְּכַח בְּסִמְפּוֹנָא רַבָּה דְּכַבְדָּא, הוּנָא מָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב אִידִי טָרֵיף, רַב אַדָּא בַּר מִנְיוֹמֵי מַכְשַׁר. אֲתוֹ שַׁיְילוּהּ לְרָבִינָא, אֲמַר לְהוּ: שְׁקִילוּ גְּלִימָא דְּטָרוֹפָאֵי.
The Gemara relates that there was a certain needle that was found in the large duct of a liver. Huna Mar, son of Rav Idi, deemed the animal a tereifa, while Rav Adda bar Minyumi deemed it kosher. They came and asked Ravina about the issue, and he said to them: Take the robe of those who deemed it a tereifa. They must pay restitution to the owner of the animal, who was wrongfully forced to discard his kosher meat.
הָהִיא קְשִׁיתָא דְּאִישְׁתְּכַח בְּמָרָה, אָמַר רַב אָשֵׁי: כִּי הֲוֵינַן בֵּי רַב כָּהֲנָא, אָמַר: הָא וַדַּאי סִימְפּוֹנָא נְקַט וַאֲתַאי, אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא קָא נָפְקָא, מִירְבָּל הוּא דְּרָבֵיל לַיהּ, וְהָנֵי מִילֵּי דְּדִיקְלָא, אֲבָל דְּזֵיתָא מִיבְזָע בָּזַע.
The Gemara relates that there was a certain date pit that was found in a gallbladder. Rav Ashi said: When we were in the house of Rav Kahana as students, he would say with regard to such a case: This date pit certainly took the route of the duct connecting the liver and gallbladder and came through it to the gallbladder, as it is not sharp enough to have perforated the gallbladder from without. Even though it is large enough that it does not exit the gallbladder if one tries to squeeze it into the duct, one may still assume that the movements of the animal’s body gradually cause it to slip through the duct. The Gemara adds: And this statement applies only to the pit of a palm, i.e., of a date, but the pit of an olive is pointed. Therefore, one must be concerned that it has pierced the wall of the gallbladder, rendering the animal a tereifa.
אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ רֵיאָה – שֶׁמְּאִירָה אֶת הָעֵינַיִם. אִיבַּעְיָא לְהוּ: לַאֲכִילָה, אוֹ עַל יְדֵי סַמָּנִין?
§ The Gemara returns to its discussion of the lung: Rabbi Yoḥanan says: Why is the lung called rei’a in Hebrew? Because it lights up [me’ira] the eyes of one who eats it. A dilemma was raised before the Sages: Is Rabbi Yoḥanan referring to a lung eaten as is, or is he referring to a lung eaten only through its treatment with certain substances?
תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא בַּר יְהוּדָה: אֲוָוזָא בְּזוּזָא, וְרֵיאָה דִּידַהּ בְּאַרְבְּעָה. וְאִי סָלְקָא דַעְתָּךְ לַאֲכִילָה – לִינְקֹט בְּזוּזָא וְלֵיכוֹל! אֶלָּא, עַל יְדֵי סַמָּנִין.
The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a resolution from that which Rav Huna bar Yehuda says: A goose may be purchased for a dinar, but its lung may be purchased for four dinars. And if it should enter your mind that Rabbi Yoḥanan is referring to eating the lung without treating it, one has no incentive to buy a lung separately for more money. Let him buy the whole goose for a dinar and eat the lung that comes included. Rather, it must be that the lung gains special properties only through treatment with certain substances, and this treatment is the reason for the higher price.
אִינַּקְבָה רֵיאָה הֵיכָא דִּמְמַשְׁמְשָׁא יְדֵיהּ דְּטַבָּחָא, תָּלֵינַן אוֹ לָא תָּלֵינַן? רַב אַדָּא בַּר נָתָן אָמַר: תָּלֵינַן, מָר זוּטְרָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב מָרִי אָמַר: לָא תָּלֵינַן, וְהִלְכְתָא: תָּלֵינַן.
§ The Gemara asks: If the lung is perforated where the hand of the butcher handles it after slaughter, do we attribute the perforation to the butcher’s handling, or do we not attribute the perforation to the handling, in which case the animal is a tereifa? Rav Adda bar Natan says: We attribute it to the butcher’s handling, while Mar Zutra, son of Rav Mari, says: We do not attribute it to the handling. And the halakha is that we attribute it to the handling.
אָמַר רַב שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי אֲבָהוּ: אַבָּא מֵרֵישֵׁי כַּלֵּי דְּרַפְרָם הֲוָה, וַאֲמַר: תָּלֵינַן. אַמְרוּהָ קַמֵּיהּ לְהָא דְּמָר זוּטְרָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב מָרִי, וְלָא קַבְּלַהּ.
Rav Shmuel, son of Rabbi Abbahu, said: My father was one of the heads of the kalla lectures of Rafram, and he said: We attribute it to the handling. They said this halakha of Mar Zutra, son of Rav Mari, who held the opposite, before Rav Shmuel, and he did not accept it.
אָמַר רַב מְשַׁרְשְׁיָא: כְּוָותֵיהּ דַּאֲבוּהּ דְּאַבָּא מִסְתַּבְּרָא, דְּהָא תָּלֵינַן בִּזְאֵב.
Rav Mesharshiyya said: It stands to reason that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Grandfather, i.e., Rav Adda bar Natan, as we attribute perforations to a wolf. If slaughtered meat is recovered from a wolf and found to have a perforation that would have rendered the animal a tereifa, one may attribute the perforation to the wolf and presume that it did not exist beforehand.
מוּרְנָא, פְּלִיגִי בַּהּ רַב יוֹסֵף בַּר דּוֹסַאי וְרַבָּנַן, חַד אָמַר: קוֹדֶם שְׁחִיטָה פָּרֵישׁ, וְחַד אָמַר: לְאַחַר שְׁחִיטָה פָּרֵישׁ, וְהִלְכְתָא: לְאַחַר שְׁחִיטָה פָּרֵישׁ.
Furthermore, if a perforation was caused by a worm [murana], Rav Yosef bar Dosai and the Rabbis disagree. One says that the worm emerged from the lung and perforated it before the slaughter, and the animal is a tereifa, and one says that it emerged after the slaughter, and the animal is kosher. And the halakha is that one presumes that it emerged after the slaughter.
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: עַד שֶׁתִּינָּקֵב. אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר תַּחְלִיפָא אָמַר רַב יִרְמְיָה בַּר אַבָּא: עַד שֶׁתִּינָּקֵב לְסִמְפּוֹן גָּדוֹל.
§ The mishna states: Rabbi Shimon says: An animal with a perforated lung is not a tereifa until it is perforated through to the bronchi. With regard to this, Rabba bar Taḥlifa says that Rav Yirmeya bar Abba says: Rabbi Shimon meant specifically that it is not a tereifa unless it is perforated through to the large bronchus, from which the smaller bronchi branch out.
יָתֵיב רַב אַחָא בַּר אַבָּא קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, וְיָתֵיב וְקָאָמַר: אָמַר רַבִּי מַלּוּךְ אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מַלּוּךְ עַרְבָאָה קָאָמְרַתְּ? אֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן קָאָמַר!
The Gemara relates that Rav Aḥa bar Abba sat before Rav Huna, and he was sitting and saying: Rabbi Malokh says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rav Huna said to him: Are you saying this in the name of Malokh the Arab? He says that the halakha is not in accordance with Rabbi Shimon.
כִּי סָלֵיק רַבִּי זֵירָא, אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ לְרַב בִּיבִי דְּיָתֵיב וְקָאָמַר: אָמַר רַבִּי מַלּוּךְ אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: חַיֵּי דְּמָר, דַּאֲנָא וְרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא וְרַב אַסִּי אִיקַּלְעִינַן לְאַתְרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי מַלּוּךְ, וַאֲמַרִי לֵיהּ: אִי אָמַר מָר הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן? וַאֲמַר לַן: אֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אֲמַרִי. וְאַתְּ מָה בִּידָךְ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הָכִי אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר אַמֵּי אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
The Gemara continues: When Rabbi Zeira went up to Eretz Yisrael, he found Rav Beivai, who was sitting and saying: Rabbi Malokh says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rabbi Zeira said to him: On the Master’s life, I and Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and Rav Asi visited the place of residence of Rabbi Malokh, and we said to him: Did the Master say that the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon? And he said to us: I said that the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rav Beivai asked Rabbi Zeira: And you, what more do you have in your possession on this matter? Rabbi Zeira said to him: This is what Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Ami says that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon.
וְאֵין הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן.
The Gemara rules: And the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Any perforation of the membranes of the lung renders the animal a tereifa.
נִיקְּבָה הַקֵּבָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר נַחְמָנִי אָמַר רַבִּי אוֹשַׁעְיָא: חֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי קֵבָה – כֹּהֲנִים נָהֲגוּ בּוֹ הֶיתֵּר, כְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם אֲבוֹתָיו. וְסִימָנָיךְ: ״יִשְׁמָעֵאל כָּהֲנָא מְסַיַּיע כָּהֲנֵי״.
§ The mishna states: If the abomasum was perforated, the animal is a tereifa. Concerning this, Rabbi Yitzḥak bar Naḥmani says that Rabbi Oshaya says: With regard to fat that is on the abomasum, the priests accustomed themselves to consider it permitted, and they would eat it along with the rest of the abomasum, which was given to them from non-sacred animals as one of the gifts of the priesthood. This is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael that he says in the name of his forefathers. And since there is a disagreement between the Sages with regard to this issue, your mnemonic to remember the lenient opinion is the idiom: Yishmael the priest generally helps the priests.
מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא: ״כֹּה תְבָרְכוּ אֶת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר: לָמַדְנוּ בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִפִּי כֹּהֲנִים, לְכֹהֲנִים עַצְמָן לֹא לָמַדְנוּ. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר: ״וַאֲנִי אֲבָרְכֵם״ – הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: כֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְבָרֵךְ לַכֹּהֲנִים.
The Gemara clarifies: What is this, i.e., where does Rabbi Yishmael help the priests? As it is taught in a baraita: The verse states with regard to the priestly benediction: “So you shall bless the children of Israel” (Numbers 6:23). Rabbi Yishmael says: We learn from this verse about a blessing for Israel from the mouth of the priests, but we have not learned about a blessing for the priests themselves. When it says afterward with regard to the priests: “And they shall put My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them” (Numbers 6:27), you must say: The priests bless Israel, and the Holy One, Blessed be He, blesses the priests.
רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: לָמַדְנוּ בְּרָכָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל מִפִּי כֹהֲנִים, מִפִּי גְבוּרָה לֹא לָמַדְנוּ. כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר ״וַאֲנִי אֲבָרְכֵם״ – הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר: כֹּהֲנִים מְבָרְכִין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַסְכִּים עַל יָדָם.
Rabbi Akiva says a different interpretation: We learned from the verse about a blessing for Israel from the mouth of the priests, but we have not learned about a blessing for Israel from the mouth of the Almighty. When it says afterward: “And they shall put My name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them,” you must say: The priests bless Israel, and the Holy One, Blessed be He, affirms their blessing. The word “them” is referring to Israel.
אֶלָּא רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, בְּרָכָה לְכֹהֲנִים מְנָא לֵיהּ? אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: מִ״וַּאֲבָרְכָה מְבָרְכֶיךָ״.
The Gemara asks: But then from where does Rabbi Akiva learn about a blessing for the priests? Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: He learns it from God’s promise to Abraham: “And I will bless them that bless you” (Genesis 12:3). All who bless the Jewish people are blessed themselves.
וּמַאי מְסַיַּיע כָּהֲנֵי? דְּמוֹקֵי לֵהּ לְבִרְכַּת כֹּהֲנִים בִּמְקוֹם בְּרָכָה דְּיִשְׂרָאֵל.
The Gemara asks: And in what sense does only Rabbi Yishmael help the priests, given that Rabbi Akiva concedes that the priests are also blessed? The Gemara responds: He helps the priests in the sense that he establishes the blessing for the priests in the same place, the same verse, that one finds the blessing of Israel, indicating that they receive the same blessing.
רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם אֲבוֹתָיו, מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא: ״אֶת כׇּל הַחֵלֶב אֲשֶׁר עַל הַקֶּרֶב
It was stated that the priests accustomed themselves to permit the fat on the abomasum, in accordance with the statement of Rabbi Yishmael that he says in the name of his forefathers. The Gemara clarifies: What is this statement? As it is taught in a baraita that when the verse states with regard to forbidden fats mentioned in the Torah: “All the fat that is upon the innards” (Leviticus 3:3),
וְגוֹ׳״ – לְהָבִיא חֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַדַּקִּין, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: לְהָבִיא חֵלֶב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַקֵּבָה.
the word “all” serves to include the fat that is on the small intestines; this is the statement of Rabbi Yishmael. Rabbi Akiva says: The word “all” serves to include the fat that is on the abomasum. According to Rabbi Yishmael, the fat of the abomasum is permitted.
וּרְמִינְהִי: ״אֶת הַחֵלֶב אֲשֶׁר עַל הַקֶּרֶב״ – רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: מָה חֵלֶב הַמְכַסֶּה אֶת הַקֶּרֶב קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף, אַף כֹּל קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר: מָה חֵלֶב הַמְכַסֶּה אֶת הַקֶּרֶב תּוֹתָב קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף, אַף כֹּל תּוֹתָב קְרוּם וְנִקְלָף.
And the Gemara raises a contradiction from another baraita: The verse states: “The fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is upon the innards” (Leviticus 3:3). Rabbi Shimon, i.e., Rabbi Yishmael, says: Just as the fat that covers the innards possesses a membrane, and that membrane is easily peeled off, so too, all fat possessing a membrane and whose membrane is easily peeled is forbidden, including the fat on the abomasum. Rabbi Akiva says: Just as the fat that covers the innards is spread out loosely over them, and it possesses a membrane, and the membrane is easily peeled off, so too, all fat that is spread out loosely, and possesses a membrane, and whose membrane is easily peeled, e.g., the fat on the intestines, is forbidden. The fat on the abomasum is fixed tightly and is therefore permitted. It would seem from this baraita that Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Yishmael contradict themselves.
שְׁלַח רָבִין מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כָּךְ הִיא הַצָּעָה שֶׁל מִשְׁנָה, וְאֵיפוֹךְ קַמַּיְיתָא.
Ravin sent an answer in the name of Rabbi Yoḥanan: Such is the proper layout of the mishna, i.e., the baraita. The latter attribution of the opinions is correct, and one must reverse the attribution of opinions in the first baraita. Accordingly, Rabbi Akiva deems the fat on the intestines prohibited, while Rabbi Yishmael deems the fat on the abomasum prohibited as well.
מַאי חָזֵית דְּאָפְכַתְּ קַמַּיְיתָא? אֵיפוֹךְ בָּתְרָיְיתָא! שָׁאנֵי הָכָא, כֵּיוָן דְּקָתָנֵי ״מָה״, דַּוְוקָא.
The Gemara asks: What did you see that led you to reverse the first baraita? Why not reverse the second baraita instead? The Gemara responds: The second baraita here is different, since it teaches using the formula: Just as. Because it takes care to specifically provide the textual justifications for the opinions, it is presumably accurate about the attributions as well.
אִי הָכִי, כְּרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל? כְּרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא הִיא! אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק: שֶׁאָמַר מִשּׁוּם אֲבוֹתָיו, וְלֵיהּ לָא סְבִירָא לֵיהּ.
The Gemara asks: If so, how can Rabbi Oshaya claim above that the priests acted in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yishmael? It was actually in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Akiva. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said: Rabbi Oshaya meant only that Rabbi Yishmael says the lenient opinion in the name of his forefathers, but Rabbi Yishmael himself does not hold accordingly, and he considers the fat of the abomasum forbidden.
אָמַר רַב: חֵלֶב טָהוֹר – סוֹתֵם, טָמֵא – אֵינוֹ סוֹתֵם. וְרַב שֵׁשֶׁת אוֹמֵר: אֶחָד זֶה וְאֶחָד זֶה סוֹתֵם.
§ The Gemara discusses a connection between the issue of fats and that of tereifot: Rav says: Kosher fat effectively seals a perforation that it covers, and the animal is not rendered a tereifa. Non-kosher fat does not effectively seal a perforation, and the animal is a tereifa. And Rav Sheshet says: Both this and that fat effectively seal a perforation.
בָּעֵי רַבִּי זֵירָא: חֵלֶב חַיָּה מַאי? דַּוְקָא אָמַר חֵלֶב טָהוֹר סוֹתֵם, וְהַאי נָמֵי טָהוֹר הוּא, אוֹ דִלְמָא מִשּׁוּם דִּמְהַדַּק, וְהַאי לָא מְהַדַּק?
Rabbi Zeira raises a dilemma: With regard to the fat of an undomesticated animal, all of which is permitted for consumption, what is the halakha? Shall one say that Rav specifically said that kosher fat seals a perforation, and since this too, i.e., all the fat of an undomesticated animal, is kosher, it is all considered an effective seal? Or perhaps Rav specified that permitted fat of a domesticated animal seals a perforation only because it is firmly attached. But this, the fat on the innards of an undomesticated animal, is not firmly attached, and it is not an effective seal, even though it is permitted for consumption.
אָמַר אַבָּיֵי: מַאי תִּיבְּעֵי לֵיהּ? נְהִי דִּשְׁרֵי בַּאֲכִילָה, אִהַדּוֹקֵי לָא מְהַדַּק.
Abaye said: Why does Rabbi Zeira raise this dilemma? Granted that the fat of the innards is permitted for consumption, but still, it is not firmly attached and clearly does not form an effective seal.
הָהוּא נֶקֶב דְּסַתְמֵהּ חֵלֶב טָמֵא, דַּאֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא. אָמַר רָבָא: לְמַאי נֵיחוּשׁ לַהּ? חֲדָא – דְּהָא אָמַר רַב שֵׁשֶׁת: חֵלֶב טָמֵא נָמֵי סוֹתֵם, וְעוֹד – הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב פָּפָּא לְרָבָא: רַב, וְאִיסּוּרָא דְּאוֹרָיְיתָא, וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ ״הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל״?!
The Gemara relates: There was a certain perforation that was sealed by non-kosher fat that came before Rava. Rava said: With regard to what need we be concerned? First, doesn’t Rav Sheshet say: Non-kosher fat also effectively seals a perforation? And furthermore, in general, the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people, and it is appropriate to rule leniently in this regard. Rav Pappa said to Rava: But there is also the opinion of Rav that non-kosher fat does not seal a perforation, and this dispute concerns a prohibition by Torah law, and yet you say that the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people? One cannot rely on this principle to rule in accordance with the lenient opinion with regard to such matters.
מִנְיוֹמִין כַּנְדּוּקָא אִיגַּלִּי לֵיהּ בֻּסְתְּקָא דְּדוּבְשָׁא, אֲתָא לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּרָבָא. אָמַר רָבָא: לְמַאי נֵיחוּשׁ לַהּ? חֲדָא – דִּתְנַן, שְׁלֹשָׁה מַשְׁקִים אֲסוּרִים מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי: הַיַּיִן וְהַמַּיִם וְהֶחָלָב, וּשְׁאָר כׇּל הַמַּשְׁקִים מוּתָּרִים, וְעוֹד – הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב נַחְמָן בַּר יִצְחָק לְרָבָא: רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, וְסַכָּנַת נְפָשׁוֹת, וְאַתְּ אָמְרַתְּ ״הַתּוֹרָה חָסָה עַל מָמוֹנָם שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל״?
The Gemara relates a similar episode: Manyumin the jug maker had a jug [bisteka] full of honey that was left uncovered, and he was concerned it might have been contaminated by snake venom. He came before Rava to inquire as to the halakha. Rava said: With regard to what need we be concerned? First, as we learned in a mishna (Terumot 8:4): Three liquids are prohibited due to exposure: Wine, water, and milk; and all other liquids are permitted. Honey, therefore, is permitted. And furthermore, the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to Rava: But there is also the opinion of Rabbi Shimon that exposed honey is prohibited, and this dispute concerns a matter of mortal danger, and yet you say that the Torah spares the money of the Jewish people?
רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַאי הִיא? דְּתַנְיָא: חֲמִשָּׁה אֵין בָּהֶם מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי: צִיר, וָחוֹמֶץ, שֶׁמֶן, וּדְבַשׁ, וּמוּרְיָיס. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: אַף הֵן יֵשׁ בָּהֶן מִשּׁוּם גִּילּוּי. וְאָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן: אֲנִי רָאִיתִי נָחָשׁ שֶׁשָּׁתָה צִיר בְּצַיְדָּן. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: שָׁטְיָא הֲוָה, וְאֵין מְבִיאִין רְאָיָה מִן הַשּׁוֹטִים.
The Gemara clarifies: What is this opinion of Rabbi Shimon? As it is taught in a baraita: Five liquids are not subject to the prohibition of exposure, since snakes do not drink from them: Fish brine, vinegar, oil, honey, and fish gravy [morayes] made from fish brine mixed with oil and salt. Rabbi Shimon says: Even they are subject to prohibition due to exposure. And Rabbi Shimon said: I once saw a snake that drank fish brine in Tzaidan. The Rabbis said to him: That snake was strange, i.e., it behaved differently than other snakes, and one does not bring a proof from strange creatures.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אוֹדִי לִי מִיהַת בְּצִיר, דְּהָא רַב פָּפָּא וְרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְרַבָּנַן, כִּי הֲוָה לְהוּ גִּילּוּיָא, שָׁדוּ לֵיהּ בְּצִיר. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אוֹדִי לִי מִיהָא בִּדְבַשׁ, דְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר קָאֵי כְּוָותֵיהּ, דְּתַנְיָא: וְכֵן הָיָה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹסֵר בִּדְבַשׁ.
Rava said to Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak: Concede to me, at least, with regard to fish brine that it is not prohibited by exposure, as when Rav Pappa and Rav Huna, son of Rabbi Yehoshua, and the Sages would have a case of exposure of some liquid, they would cast it into fish brine. The sharpness of the brine neutralizes the snake venom. Accordingly, just as the halakha is not in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon with regard to fish brine, so too it is not in accordance with his opinion with regard to honey. Rav Naḥman bar Yitzḥak said to him: Concede to me, at least, with regard to honey that it is prohibited by exposure, as Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar held in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. As it is taught in a baraita: And likewise, Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar would deem exposed honey prohibited.
אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: חֵלֶב הֶעָשׂוּי כְּכוֹבַע אֵינוֹ סוֹתֵם. הֵיכָא? אָמְרִי לַהּ: חִיטֵּי דְּכַרְכְּשָׁא, וְאָמְרִי לַהּ: טַרְפְּשָׁא דְּלִיבָּא.
The Gemara returns to the initial discussion with regard to fats and perforations: Rav Naḥman says: Permitted fat that is made like a hat does not effectively seal a perforation, even though it is permitted for consumption. The Gemara clarifies: Where is this fat? Some say it is the grains of fat found on the rectum, which, if perforated, renders the animal a tereifa. And some say that it is the membrane surrounding the heart, which, if perforated to the chambers, renders the animal a tereifa.
אָמַר רָבָא: שְׁמַעִית מִינֵּיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן תַּרְתֵּי, חִימְצָא וּבַר חִימְצָא, חַד סָתֵים וְחַד לָא סָתֵים, וְלָא יָדַעְנָא הֵי מִינַּיְיהוּ. רַב הוּנָא בַּר חִינָּנָא וְרַב הוּנָא בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן אָמַר: בַּר חִימְצָא סָתֵים, חִימְצָא לָא סָתֵים. אָמַר רַב טָבוּת: וְסִימָנָיךְ – יָפֶה כֹּחַ הַבֵּן מִכֹּחַ הָאָב.
§ Rava said: I heard from Rav Naḥman about two fats found on the abomasum, in different places. One is called the ḥimtza and one the bar ḥimtza, meaning: Son of ḥimtza. One effectively seals a perforation of the abomasum, and one does not effectively seal a perforation of the abomasum. But I do not know which of them is which. Rav Huna bar Ḥinnana and Rav Huna, son of Rav Naḥman, said: The bar ḥimtza seals; the ḥimtza does not seal. Rav Tavot said: And your mnemonic is: The power of the son is greater than the power of the father.
הֵי חִימְצָא וְהֵי בַּר חִימְצָא? תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּאָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: אִינְהוּ מֵיכָל אָכְלִי,
The Gemara asks: Which is the ḥimtza and which is the bar ḥimtza? The Gemara suggests: Come and hear proof from that which Rav Naḥman says with regard to one of the fats on the abomasum. Can it be that they, the residents of Eretz Yisrael, eat it, considering it permitted for consumption,
